Alexandru Averescu
General Alexandru Averescu, photographed ca. 1918
Prime Minister of Romania
In office February 9, 1918 – March 15, 1918 March 19, 1920 – December 18, 1921 March 30, 1926 – June 4, 1927
Preceded by	Ion I. C. Brătianu Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Ion I. C. Brătianu
Succeeded by	Alexandru Marghiloman Take Ionescu Barbu Ştirbey
Foreign Affairs Minister of Romania
In office January 29, 1918 – March 4, 1918
Preceded by	Ion I. C. Brătianu
Succeeded by	Constantin C. The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ion I C Brătianu or Ionel Brătianu ( August 20, 1864 &mdash November 24, 1927) was a Romanian politician leader of the Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod ( February 27, 1872 &mdash March 19, 1950) was a Romanian politician who was a supporter Ion I C Brătianu or Ionel Brătianu ( August 20, 1864 &mdash November 24, 1927) was a Romanian politician leader of the Alexandru Maghiloman ( July 4, 1854 &mdash May 10, 1925) was a Romanian conservative statesman who served for a short time Take or Tache Ionescu (ˈtake joˈnesku born Dumitru Ghiţă Ioan and also known as Demetriu G Prince Barbu Ştirbey (1873&ndash1946 was briefly Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Romania in 1927 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania (Ministerul Afacerilor Externe is one of the fifteen ministries of the Government of Romania. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ion I C Brătianu or Ionel Brătianu ( August 20, 1864 &mdash November 24, 1927) was a Romanian politician leader of the Arion
Born	April 3, 1859(1859-04-03) Ozyornoye, Ukraine (Bessarabia)
Died	October 2, 1938 (aged 79) Bucharest, Romania
Political party	People's Party
Spouse	Clotilda Averescu
Profession	soldier
Religion	Romanian Orthodox
Military service
Rank	Field Marshal

Alexandru Averescu (April 3 [O.S. March 9] 1859 — October 2, 1938) was a Romanian marshal and populist politician. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ozyorny (masculine Ozyornaya (feminine Ozyornoye (neuter or Ozyornye (plural for all genders may refer to Ozyorny Smolensk Oblast Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political A Romanian Armed Forces Commander during World War I, he served as Prime Minister of three separate cabinets (as well as being interim Foreign Minister in January-March 1918 and Minister without portfolio in 1938). The Land Forces, Air Force and Naval Forces are collectively known as the Romanian Armed Forces ( Romanian: Forţele Armate Române World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania (Ministerul Afacerilor Externe is one of the fifteen ministries of the Government of Romania. A Minister without Portfolio is either a Government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister that does not head a particular ministry. He first rose to prominence during the peasant's revolt of 1907, which he helped repress in violence. The 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt took place in March 1907 in Moldavia and it quickly spread reaching Wallachia. Credited with engineering the defense of Moldavia in the 1916-1917 Campaign, he built on his popularity to found and lead the successful People's Party, which he brought to power in 1920-1921, with backing from King Ferdinand I and the National Liberal Party (PNL), and with the notable participation of Constantin Argetoianu and Take Ionescu. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians The Romanian Campaign was a campaign in the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied against the armies of the Central See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Ferdinand I ( 24 August 1865 – 20 July 1927) was the King of the Romanians from October 10 1914 until his death The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out Constantin Argetoianu (1871– February 6, 1952) was a Romanian politician one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania Take or Tache Ionescu (ˈtake joˈnesku born Dumitru Ghiţă Ioan and also known as Demetriu G

His controversial first mandate, marked by a political crisis and oscillating support from the PNL's leader Ion I. C. Brătianu, played a part in legislating land reform and repressed communist activities, before being brought down by the rally of opposition forces. Ion I C Brătianu or Ionel Brătianu ( August 20, 1864 &mdash November 24, 1927) was a Romanian politician leader of the Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based His second term of 1926-1927 brought a much-debated treaty with Fascist Italy, and fell after Averescu gave clandestine backing to the ousted Prince Carol. The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini Carol II of Romania ( 15 October / 16 October 1893 &ndash 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8 Faced with the People Party's decline, Averescu closed deals with various right-wing forces and was instrumental in bringing Carol back to the throne in 1930. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Relations between the two soured over the following years, and Averescu clashed with his fellow party member Octavian Goga over the king's attitudes. Octavian Goga ( April 1, 1881 &mdash May 7, 1938) was a Romanian politician poet, Playwright, journalist Shortly before his death, he and Carol reconciled, and Averescu joined the Crown Council.

Averescu, who authored over 12 works on various military topics (including his memoirs from the frontline),^[1] was also an honorary member of the Romanian Academy and an Order of Michael the Brave recipient. The Romanian Academy ( Romanian: Academia Română) is a cultural forum founded in Romania in 1866. The Order of Michael the Brave (Ordinul Mihai Viteazul is Romania 's highest Military decoration, instituted by King Ferdinand I He became a Marshal of Romania in 1930.

