Alexandria Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ إسكندرية Ἀλεξάνδρεια
Alexandria Beach
Nickname: Pearl of the Mediterranean
Alexandria on the map of Egypt
Coordinates: 31°11′53″N 29°55′09″E / 31.198, 29.9192
Country	Egypt
Founded	334 BC
Government
- Governor	Adel Labib
Area
- Total	2,679 km² (1,034. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Events By place Persian Empire The king of Caria, Pixodarus, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Orontobates. Adel Labib is the present Governor of Alexandria, and the former governor of Qena Governorate and Beheira Governorate Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 4 sq mi)
Population (2006)
- Total	4,110,015
	CAPMS 2006 Census
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Twin Cities
- Baltimore	United States
- Cleveland	United States
- Constanţa	Romania
- Durban	South Africa
- Saint Petersburg	Russia
- Shanghai	China
- Athens	Greece

Alexandria (Egyptian: Raqd. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Daylight saving time ( DST Eastern European Summer Time ( EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 Time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time This is a list of " twin towns " or " sister cities " — that is pairs of towns or cities in different countries which have Town twinning arrangements The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Constanţa (pronunciation in Romanian: /kon'stanʦa/ historical names Tomis, Κωνστάντια or Constantia, Köstence Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages t; Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ Rakotə; Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Arabic: الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariya; Greek, Ἀλεξάνδρεια), with a population of 3. Coptic or Coptic Egyptian ( MetRemenkīmi) is the final stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly 5 to 5 million, is the second-largest city in Egypt, and is the largest seaport that serves about 80% of all of Egypt's imports and exports. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Alexandria is also a very important tourist resort.

Alexandria extends about 32 km (20 miles) along the coast of the Mediterranean sea in north-central Egypt. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria), and is an important industrial centre because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina ( Latin for "Library of Alexandria" is a major Library and Cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the ancient world Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Suez (السويس) is a Seaport town (population ca 497000 in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez, near the southern Alexandria was also an important trading post between Europe and Asia, because it profited from the easy overland connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea

In ancient times, Alexandria was one of the most famous cities in the world. It was founded around a small pharaonic town c. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now 331 BC by Greek Macedonian king Alexander the Great. The Ancient Macedonians (Μακεδόνες Makedónes were an ancient tribe which inhabited the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axius, north Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' It remained Egypt's capital for nearly a thousand years, until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641 AD when a new capital was founded at Fustat, later absorbed into Cairo. The current capital of Egypt is Cairo. Over the course of history however Egypt's capital has repeatedly changed At the commencement of the Muslim conquest of Egypt Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt.

Alexandria was known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World), the Library of Alexandria (the largest library in the ancient world) and the Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa (one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages). The lighthouse of Alexandria (or The Pharos of Alexandria, Greek:) was a tower built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC on the Island The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) is a well known list of seven remarkable constructions of Classical antiquity. The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the ancient world The Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa (meaning 'Mound of shards' or 'Potsherds' is a historical archaeological site located in Alexandria, Egypt. Ongoing maritime archaeology in the harbour of Alexandria, which began in 1994, is revealing details of Alexandria both before the arrival of Alexander, when a city named Rhakotis existed there, and during the Ptolemaic dynasty. Maritime archaeology (also known as marine archaeology) is a discipline that studies human interaction with the Sea, lakes and rivers through the study of vessels Rhakotis, or Râ-Kedet, was the original name of the city of Alexandria on the northern coast of Egypt, before it was renamed by Alexander the Great The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Layout of the ancient city 3 Ancient remains 4 Antiquities 5 Modern city 5.1 Hais (urban districts) 5.2 Neighborhoods 5.3 Squares 5.4 Palaces 5.5 Educational institutions 5.6 Libraries 5.7 Museums 5.8 Recreational 5.9 Religion 6 Sightseeing 6.1 Demolished monuments 6.2 Existing monuments 6.3 Citadels 6.4 Famous spots 7 Transportation 7.1 Airports 7.2 Highways 7.3 Train 7.4 Tram 7.5 Taxis 7.6 Other means of public transportation 7.7 Port 8 Culture 8.1 "Eskendereyya" 8.2 Sports 8.3 Writings 8.3.1 Novels 8.3.2 History 8.3.3 Memoir 8.4 Songs 8.5 Tourism 8.6 Notable People 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Maps of Alexandria

