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For the head of the Russian Orthodox Church known as Alexis I, see Patriarch Alexius I. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Patriarch Alexius I (Sergey Simansky ( Russian: Патриарх Алексий I (Сергей Симанский (October 27 1877 – April 17 1970 was the 14th Patriarch
Tsar Alexis I
Tsar of all Russia
Reign 12 July 1645 - 29 January 1676
Coronation 28 September 1645
Full name Alexis Mikhailovich Romanov
Born March 9, 1629
Birthplace Moscow
Died 29 January 1676
Place of death Moscow
Predecessor Mikhail
Successor Feodor III
Consort i) Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya
ii) Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina
Issue see Family and children
Dynasty Romanov
Father Mikhail
Mother Eudoxia Streshneva

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (Russian: Алексей Михайлович) (March 9, 1629 (O.S.) – January 29, 1676 (O.S.)) was the Tsar of Russia during some of the most eventful decades of the mid-17th century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Feodor (Theodore III Alexeevich of Russia (In Russian: Фёдор III Алексеевич) ( June 9, 1661 - May 7, 1682 Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (Мария Ильинична Милославская 1625-1669 was the first wife of tsar Alexis I of Russia and mother of the tsars Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina ( Russian: Наталья Кирилловна Нарышкина September 1, 1651 &ndash February 4, 1694 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Алексей Михайлович ( March 9, 1629 (O The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 Yevdokiya Lukyanovna Streshnyova (Евдокия Лукьяновна Стрешнёва (1608 &ndash August 18, 1645) was the second wife of Mikhail I Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar

Contents

Early life and reign

Born in Moscow on March 8, 1629, the son of Tsar Mikhail I and Eudoxia Streshneva, Alexei acceded to the throne at the age of sixteen after his father's death on 12 July 1645. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Yevdokiya Lukyanovna Streshnyova (Евдокия Лукьяновна Стрешнёва (1608 &ndash August 18, 1645) was the second wife of Mikhail I Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. He was committed to the care of the boyar Boris Morozov, a shrewd and sensible guardian sufficiently enlightened to recognize the needs of his country, and by no means inaccessible to Western ideas. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. Boris Ivanovich Morozov ( Russian, Борис Иванович Морозов) (1590 - 1661 was a Muscovite Statesman and Boyar who

Morozov's foreign policy was pacificatory. He secured a truce with Poland and carefully avoided complications with the Ottoman Empire. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish His domestic policy was scrupulously fair and aimed at relieving the public burdens by limiting the privileges of foreign traders and abolishing a great many useless and expensive court offices. On January 17, 1648 Morozov procured the marriage of the tsar with Maria Miloslavskaya, himself marrying her sister, Anna, ten days later, both daughters of Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky (1594 – 1668). Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (Мария Ильинична Милославская 1625-1669 was the first wife of tsar Alexis I of Russia and mother of the tsars Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky (Илья Данилович Милославский (1594 - 1668 was a Russian Boyar and Diplomat.

Morozov was very unpopular however, regarded as a typical self-seeking 17th-century boyar, and was generally detested and accused of sorcery and witchcraft. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers In May 1648 the people of Moscow rose against them in the so-called Salt Riot, and the young Tsar was compelled to dismiss them and exile Boris to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Salt Riot, also known as the Moscow Uprising of 1648 (Соляной бунт Московское восстание 1648 was a Riot in Moscow Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (Кирилло-Белозерский монастырь loosely translated in English as the St Suffering from the forced separation, Alexei sent many tender letters to his mentor, and urged the guards to treat him as civilly as possible.

His associates and policies

The successful issue of the Moscow riots was the occasion of disquieting disturbances all over the tsardom culminating in dangerous rebellions at Pskov and Great Novgorod, with which the government was so unable to cope that they surrendered, practically granting the malcontents their own terms. Pskov (Псков ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ Pleskov) in Latvian Pleskava, in Estonian Pihkva, is an ancient city located in Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod One man only had displayed equal tact and courage at Great Novgorod, the metropolitan Nikon, who in consequence became in 1651 the czar's chief minister. Nikon ( Russian: Ни́кон, Old Russian Нїконъ) born Nikita Minin ( Никита Минин; May 7, 1605