Contents 1 Early life and career 2 World War and first cabinet 3 People's Party 3.1 Character 3.2 Impact 4 Second cabinet 4.1 Establishment 4.2 Policies 4.3 Scandals and fall 5 Third cabinet 5.1 New political alliances 5.2 Italian-Romanian Treaty 5.3 Averescu's controversial projects 6 Late 1920s politics 7 Final years 8 References 9 External links

Early life and career

Averescu was born in Ozyornoye (previously known as Babele, and subsequently renamed Alexandru Averescu), a village northwest of Izmail, now part of Ukraine. Ozyorny (masculine Ozyornaya (feminine Ozyornoye (neuter or Ozyornye (plural for all genders may refer to Ozyorny Smolensk Oblast For the class of Russian warships see Izmail class battlecruiser. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The son of Constantin Averescu, who held the rank of sluger, he studied at the Romanian Orthodox seminary in Izmail, then at the School of Arts and Crafts in Bucharest (intending to become an engineer). This is a glossary of historical Romanian ranks and titles used in the principalities of Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania, and later in Romania The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. ^[2] In 1876, he decided to join the Gendarmes in Izmail. Jandarmeria Română (ʒandarme'ria ro'mɨnə is the military branch of the two Romanian Police forces (the civil force being the ^[2]

Seeing action as a cavalry sergeant with the Romanian troops engaged in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, he was decorated on several occasions, but was later moved to reserve (after failing his medical examination due to the effects of frostbite). The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered Frostbite ( congelatio in Medical terminology) is the Medical condition whereby damage is caused to Skin and other tissues ^[2] He was, however, reinstated later in 1878, and subsequently received a military education in Romania, at the military school of Târgovişte (Dealu Monastery), and in Italy, at the Military Academy of Turin. Târgovişte (old spelling Tîrgovişte; tɨrˈgoviʃte is a city in the Dâmboviţa county of Romania. Dealu Monastery is a 15th century Monastery in Dâmboviţa County, Romania. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest ^[3][4][1][2] Averescu married an Italian opera singer, Clotilda Caligaris, who had been the prima donna of La Scala. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Originally used in Opera companies " prima donna " is Italian for "first lady" The Teatro alla Scala (or La Scala, as it is known in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous Opera houses The theatre was ^[3][1][2] His future collaborator and rival Constantin Argetoianu stated that Averescu "chose Mrs. Constantin Argetoianu (1871– February 6, 1952) was a Romanian politician one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania Clotilda at random". ^[3]

Upon his return, Averescu steadily climbed through the ranks. He was head of the Bucharest Military Academy (1894-1895), and, in 1895-1898, Romania's military attaché in the German Empire; a colonel in 1901, he was advanced to the rank of Brigadier General and became head of the Tecuci regional Army Command Center in 1906. Attaché is a French term in diplomacy referring to a person who is assigned ('attached' to the administrative staff of a higher placed person or another service or agency The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Tecuci is a city in the Galaţi county of Romania (in the informal region of Moldavia) situated among wooded hills on the right bank of the Bârlad ^[1][2]

Before the World War, he led the troops in crushing the 1907 peasants' revolt — where he engaged in using very harsh means of repression, especially when dealing with soldiers who refused to fight against the rebels — and was subsequently Minister of War in Dimitrie Sturdza's National Liberal Party (PNL) cabinet (1907-1909). The 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt took place in March 1907 in Moldavia and it quickly spread reaching Wallachia. Dimitrie Sturdza, in full Dimitrie A Sturdza-Miclăuşanu (1833-1914 was a Romanian statesman of the late 19th century and president of the Romanian Academy The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out ^[4][5][2] According to the recollections of Eliza Brătianu, a split occurred between him and the PNL after Averescu attempted to advance various political goals — the conflict erupted when he sought support with King Carol I and then, as the National Liberals deeply resented Romania's alliance with the Central Powers, he approached the Germans for backing. See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Carol I of Romania, original name Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern (April 20th 1839 - The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak ^[6]

Subsequently, he was commander of the First Infantry Division (stationed in Turnu Severin) and, later, of the Second Army Corps in Craiova. Drobeta-Turnu Severin (pronunciation /dro'beta 'turnu seve'rin/ Hungarian: Szörényvár, Северин Serbian: Дробета-Турну Craiova (kraˈjova the fifth largest Romanian city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central ^[2] In 1912, he became a Major General, and, in 1911-1913, he was Chief of the General Staff. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries This is a list of the Chiefs of the General Staff of Romania. ^[1][2] In the latter capacity, Averescu organized the actions of Romanian troops operating south of the Danube in the Second Balkan War (the campaign against Bulgaria, during which his troops met no resistance). The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Second Balkan War was fought in 1913 between Bulgaria on one side and its First Balkan War allies Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian ^[1][2]

World War and first cabinet

Main article: Romanian Campaign (World War I)

During the World War (in which Romania entered in 1916), he led the Second Army in the defense of the Southern Carpathians, and was then moved to the head of the Third Army (following the latter's defeat in the Battle of Turtucaia). The Romanian Campaign was a campaign in the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied against the armies of the Central The Southern Carpathians (Carpaţii Meridionali also called the Transylvanian Alps, are a group of Mountain ranges which divide central and southern Romania The Battle of Turtucaia or Battle of Tutrakan (Битка при Тутракан also referred to as the Tutrakan Epopee (Тутраканска епопея ^[1] He commanded Army Group South in the Flămânda operation against the Third Bulgarian Army and other forces of the Central Powers, ultimately stopped by the German offensive (Averescu's forces did not register important losses, and orderly retreated to Moldavia, where Romanian authorities had taken refuge from the successful German operations). The Flămânda Offensive (or Flămânda Maneuver) was an offensive across the Danube mounted by the Romanian 2nd Army during World War I. The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians ^[1]