History

Main article: History of Alexandria

Raqd. The history of Alexandria dates back to the city's founding by Alexander the Great. t (Alexandria) in hieroglyphs

Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 332 BC as Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexándreia). Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Alexander's chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. Dinocrates of Rhodes (also Deinocrates; Δεινοκράτης ο Ρόδιος fl Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis as a Hellenistic center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile Valley. Naucratis or Naukratis, (Ναύκρατις loosely translated as "(the city that wields power over ships" (Piemro in Egyptian, now Kom Gieif was a This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River An Egyptian townlet, Rhakotis, already existed on the shore and was a resort filled with fishermen and pirates. Rhakotis, or Râ-Kedet, was the original name of the city of Alexandria on the northern coast of Egypt, before it was renamed by Alexander the Great A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt for the East and never returned to his city. After Alexander departed, his viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the expansion. In a struggle with the other successors of Alexander, his general Ptolemy succeeded in bringing Alexander's body to Alexandria. For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation.

Though Cleomenes was mainly in charge of seeing to Alexandria's continuous development, the Heptastadion and the main-land quarters seem to have been mainly Ptolemaic work. Inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the center of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than Carthage. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world and for some centuries more, was second only to Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 It became the main Greek city of Egypt, with an extraordinary mix of Greeks from many cities and backgrounds. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions ^[1]

Alexandria was not only a center of Hellenism but was also home to the largest Jewish community in the world. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, was produced there. The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic The early Ptolemies kept it in order and fostered the development of its museum into the leading Hellenistic centre of learning (Library of Alexandria) but were careful to maintain the distinction of its population's three largest ethnicities: Greek, Jewish, and Egyptian. The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the ancient world The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group ^[2] From this division arose much of the later turbulence, which began to manifest itself under Ptolemy Philopater who reigned from 221–204 BC. Ptolemy IV Philopator ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr, reigned 221-205 BC son of Ptolemy III and Berenice II of Egypt was The reign of Ptolemy VIII Physcon from 144–116 BC was marked by purges and civil warfare. Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II ( Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs) (c

The city passed formally under Roman jurisdiction in 80 BC, according to the will of Ptolemy Alexander but only after it had been under Roman influence for more than a hundred years. Ptolemy X Alexander I ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was King of Egypt from 110 BC to In 115 AD Alexandria was destroyed during the Jewish-Greek civil wars which gave Hadrian and his architect, Decriannus, an opportunity to rebuild it. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after In 215 AD the emperor Caracalla visited the city and, because of some insulting satires that the inhabitants had directed at him, abruptly commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human On 21 July 365, Alexandria was devastated by a tsunami (365 Crete earthquake),^[3] an event two hundred years later still annually commemorated as "day of horror". A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when The 365 AD Crete earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at about sunrise on 21 July 365 AD in the Eastern Mediterranean, with an assumed epicentre ^[4] In the late 4th century, persecution of pagans by newly Christian Romans had reached new levels of intensity. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world In 391, Emperor Theodosius I ordered the destruction of all pagan temples, and the Patriarch Theophilus, complied with his request. Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ Theophilus of Alexandria (died 412 was Patriarch of Alexandria, Egypt from 385 to 412 The Brucheum and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century. The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. On the mainland, life seemed to have centered in the vicinity of the Serapeum and Caesareum, both which became Christian churches. The Pharos and Heptastadium quarters, however, remained populous and were left intact.