In 1653 the weakness and disorder of Poland, which had just emerged from the Khmelnytsky Uprising, encouraged Alexei to attempt to recover from her rival the old Rus’ lands. The term Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky / Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a Rebellion or Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan On October 1 1653 a national assembly met at Moscow to sanction the war and find the means of carrying it out, and in April 1654 the army was blessed by Nikon (now patriarch). Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. The zemsky sobor (зе́мский собо́р was the first Russian Parliament of the feudal Estates type in the 16th and 17th centuries The campaign of 1654 was an uninterrupted triumph, and scores of towns, including the important fortress of Smolensk, fell into the hands of the Russians. The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called the War for Ukraine, was the last major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. It was also during this war that Ukrainian Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky appealed to Tsar Alexei for protection from the Poles, and got it in the form of the Treaty of Pereyaslav which brought about Russian dominance of the Cossack Hetmanate in Left-Bank Ukraine. Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the Monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland, Ukraine and Grand Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in The Treaty of Pereyaslav (Pereiaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (Pereyaslav The Hetmanate or officially Viysko Zaporozke (Гетьманщина Het’manshchyna; Військо Запорозьке Viys’ko Zaporoz’ke Left-bank Ukraine ( Livoberezhna Ukrayina; Levoberezhnaya Ukraina; Lewobrzeżna Ukraina is a historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left (East Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

In January 1655 the rout of Akhmatov arrested their progress; but in the summer of the same year, the sudden invasion by Charles X of Sweden for the moment swept the Polish state out of existence; the Russians, unopposed, quickly appropriated nearly everything which was not already occupied by the Swedes, and when at last the Poles offered to negotiate, the whole grand-duchy of Lithuania was the least of the demands of Alexei. Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav (8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660 was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Fortunately for Poland, the Tsar and the king of Sweden now quarrelled over the apportionment of the spoils, and at the end of May 1656 Alexei, stimulated by the emperor and the other enemies of Sweden, declared war. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Great things were expected of the Swedish war, but nothing came of it. Dorpat was taken, but countless multitudes were lost in vain before Riga. Tartu is the second largest City of Estonia. In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. In the meantime Poland had so far recovered herself as to become a much more dangerous foe than Sweden, and, as it was impossible to wage war with both simultaneously, the Tsar resolved to rid himself of the Swedes first. This he did by the Peace of Kardis (July 2, 1661), whereby Russia retroceded all her conquests. The Treaty of Cardis was a peace settlement made in 1661 between Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival The Polish war dragged on for six years longer and was then concluded by a truce, nominally for thirteen years, which proved the most durable of treaties.

By the Treaty of Andrusovo (February 11, 1667) Vitebsk, Polotsk and Polish Livonia were restored to Poland, but the infinitely more important Smolensk and Kiev remained in the hands of Russia together with the whole eastern bank of the Dnieper River. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Vitebsk, also known as Vitsyebsk ( Belarusian: Ві́цебск 'vʲitsʲepsk Russian: Ви́тебск Vitebsk Polotsk ( Polatsk, По́лацк Полоцк Polockas Połock is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. This truce was the achievement of Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin, the first Russian chancellor and diplomat in the modern sense, who after the disgrace of Nikon became the Tsar's first minister till 1670, when he was superseded by the equally able Artamon Matveyev, whose beneficent influence prevailed to the end of Alexei's reign. Afanasy Lavrentievich Ordin-Naschokin (Афанасий Лаврентьевич Ордын-Нащокин (1605-1680 was one of the greatest Russian statesmen of the 17th century Artamon Sergeyevich Matveyev (Артамон Сергеевич Матвеев in Russian) (1625 - 1682 was a Russian Statesman, Diplomat and

When Charles I of England was beheaded by the Parliamentarians under Oliver Cromwell in 1649, an outraged Alexei broke off diplomatic relations with England and accepted Royalist refugees in Moscow. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known He also provided financial assistance to "the widow of that glorious martyr."