Averescu again led the Second Army to victory in the Battles of Mărăşti and Mărăşeşti (August 1917);^[5] his achievements, including his brief breakthrough at Mărăşti, were considered impressive by public opinion and his officers. The Battle of Mărăşti was one of the main battles to take place on Romanian soil in World War I. The Battle of Mărăşeşti, Vrancea County, eastern Romania ( August 6 to September 8, 1917) was a battle fought during ^[1][2] However, several military historians rate Averescu and his fellow Romanian generals very poorly, arguing that, overall, their direction of the war "could not have been worse". ^[7] Despite controlling an army of 500,000 plus 100,000 Russian reinforcements, they were soundly defeated by a much smaller German-Austrian-Bulgarian army in less than four months of combat. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

Averescu was widely seen as the person behind a relatively successful resistance to further offensives on Moldavia (the single piece of territory still held by the Romanian state), and he was considered by many of his contemporaries to have stood in contrast to the what was seen as endemic corruption and incompetence. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians ^[8][6][1][2] The state of affairs, together with the October Revolution in Russia, was to be blamed for the eventual Romanian surrender to the Central Powers; promoted Premier by King Ferdinand I during the period of crisis, Averescu began armistice talks with August von Mackensen in Buftea and Focşani, but was vehemently opposed to the terms — he resigned, leaving the Alexandru Marghiloman cabinet when it signed the Treaty of Bucharest. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Ferdinand I ( 24 August 1865 – 20 July 1927) was the King of the Romanians from October 10 1914 until his death An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting Anton Ludwig August von Mackensen (December 6 1849 &ndash November 8 1945 born August Mackensen, was a German soldier and field marshal. Buftea is a town and the county seat of Ilfov county Romania, located 20 km north-west of Bucharest. Focşani (/fok'ʃanʲ/ Fokschan Foksány is the capital city of Vrancea County in Romania on the shores the Milcov river. Alexandru Maghiloman ( July 4, 1854 &mdash May 10, 1925) was a Romanian conservative statesman who served for a short time The Treaty of Bucharest was a Peace treaty which the German Empire forced Romania to sign on May 7, 1918, following ^[3][9][2] Despite Averescu's talks yielding no result, he was repeatedly attacked by his political adversaries for having initiated them. ^[3]

During the period, he also faced a Russian Bolshevik military action: just before Averescu came to power, as Russia's Leon Trotsky negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, the Rumcherod administrative body in Odessa, led by Christian Rakovsky, ordered an offensive from the east into Romania. Bolshevist Russia or Bolshevik Russia is a common term for the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 9 1918, a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. Rumcherod (Румчерод was a short-lived organ of Soviet power in the South-Western Ukraine and Bessarabia that functioned during May 1917&ndashMay ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates Christian Rakovsky ( – September 11, 1941) was a Bulgarian socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and Soviet ^[10] In order to prevent further losses, Averescu signed his name to a much-criticized temporary armistice with the Rumcherod; eventually, Rakovsky was himself faced with a German offensive (sparked by the temporary breakdown of negotiations at Brest-Litovsk), and had to abandon both his command and the base in Odessa. ^[10]

People's Party

Character

Averescu quit the army in the spring of 1918, aiming for a career in politics — initially, with a message that was hostile to the National Liberal Party (PNL) and its leader Ion I. C. Brătianu. The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out Ion I C Brătianu or Ionel Brătianu ( August 20, 1864 &mdash November 24, 1927) was a Romanian politician leader of the

He presided over the People's Party (initially named People's League), and he was immensely popular especially among peasants after the end of the war. His force had an appealing populist message, translated into vague promises and relying on the image of the General: peasants had been promised land at the beginning of the war (and they were being rewarded with it at the very moment, through an agrarian reform that reached its full scope in 1923); they had formed the larger part of the Army, and had come to see Averescu as the one to fulfill their expectations, as well as a figure who was still commanding their allegiance. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government ^[8] Eliza Brătianu, the PNL leader's wife, placed Averescu's ascension in the context of Greater Romania's creation through the addition of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transylvania (while making use of the condescending National Liberal tone towards the Romanian National Party that was emerging triumphant in previously Austro-Hungarian Transylvania):

"[The] so very harsh losses [during the war], the defeats suffered by the Old Kingdom, the traces of foreign domination in the newly-acquired provinces, but most of all the state of unhealthy euphoria that had taken hold of Transylvania, who had begun, in all good faith, to believe that only she had made the union happen, all of these have created a sort of insecurity within the borders of [Greater Romania]. See " România Mare " for other meanings The Greater Romania (România Mare generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat The Romanian Old Kingdom ( Romanian: Vechiul Regat or just Regat; German: Regat or Altreich) is a colloquial term referring Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on. The national holiday of Romania, the Union Day (also called Unification "^[6]