In 616, Alexandria was taken by Khosrau II, King of Persia. Khosrau II or Khosrow II ( Chosroes II or Xosrov II in classical sources sometimes called For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Although the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius recovered it a few years later, in 641 the Arabs, under the general Amr ibn al-As during the Muslim conquest of Egypt, captured it decisively after a siege that lasted fourteen months. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Heraclius, or Herakleios (Flavius Heraclius Augustus;) (c 575 - February 11, 641) was a Byzantine Emperor, who ruled the East The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading At the commencement of the Muslim conquest of Egypt Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in 1798. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. French troops stormed the city on July 2, 1798 and it remained in their hands until the arrival of the British expedition in 1801. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The British won a considerable victory over the French at the Battle of Alexandria on March 21, 1801, following which they besieged the city which fell to them on 2 September 1801. The Egyptian city of Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of Napoleon 's expedition of 1798. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Mohammed Ali, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, began rebuilding the city around 1810, and by 1850, Alexandria had returned to something akin to its former glory. In July 1882 the city came under bombardment from British naval forces and was occupied. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) In July 1954, the city was a target of an Israeli bombing campaign that later became known as the Lavon Affair. The Lavon Affair refers to the scandal over a failed Israeli Covert operation in Egypt known as Operation Susannah, in which Israeli military Only a few months later, Alexandria's Manshia Square was the site of the famous, failed assassination attempt on the life of Gamal Abdel Nasser. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President

Geography

Layout of the ancient city

The Greek Alexandria was divided into three regions:

Brucheum

the Royal or Greek quarter, forming the most magnificent portion of the city. In Roman times Brucheum was enlarged by the addition of an official quarter, making up four regions in all. The city was laid out as a grid of parallel streets, each of which had an attendant subterranean canal;

The Jews' quarter

forming the northeast portion of the city;

Rhakotis

occupied chiefly by Egyptians (from Coptic Rakotə "Alexandria"). Coptic or Coptic Egyptian ( MetRemenkīmi) is the final stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt

Two main streets, lined with colonnades and said to have been each about 60 metres (200 feet) wide, intersected in the centre of the city, close to the point where the Sema (or Soma) of Alexander (his Mausoleum) rose. In Classical architecture, a colonnade denotes a long sequence of Columns joined by their Entablature, often free-standing as in the famous elliptically A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons This point is very near the present mosque of Nebi Daniel; and the line of the great East–West "Canopic" street, only slightly diverged from that of the modern Boulevard de Rosette. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Traces of its pavement and canal have been found near the Rosetta Gate, but better remnants of streets and canals were exposed in 1899 by German excavators outside the east fortifications, which lie well within the area of the ancient city. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Alexandria consisted originally of little more than the island of Pharos, which was joined to the mainland by a mole nearly a mile long (1260 m) and called the Heptastadion ("seven stadia" — a stadium was a Greek unit of length measuring approximately 180 m). The Port of Alexandria is on the West Verge of the Nile Delta between the Mediterranean Sea and Mariut Lake in Alexandria Egypt. A mole is a massive structure usually of stone, used as a Pier, breakwater, or junction between places separated by water A modern stadium (plural stadiums or stadia in English is a place or venue for (mostly outdoor Sports Concerts or other events consisting The end of this abutted on the land at the head of the present Grand Square, where the "Moon Gate" rose. All that now lies between that point and the modern "Ras Al Teen" quarter is built on the silt which gradually widened and obliterated this mole. The "Ras Al Teen" quarter represents all that is left of the island of Pharos, the site of the actual lighthouse having been weathered away by the sea. On the east of the mole was the Great Harbour, now an open bay; on the west lay the port of Eunostos, with its inner basin Kibotos, now vastly enlarged to form the modern harbour.

In Strabo's time, (latter half of 1st century BC) the principal buildings were as follows, enumerated as they were to be seen from a ship entering the Great Harbour. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC.