Assessment

It is the crowning merit of the Tsar Alexei that he discovered so many great men (like Fyodor Rtishchev, Ordin, Matveyev, the best of Peter's precursors) and suitably employed them. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Feodor Alekseyevich Rtishchev (1625-1673 was a Boyar and an intimate friend of Alexis I of Russia who was renowned for his piety and alms-deeds He was not a man of superior strength of character, or he would never have submitted to the dictation of Nikon. But, on the other hand, he was naturally, if timorously, progressive, or he would never have encouraged the great reforming boyar Matveyev. His last years, notwithstanding the terrible rebellion of Stenka Razin, were deservedly tranquil. For the place in Azerbaijan see Stepan Razin Azerbaijan. Stepan (Sten'ka Timofeyevich Razin ( Russian: Степан (Стенька

Alexei's letters have earned him a place in the history of Russian literature, as assessed by D.S. Mirsky:

A few private letters and an instruction to his falconers is all we have of him. This article is about literature from Russia For the song by Maxïmo Park, see Our Earthly Pleasures. DS Mirsky is the English pen-name of Dmitry Petrovich Svyatopolk-Mirsky (Дми́трий Петро́вич Святопо́лк-Ми́рский (&ndash June 6 Falconry or hawking is an Art or Sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey to hunt or pursue game for humans But it is sufficient for Sergey Platonov to proclaim him the most attractive of Russian monarchs. Sergey Fyodorovich Platonov (Серге́й Фёдорович Плато́нов (1860–1933 was a Russian historian who led the official St Petersburg school of He acquired the moniker Tishayshy, which means "most quiet" or "most peaceful". Certain aspects of Russian Orthodoxy, not its most purely spiritual, but its aesthetic and worldly aspects, found in him their most complete expression. The essence of Alexei's personality is a certain spiritual Epicureanism, manifested in an optimistic Christian faith, in a profound, but unfanatical, attachment to the traditions and ritual of the Church, in a desire to see everyone round him happy and at peace, and in a highly developed capacity to extract a quiet and mellow enjoyment from all things. [1]

Family and children

Tsar Alexei chooses his bride by Grigory Sedov (the result of the Tsardom-wide contest organized by Boris Morozov was his relative Maria Miloslavskaya)
Tsar Alexei chooses his bride by Grigory Sedov (the result of the Tsardom-wide contest organized by Boris Morozov was his relative Maria Miloslavskaya)

Alexei's first marriage to Miloslavskaya was a success, and she bore him thirteen children in twenty-one years of marriage: five sons and eight daughters, and died weeks after her thirteenth childbirth. Boris Ivanovich Morozov ( Russian, Борис Иванович Морозов) (1590 - 1661 was a Muscovite Statesman and Boyar who Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (Мария Ильинична Милославская 1625-1669 was the first wife of tsar Alexis I of Russia and mother of the tsars Four sons survived her, (Alexei, Fyodor, Semyon, and Ivan) but within six months two of these had died, including Alexei, the sixteen-year-old heir to the throne.

Their children were:

Alexei remarried on February 1, 1671, Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina (September 1, 1651 - February 4, 1694), of Tatar nobility. Tsarevich (Russian Царевич is a Slavic term for the Tsar 's son Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen Tsarevich (Russian Царевич is a Slavic term for the Tsar 's son Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen Sophia Alekseyevna ( Anglicization of Russian Царевна Софья Алексеевна Sofia Alekseyevna) ( September 17 (27 1657 &ndash Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen Feodor (Theodore III Alexeevich of Russia (In Russian: Фёдор III Алексеевич) ( June 9, 1661 - May 7, 1682 Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen Ivan V Alekseyevich Romanov ( Russian: Иван V Алексеевич, —) was a joint Tsar of Russia (with his younger half-brother Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina ( Russian: Наталья Кирилловна Нарышкина September 1, 1651 &ndash February 4, 1694 Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons She was brought up in the house of Artamon Matveyev and was a ward of his wife, the Scottish-descended Mary Hamilton. Artamon Sergeyevich Matveyev (Артамон Сергеевич Матвеев in Russian) (1625 - 1682 was a Russian Statesman, Diplomat and

Their children were:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ D. Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen Tsarevna or czarevna (Царевна is a daughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa, much like a princess being the daughter of a King or Queen These images show family trees for the different royal houses that ruled Vladimir Moscow and Russia from A S. Mirsky, A History of Russian Literature. Northwestern University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8101-1679-0. Page 27.

References

Preceded by
Michael I		 Tsar of Russia
1645–1676		 Succeeded by
Feodor III
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