As the movement initially tended to describe itself as a social trend rather than a political party, it also attracted former members of the Conservative Party (such as Constantin Argetoianu, Constantin Garoflid, and Take Ionescu), military men such as Constantin Coandă, the Democratic Nationalist Party leader A. C. Cuza, the notorious supporters of dirigisme Mihail Manoilescu and Ştefan Zeletin,^[11] the moderate nationalist Duiliu Zamfirescu, the future diplomat Citta Davila, the journalist D. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral This article refers to the Conservative Party which existed in Romania between 1880 and 1918 Constantin Argetoianu (1871– February 6, 1952) was a Romanian politician one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania Take or Tache Ionescu (ˈtake joˈnesku born Dumitru Ghiţă Ioan and also known as Demetriu G Constantin Coandă (1857 Craiova &ndash 1932 was a Romanian soldier and politician A C Cuza ( Alexandru C Cuza; November 8 1857 &mdash1947 was a Romanian Far right politician and theorist Dirigisme (from the French) (in English also "dirigism" although per the OED both spellings are used is an Economic term designating an economy Mihail Manoilescu ( December 9, 1891 &mdash December 30, 1950) was a Romanian journalist engineer economist politician and memoirist The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Duiliu Zamfirescu ( October 30, 1858 - June 3, 1922) was a Romanian novelist poet short story writer lawyer nationalist R. Ioaniţescu, the left-wing agrarianist Petru Groza, the Bukovinan leader Iancu Flondor, and the lawyer Petre Papacostea. Agrarianism is a social and Political philosophy which stresses the viewpoint that the cultivation of plants or Farming leads to a fuller and happier life Petru Groza ( December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958) was a Romanian politician best known as Prime Minister of the first Iancu Flondor ( August 3, 1865 &ndash October 19, 1924) was an Austro-Hungarian -born Romanian activist who advocated ^[3] Additional support came from Transylvanian activists such as Octavian Goga and Teodor Mihali, who had previously left the Romanian National Party there in protest over the policies of its president Iuliu Maniu. Octavian Goga ( April 1, 1881 &mdash May 7, 1938) was a Romanian politician poet, Playwright, journalist The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat Iuliu Maniu ( January 8, 1873 &mdash February 5, 1953) was an Romanian politician ^[3] Nevertheless, the People's Party did attempt to approach Maniu for an alliance at various intervals after summer 1919^[3] (according to Argetoianu, their attempts were frustrated by King Ferdinand I, whose relationship with Maniu was cordial at the time, and who allegedly stated "Maniu is no one else's! Maniu is mine!"). See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Ferdinand I ( 24 August 1865 – 20 July 1927) was the King of the Romanians from October 10 1914 until his death ^[3]

The grouping also established close links with Garda Conştiinţei Naţionale (GCN, "The National Awareness Guard"), a reactionary group formed by the electrician Constantin Pancu, engaged in violence against communist activists in Iaşi (the latter were feared by Averescu as well). Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. ^[12] Nevertheless, in late 1919, Averescu and Argetoianu approached the Socialist Party of Romania and its associate, the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat, with an offer for collaboration, negotiating the matter with the parties' reformist leaders — Ioan Flueraş, Ilie Moscovici, and Iosif Jumanca. The Socialist Party of Romania ( Romanian: Partidul Socialist din România, commonly known as Partidul Socialist, PS was a Romanian socialist Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures Ioan Flueraş or Fluieraş ( November 2, 1882 &mdash1952 was a Romanian social democratic politician and a victim of the communist ^[3] At the time, Argetoianu claimed, his conversations with Moscovici revealed the fact that the latter was growing suspicious of the party's far left wing, where "the blanket-maker Cristescu and others were agitating". Ultra-left|Radical left|Radicalism (historical|Hard left Far left and extreme left are terms used to discuss the position a group or person occupies within a Political spectrum Gheorghe Cristescu ( October 10 1882 &mdash November 29 1973) was a Romanian socialist and for a part of his life Communist ^[3] Averescu proposed merging the two parties, as a distinct section, into the People's Party; he was refused, and talks broke down when the general expected the Socialists to support his electoral platform. ^[3]

Impact

According to Eliza Brătianu (who was comparing Averescu with the French rebel soldier Georges Boulanger), several voices inside his movement called on Averescu to lead a republican coup d'état against King Ferdinand and her husband — a move allegedly prevented only by the general's loyalism. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty In general a loyalist is one who maintains loyalty to an established government political party or sovereign especially during war or revolutionary change ^[6]

According to Argetoianu,

"in the autumn of 1919, [Averescu's] popularity had reached its peak. In the villages, people would dream of him, some swore that they had seen him descending from an airplane into their midst, others, who had fought in the war, told that they had lived by his side in the trenches, it was through him that hopes were solidified, and he was expected of to provide a miracle for people to live a carefree and fulfilling life. Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static His popularity was something mystical, something supernatural, and all sorts of legends had begun to surround this Messiah of the Romanian people. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions "^[13]

Although he was also Prime Minister of Romania for three mandates (1918, 1920-1921, 1926-1927), his political success is not as spectacular as the military one. The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Averescu ended up as one of the pawns maneuvered by Brătianu. Argetoianu later repeatedly expressed his distaste for Averescu's hesitant stance and openness to compromise. ^[3]

Second cabinet

Establishment

Initially, Brătianu approached Averescu using their shared displeasure over the Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Romanian National Party (PNR)-Peasants' Party (PŢ) cabinet; the National Liberals managed to obtain the general's renunciation of his goal to prosecute their party for alleged mis-management of Romania before and during the war, as well as his promise to respect the 1866 Constitution of Romania when carrying out the planned land reform. The Parliament of Romania is made up of two chambers The Chamber of Deputies The Senate Prior to Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod ( February 27, 1872 &mdash March 19, 1950) was a Romanian politician who was a supporter The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat The Peasants' Party ( Romanian: Partidul Ţărănesc, PŢ) was a Political party in post- World War I Romania that espoused The 1866 Constitution of Romania was the fundamental law that capped a period of nation-building in the Danubian Principalities, which had united in 1859 At the same time, Brătianu kept a tight relationship with King Ferdinand. ^[5][13]