1. The Royal Palaces, filling the northeast angle of the town and occupying the promontory of Lochias, which shut in the Great Harbour on the east. Lochias (the modern Pharillon) has almost entirely disappeared into the sea, together with the palaces, the "Private Port" and the island of Antirrhodus. There has been a land subsidence here, as throughout the northeast coast of Africa. In Geology, Engineering, and Surveying, subsidence is the motion of a surface (usually the Earth's surface as it shifts downward relative to
2. The Great Theatre, on the modern Hospital Hill near the Ramleh station. This was used by Caesar as a fortress, where he withstood a siege from the city mob after the battle of Pharsalus
3. The Poseidon, or Temple of the Sea God, close to the Theatre
4. The Timonium built by Mark Antony
5. The Emporium (Exchange)
6. The Apostases (Magazines)
7. The Navalia (Docks), lying west of the Timonium, along the sea-front as far as the mole
8. Behind the Emporium rose the Great Caesareum, by which stood the two great obelisks, each of which become known as “Cleopatra's Needle”, and were transported to New York City and London. The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" Greek temples ( Ancient Greek:, grc-Latn ho naós "dwelling" semantically distinct from Latin la templum " Temple In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark An obelisk (from Greek ὀβελίσκος - obeliskos, diminutive of ὀβελός - obelos, "spit nail pointed pillar" Cleopatra's Needle ("L'aiguille de Cléopâtre" in French is the popular name for each of three Ancient Egyptian Obelisks re-erected in London The City of New York London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. This temple became, in time, the Patriarchal Church, though some ancient remains of the temple have been discovered. The actual Caesareum, the parts not eroded by the waves, lies under the houses lining the new sea-wall.
9. The Gymnasium and the Palaestra are both inland, near the Boulevard de Rosette in the eastern half of the town; sites unknown. The gymnasium in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public Games It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual For the sports arena in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania see Palestra.
10. The Temple of Saturn; site unknown. Saturn ( Latin: Saturnus) was a major Roman God of agriculture and harvest
11. The Mausolea of Alexander (Soma) and the Ptolemies in one ring-fence, near the point of intersection of the two main streets
12. The Musaeum with its famous Library and theatre in the same region; site unknown. The Musaeum or Mouseion at Alexandria (Μουσείον της Αλεξάνδρειας which included the famous Library of Alexandria, was an institution apparently The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the ancient world
13. The Serapeum, the most famous of all Alexandrian temples. A Serapeum is a Temple or other religious institution dedicated to the syncretic Hellenistic - Egyptian god Serapis, who combined aspects Strabo tells us that this stood in the west of the city; and recent discoveries go far as to place it near “Pompey's Pillar” which was an independent monument erected to commemorate Diocletian's siege of the city. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate

The names of a few other public buildings on the mainland are known, but there is little information as to their actual position. None, however, are as famous as the building that stood on the eastern point of Pharos island. There, the The Great Lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, reputed to be 138 meters (450 ft) high, was sited. The lighthouse of Alexandria (or The Pharos of Alexandria, Greek:) was a tower built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC on the Island The first Ptolemy began the project, and the second Ptolemy completed it, at a total cost of 800 talents. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The talent ( Latin: talentum, from Ancient Greek: "scale balance" is an ancient unit of Mass. It took 12 years to complete and served as a prototype for all later lighthouses in the world. A prototype is an original type form or instance of something serving as a typical example basis or standard for other things of the same category A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an The light was produced by a furnace at the top and the tower was built mostly with solid blocks of limestone. The Pharos lighthouse was destroyed by an earthquake in the 14th century, making it the second longest surviving ancient wonder next to the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Great Pyramid of Giza, also called Khufu's Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu, and Pyramid of Cheops, is the oldest and largest of the three A temple of Hephaestus also stood on Pharos at the head of the mole. Hephaestus (hɨˈfiːstəs or /hɨˈfɛstəs/ Greek Hēphaistos) was a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan.

In the first century, the population of Alexandria contained over 180,000 adult male citizens (from a papyrus dated 32 CE), in addition to a large number of freedmen, women, children and slaves. Estimates of the total population range from 500,000 to over 1,000,000, making it one of the largest cities ever built before the Industrial Revolution and the largest pre-industrial city that was not an imperial capital. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the

Ancient remains

Very little of the ancient city has survived into the present day. The Citadel of Qaitbay (or the Fort of Qaitbay) ( Arabic, قلعة قايتباي) is a 15th century defensive fortress located on the Mediterranean Much of the royal and civic quarters sank beneath the harbour due to earthquake subsidence, and the rest has been rebuilt upon in modern times. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer In Geology, Engineering, and Surveying, subsidence is the motion of a surface (usually the Earth's surface as it shifts downward relative to