On March 13, 1920, he gave news of the Vaida-Voevod cabinet's dissolution, and was widely expected to call for early elections as soon as this had happened. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Instead, he read a document convened with King Ferdinand, which suspended Parliament (the first legislative body in Greater Romania) for ten days — the measure was intended to give Averescu the time to negotiate a new majority in the chambers. The Parliament of Romania is made up of two chambers The Chamber of Deputies The Senate Prior to See " România Mare " for other meanings The Greater Romania (România Mare generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years ^[9][14] These moves caused a vocal response from the opposition: Nicolae Iorga, who was president of the Chamber of Deputies and sided with the National Party, called for a motion of no confidence to be passed on March 26; in return, Averescu obtained the support of the monarch in dissolving the Parliament, and invested his cabinet's energies into winning the early elections by enlisting the help of county-level officials (local administration came to be dominated by People's Party officials). Nicolae Iorga (his name may also be rendered as Nicolas Jorga in foreign works January 17, 1871, Botoşani – November 27, The Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor is the lower house in Romania 's Bicameral parliament. A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion List of counties See also List of Romanian Counties by Population The Judeţe (translated in English as "counties" are administrative ^[15][14] It carried the vote with 206 seats (223 together with Take Ionescu's Conservative-Democratic Party). Take or Tache Ionescu (ˈtake joˈnesku born Dumitru Ghiţă Ioan and also known as Demetriu G ^[14]

As agreements between the PNR and PŢ broke down (with the PNR awaiting for new developments), the PŢ joined Iorga's party, the Democratic Nationalists, in creating the Federation of National-Social Democracy (which also drew support from the group around Nicolae L. Lupu). Dr Nicolae Lupu was a Romanian politician and Medical doctor, active in the National Peasants' Party. ^[15]

Policies

His mandate was marked by the signing of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, and initial steps leading to the creation of the Little Entente - formed by Romania with Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of common defense against Hungarian Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija It was also at this stage that Romania and the Second Polish Republic inaugurated their military alliance (see Polish-Romanian Alliance). The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. The Polish-Romanian Alliance was a series of treaties signed in the Interwar period by the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Romania. The goal to create a cordon sanitaire against Bolshevist Russia also brought him and his Minister of the Interior Argetoianu to oversee repression measures against the group of Socialist Party of Romania members who voted in favor of joining the Comintern (arrested on suspicion of "attempt against the state's security" on May 12, 1921). Cordon sanitaire is a French phrase that literally translated means Quarantine line Bolshevist Russia or Bolshevik Russia is a common term for the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian The Socialist Party of Romania ( Romanian: Partidul Socialist din România, commonly known as Partidul Socialist, PS was a Romanian socialist The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar ^[16][2][17] This came after a long debate in Parliament over the imprisonment of Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor, a Romanian citizen who had joined the Russian Red Army in Bessarabia during the later stages of the October Revolution, and who had been tried for treason. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. ^[15] Argetoianu, who proclaimed communism to be "over in Romania",^[16][17] later indicated that Averescu and other members of the cabinet were hesitant about the crackdown, and that he ultimately resorted to taking initiative for the arrests — thus presenting his fellow politicians with a fait accompli. Here are some examples of French words and phrases used by English speakers. ^[16]

The regions coming under Romania's administration at the end of the war still maintained their ad hoc administrative structures, including the Transylvanian Directory Council, set up and dominated by the PNR; Averescu ordered these dissolved in April, facing protest from local notabilities. Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this [ Purpose ]" Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian ^[18] At the same time, he ordered all troops to be demobilized. Demob redirects here For the television series see Demob (TV series. ^[3] He unified currency around the Romanian leu, and imposed a land reform in the form in which it was to be carried out by the new Brătianu executive. The leu ( plural lei; ISO 4217 code RON numeric code 946 is the currency of Romania. Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government ^[3][18] In fact, the latter measure had been imposed by the outgoing PNL cabinet through the order of Ion G. Duca, in a manner which Argetoianu described as "destructive". Ion G Duca ( 1879 - December 30, 1933) was prime minister of Romania from November 14 to December 30, 1933 when he ^[3] As an initial step, Averescu's government appointed the noted activist Vasile Kogălniceanu, a deputy for Ilfov County, as rapporteur; Kogălniceanu used this position to give an account of the agrarian situation in Romania, stressing the role played by his ancestor, Constantin, in abolishing Moldavian serfdom, as well as that of his father, Mihail Kogălniceanu, in eliminating corvées throughout Romania. Rapporteur (derived from French is used in international and European legal and political contexts to refer to a person appointed by a deliberative body to investigate an issue or a situation Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Mihail Kogălniceanu ( September 6, 1817 &ndash July 1, 1891) was a Moldavian born Romanian liberal statesman lawyer Corvée is labour often but not always unpaid that persons in power have authority to compel their subjects to perform unless commuted in some way such as by a cash payment sometimes this was ^[19]

The People's Party found itself hard pressed to limit the effects of the reform as promised by Duca — reason why Constantin Garoflid, seen by Argetoianu as "the Conservative and theorist of large-scale landed property", was promoted as Minister of Agriculture. Landed property or landed estates is a Real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without the owner having to ^[3] Argetoianu also accused the Premier of endorsing reform in an even more radical shape,^[3] and contended that:

"[. . . ] peasants blessed «father Averescu», who gave them land, and rallied around him even tighter. Brătianu, Duca, they were nowhere mentioned except in curses. O, human gratitude!"^[3]

In October 1920, Averescu reached an agreement with the Allied Powers, recognizing Bessarabia's union with Romania — expressing a hope for the Bolshevik government to be overthrown, it also imposed the region's cession on a projected democratic government in Russia (while calling for further negotiations between it and Romania); throughout the interwar period, the Soviet Union refused to bind itself to the provisions of the agreement. The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 ^[5] Italy also refused to ratify the document, citing, alongside various foreign interests (including its friendship with the Soviet Union),^[20][21] the 250 million Italian lire owed to Italian investors in Romanian state bonds. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Ratification is the act of giving official sanction or approval to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution The lira (plural lire) was the Currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002 In Finance, a bond is a Debt security, in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt and is obliged to repay the principal and Interest ^[21]

Scandals and fall

In March 1921, Argetoianu became implicated in a scandal involving the actions of his associate Aron Schuller, who had attempted to contract a 20 million lire loan with a bank in Italy, using as collateral Romanian war bonds that he had illegally obtained from the Finance Ministry reserve. In lending agreements collateral is a borrower's asset that is Forfeited to the lender if the borrower is insolvent—that is unable to pay back the principal and interest on War bonds are a type of Savings bond used by combatant nations to help fund a war effort and as a Monetary policy for controlling Inflation from an ^[22]

With Nicolae Titulescu as Finance Minister, Averescu resumed the interventionist course in economic policies, but broke with tradition when he attempted to legislate a major increase in taxes and proposed nationalizations — with potential negative effects on the PNL-voting middle class. Nicolae Titulescu ( March 4, 1882, Craiova - March 17, 1941, Cannes) was a well-known Romanian diplomat at various Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. ^[5][14][23] The National Liberals, through the voice of Alexandru Constantinescu-Porcu, helped exploit the rivalry between the Peasants' Party and Iorga, using the latter's rejection of Constantin Stere (a conflict sparked by Stere's support for Germany during the World War); Stere won partial elections for the deputy seat in Soroca, Bessarabia, causing a political scandal which saw all parties (including the PNR) declare their dissatisfaction. Constantin G Stere or Constantin Sterea (Константин Егорович Стере Konstantin Yegorovich Stere or Константин Георгиевич Soroca is a Moldovan city situated on the Dniester River about 160 km north of Chisinau. ^[14] The conflict worsened during a prolonged parliamentary debate over Averescu's proposal to nationalize enterprises in Reşiţa (an initiative the opposition mistrusted, alleging that the new owners were to be People's Party members), when Argetoianu addressed a mumbled insult to the Peasant Party's Virgil Madgearu. Reşiţa ( German: Reschitz, Hungarian: Resicabánya, Krashovani: Решица or Rešica, Czech: Rešice Virgil Traian N Madgearu ( December 14, 1887 &mdash November 27, 1940) was a Romanian economist, sociologist, ^[14] Ion G. Duca of the PNL expressed his sympathies to Madgearu (who had repeated out an obscene word whispered by Argetoianu), and all opposition groups appealed to Ferdinand, asking for Averescu's recall (July 14, 1921). Ion G Duca ( 1879 - December 30, 1933) was prime minister of Romania from November 14 to December 30, 1933 when he Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar ^[14]

Ferdinand then attempted to facilitate a fusion between the Romanian National Party and the National Liberals, but negotiations broke down after disagreements over the possible leadership. The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat ^[14] Eventually, Brătianu convened with Ferdinand his return to power, and the king called on Foreign Minister Take Ionescu to resign, thus causing a political crisis that profited the PNL and put an end to the Averescu cabinet. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania (Ministerul Afacerilor Externe is one of the fifteen ministries of the Government of Romania. Take or Tache Ionescu (ˈtake joˈnesku born Dumitru Ghiţă Ioan and also known as Demetriu G

Shows of popular support in Bucharest were called of by Averescu himself, after he had negotiatied with Brătianu for a People's Party cabinet to be formed "at a proper time". Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ^[13] Ionescu took over as premier until late January 1922, when he was replaced by Brătianu. ^[23]

Third cabinet

New political alliances

In early 1926, the general was again named Premier, and approached the PNR and its close ally, the Peasants' Party, proposing a merger around his leadership. This met with a stiff refusal, as it seemed that the two were about to win the elections with additional support, but the king, suspicious of the left-wing credentials of the Peasants' Party, used his Royal Prerogative and nominated Averescu as premier (with PNL support). The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy ^[24][5][13]

Averescu's party was instead joined by PNR dissidents, Vasile Goldiş and Ioan Lupaş, who represented a Romanian Orthodox segment of the Transylvanian voters (rather than the Greek Catholics supporting Iuliu Maniu). Vasile Goldiş was born on 12 November 1862 in his grandfather's ( Teodor Goldiş) house in the village of Mocirla Ioan Lupaş ( August 9, 1880 - July 3, 1967) was a Romanian historian academic politician Orthodox theologian and priest The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church The Romanian Church United with Rome Greek-Catholic (Biserica Română Unită cu Roma Greco-Catolică is an Eastern Rite or Greek-Catholic Church ranked as a Major Iuliu Maniu ( January 8, 1873 &mdash February 5, 1953) was an Romanian politician ^[23] The 1926 elections, which Averescu's cabinet organized in March and won with a landslide (269 mandates) also brought a massive defeat for the PNL, who held just 16 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. ^[24][5][23]

Italian-Romanian Treaty

Although not fascist itself, the new government he formed displayed gestures of friendship towards Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy,^[21][2][12] a state which advertised itself as a rising force — The Nation called Averescu "Romania's Mussolini", as "an epithet which the new premier of Rumania bestowed upon himself". Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. ^[25] Contacts established (as early as a June 1926, when Mihail Manoilescu had negotiated a loan in Rome)^[21][23] were one of the major points of divergence between the policies of Averescu and those of Brătianu: the former attempted to overcome the embarrassment provoked by Mussolini when, due to Romania's debt, the Italian government had recalled the ambassador and had refused to permit King Ferdinand's pre-convened visit. Mihail Manoilescu ( December 9, 1891 &mdash December 30, 1950) was a Romanian journalist engineer economist politician and memoirist Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 ^[21]

The loan convened by Manoilescu and Mussolini made important concessions to Italy in return for a clarification of Romania's debt status; it also led to the signing of a five-year Friendship Treaty (September 16), widely condemned by Romanian public opinion for not having called on Italy to state its support for Romanian rule in Bessarabia,^[20][21][26] and created tension inside the Little Entente (Yugoslavia feared that Italy had attempted to gain Romania's neutrality in case of a potential irredentist conflict). Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of common defense against Hungarian The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija ^[21][26] Writing at the time, Constantin Vişoianu also criticized the vague terms in which the sections of the document dealing with mutual defense had been drafted:

"What have we gained from Italy through this pact? Nothing. In truth, article 3 — which does not [even] refer to Bessarabia — makes provisions for the eventuality of a violent incursion and organizes a mutual assistance system [that is] original through its Platonic love-like character. Amor Platonicus The term amor platonicus was coined as early as the 15th century by the Florentine scholar Marsilio Ficino "^[26][27]

The treaty expired in 1932, and, after being prolonged by six months, it was not renewed. ^[21] Overall, the political impact of contacts was minor, given that the Italians mistrusted the Romanian movement for its traditional role as instrument for Brătianu. ^[12] Referring to the parallel project to marry Princess Ileana to Prince Umberto of Italy,^[28] Averescu himself allegedly stated: "I didn't get much from Italy except a throne for a Princess of Rumania". Princess Ileana of Romania ( 5 January 1909 - 21 January 1991) was the youngest daughter of Ferdinand I of Romania, King of the Umberto II, occasionally anglicized as Humbert II, (September 15 1904 - March 18 1983 the last King of Italy, nicknamed the King of May ( Re ^[28]

Averescu's controversial projects

Averescu continued to offer his support to far right groups (especially to the National-Christian Defense League formed by A. C. Cuza, his early collaborator), and probably considered assuming dictatorial powers. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The National-Christian Defense League ( Romanian: Liga Apărării Naţional Creştine or LANC was a virulently Anti-Semitic Political party of A C Cuza ( Alexandru C Cuza; November 8 1857 &mdash1947 was a Romanian Far right politician and theorist ^[12]

The cabinet clashed with Brătianu when it was discovered that it had been negotiating in secret with the disinherited Prince Carol (a traditional adversary of the PNL) as Ferdinand's health was taking a turn for the worse^{[29][3][24][5]} (Averescu later claimed that he had been asked by Brătianu: "So, after I have brought you to power, you wish to rise and dominate?"). Carol II of Romania ( 15 October / 16 October 1893 &ndash 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8 ^[13][30] The PNL withdrew its support, and, through an order signed by Constantin Hiott,^[3] Averescu's was replaced by the broad coalition government of Barbu Ştirbey, Brătianu's brother-in-law. National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or Prince Barbu Ştirbey (1873&ndash1946 was briefly Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Romania in 1927 ^[24][18] The general's deposition, confirmed by King Ferdinand on his deathbed,^[24] created a vacuum on the Right, soon filled by the Iron Guard, a fascist movement formed by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (formerly an associate of Cuza's). In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party ^[12]

Late 1920s politics

The People's Party involved itself in solving the dynastic crisis after Ferdinand's death in July 1927, again approaching Carol to replace the child-king Michael and Prince Nicholas' regency. Michael King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (Maiestatea Biography Born in Peleş Castle, Sinaia, Nicholas was the younger brother of Carol, Heir apparent, who renounced his rights of succession A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor In November 1927, Averescu took the stand in the trial of his supporter Mihail Manoilescu, who was arrested after having incited pro-Carol sentiment; in his testimony, he backed the notion that, despite his initial anger, Ferdinand had ultimately planned to have Carol return to the throne. Mihail Manoilescu ( December 9, 1891 &mdash December 30, 1950) was a Romanian journalist engineer economist politician and memoirist ^[29]

His grouping lost much of its supporters to the newly-formed National Peasants' Party,^[5] and scored under 2% in the 1927 elections. The National Peasants' Party ( Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc or PNŢ) was a Romanian Political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion ^[5][13] Around 1930, Averescu began opposing the universal suffrage he had endorsed earlier, and issued an appeal to the intellectuals in order to have it discarded from legislation on the basis that it was easily influenced by the parties in power. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, ^[31] He and his supporter, the pro-authoritarian poet Octavian Goga,^[31] received criticism from the left-wing Poporanist journal Viaţa Românească, who claimed that Averescu had in fact provoked and encouraged widespread electoral irregularities during his time in office. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union Octavian Goga ( April 1, 1881 &mdash May 7, 1938) was a Romanian politician poet, Playwright, journalist The word “poporanism” is derived from “popor” meaning “people” in the Romanian language. ^[31]

In November 1930, he filed a complaint against the poet and journalist Bazil Gruia, claiming that the latter had libeled him by publishing, in January, an article in Chemarea which began by questioning the People's Party claim that Averescu was "the only honest comrade of the Romanian peasant" and contrasted it with the general's activities during the 1907 Revolt. The 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt took place in March 1907 in Moldavia and it quickly spread reaching Wallachia. ^[32] The trial was held in Cluj, and Gruia was represented in court by Radu R. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Rosetti. ^[32] On December 1, he was found guilty and sentenced to 15 days in a correctional facility with reprieve, and to a fine of 3,000 lei (soon after, Gruia benefited from a pardon). The leu ( plural lei; ISO 4217 code RON numeric code 946 is the currency of Romania. ^[32]

Averescu was promoted to Marshal of Romania in the same year,^[33][2] during the time when Carol returned to rule as King — the appointment was attributed by Time to his political support for the latter's return. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and ^[33][34] According to the same source, by the end of 1930, Averescu was again at the center of Romanian politics, owing to Carol's favor, to the deaths of Ion I. C. and Vintilă Brătianu, and to the unexpected support he gained from the PNL dissident Gheorghe I. Brătianu. Vintilă Brătianu ( 1867 - 23 December 1930) was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania between 24 November 1927 Gheorghe (George I Brătianu ( February 3 1898 &ndash April 23-27 1953 was a Romanian politician and historian ^[34]

Final years

He ultimately showed himself hostile to Carol's inner circle, and especially to the king's lover Magda Lupescu; consequently, Goga was instigated by Carol to take over as leader of the People's Party, and the latter attacked Averescu for "subverting [. Elena Lupescu ( 15 September 1895 (? in Iaşi (Jassy Romania – 29 June 1977) better known as Magda Lupescu . . ] the traditional respect enjoyed by the Crown". ^[13] The clash led to Goga's creation of the splinter National Agrarian Party, which, although never an important force, obtained more of the vote in the 1932 elections (approx. 3% compared to Averescu's 2%). ^[13]

Around 1934, as the Guard proclaimed its allegiance to Nazi Germany, the Italians (still rivals of Adolf Hitler), approached Averescu (as well as Manoilescu, Nicolae Iorga, Nichifor Crainic, Cuza, Goga, and other non-Guardist reactionaries), with an offer for collaboration (see Comitati d'azione per l'universalità di Roma). Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nicolae Iorga (his name may also be rendered as Nicolas Jorga in foreign works January 17, 1871, Botoşani – November 27, Nichifor Crainic ( December 22 1889, Bulbucata, Giurgiu County &mdash August 20 1972, ^[12] This apparent alliance was, in fact, marked by major dissensions — Averescu and Iorga were routinely attacked by Crainic's Calendarul. ^[11] Eventually, Averescu's group formed, in 1934, the Constitutional Front, a nationalist electoral alliance with the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, which was joined by Mihai Stelescu's Crusade of Romanianism (an Iron Guard offshoot), and the minor party created by Grigore Forţu (the Citizen Bloc); after the latter two parties disappeared, the Front survived in its original form until 1936, when it disbanded. An electoral alliance or electoral coalition is an association of political parties or individuals which exists solely to stand in elections The National Liberal Party-Brătianu ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Liberal-Brătianu, PNL also known as Georgişti - "Georgists" from the Mihai Stelescu ( 1907 - July 16, 1936) was a Romanian political activist The Crusade of Romanianism (Cruciada Românismului was a Romanian fascist movement that was active during the 1930s ^[35]

In 1937, despite his ongoing feud with Carol, Averescu was appointed a member of the Crown Council. Argetoianu recalled that he and the Marshal had reconciled — at a time when Argetoianu pondered rallying all opposition forces, including the National Peasants' Party, the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, and the Iron Guard, in a single electoral bloc^[36] (before the general election of December, the various groups successfully negotiated an electoral pact against the government of Gheorghe Tătărescu). General elections were held in Romania on 20 and 22 December 1937. For the artist see Gheorghe Tattarescu. Gheorghe I Tătărescu (also known as Guţă Tătărescu, with a slightly antiquated pet form Averescu, who, according to Argetoianu, declared was more interested in convincing Carol to allow his estranged wife Elena of Greece to return to Romania, remained opposed to the deal. Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark ( 2 May / 3 May, 1896 - 28 November, 1982) was the wife of King Carol II of Romania and ^[36]

The following year, he was briefly Minister without portfolio in the cabinet of Premier Miron Cristea, created by Carol to combat the ascension of the Iron Guard,^[12] and opposed the monarch's option to renounce the 1923 Constitution and proclaim his dictatorship (the latter move signaled the end of the People's Party),^[13] but was among the figures displayed by Carol's regime. A Minister without Portfolio is either a Government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister that does not head a particular ministry. Miron Cristea, ( monastic name of Elie Cristea; July 20, 1868 &mdash March 6, 1939) was an Austro-Hungarian The 1923 Constitution of Romania, also called the Constitution of Union was intended to align the organisation of the state on the basis of universal male suffrage and the new ^[12] He died soon after in Bucharest, and was buried in the World War I heroes' crypt in Mărăşti. In terms of European architecture a crypt (from the Latin crypta and the Greek κρυπτη, kryptē) is a stone chamber or ^[2] In December, the king created the National Renaissance Front as the political instrument of his authoritarian rule. The National Renaissance Front ( Romanian: Frontul Renaşterii Naţionale, FRN also translated as Front of National Regeneration, Front of National ^[12]

References

External links

• FirstWorldWar.com Biography

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