"Pompey's Pillar" is the best-known ancient monument still standing today. It is located on Alexandria's ancient acropolis — a modest hill located adjacent to the city's Arab cemetery — and was originally part of a temple colonnade. Acropolis (Gr akros akron edge extremity + polis city pl acropoleis A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. Including its pedestal, it is 30 m (99 ft) high; the shaft is of polished red granite, roughly three meters in diameter at the base, tapering to two and a half meters at the top. Pedestal (from French piedestal, Italian piedistallo, foot of a stall is a term generally applied to the support of a Statue or a Vase The structure was plundered and demolished in the 4th century when a bishop decreed that Paganism must be eradicated. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century "Pompey's Pillar" is a misnomer, as it has nothing to do with Pompey, having been erected in 293 for Diocletian, possibly in memory of the rebellion of Domitius Domitianus. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Events By Place Roman Empire March 1 — Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Lucius Domitius Domitianus was a Roman usurper against Diocletian, who seized the power for a short time in Aegyptus. Beneath the acropolis itself are the subterranean remains of the Serapeum, where the mysteries of the god Serapis were enacted, and whose carved wall niches are believed to have provided overflow storage space for the ancient Library. Serapis (Latin spelling or Sarapis in Greek was a syncretic Hellenistic - Egyptian god in Antiquity.

Alexandria's catacombs, known as Kom al Sukkfa, are a short distance southwest of the pillar, consist of a multi-level labyrinth, reached via a large spiral staircase, and featuring dozens of chambers adorned with sculpted pillars, statues, and other syncretic Romano-Egyptian religious symbols, burial niches and sarcophagi, as well as a large Roman-style banquet room, where memorial meals were conducted by relatives of the deceased. The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought A sarcophagus is a Funeral receptacle for a Corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone The catacombs were long forgotten by the citizens until they were discovered by accident in the 1800s. The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome.

The most extensive ancient excavation currently being conducted in Alexandria is known as Kom al Dikka, and it has revealed the ancient city's well-preserved theatre, and the remains of its Roman-era baths. This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing.

Antiquities

Persistent efforts have been made to explore the antiquities of Alexandria. Encouragement and help have been given by the local Archaeological Society, and by many individuals, notably Greeks proud of a city which is one of the glories of their national history. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos

The past and present directors of the museum have been enabled from time to time to carry out systematic excavations whenever opportunity is offered; D. G. Hogarth made tentative researches on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Fund and the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies in 1895; and a German expedition worked for two years (1898–1899). David George Hogarth (born May 23, 1862, in Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire; died November 6, 1927, in Oxford The Egypt Exploration Society (usually abbreviated EES) is the foremost learned society in the United Kingdom promoting the field of Egyptology. But two difficulties face the would-be excavator in Alexandria: lack of space for excavation and the underwater location of some areas of interest.

Since the great and growing modern city stands right over the ancient one, it is almost impossible to find any considerable space in which to dig, except at enormous cost. Also, the general subsidence of the coast has sunk the lower-lying parts of the ancient town under water. In Geology, Engineering, and Surveying, subsidence is the motion of a surface (usually the Earth's surface as it shifts downward relative to This underwater section, containing much of the most interesting sections of the Hellenistic city, including the palace-quarter, is still being extensively investigated by the French underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio and his team [1] and [2]. Underwater archaeology is the study of past Human life behaviours and cultures using the physical remains found in salt or Fresh water or buried beneath It raised a noted head of Caesarion. Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion (little Caesar Greek: Πτολεμαῖος ΙΕʹ Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ Καῖσαρ These are even being opened up to tourists, to some controversy [3].

The spaces however, that are most open are the low grounds to northeast and southwest, where it is practically impossible to get below the Roman strata. In Geology and related fields a stratum (plural strata) is a layer of rock or Soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes

The most important results were those achieved by Dr. G. Botti, late director of the museum, in the neighbourhood of “Pompey's Pillar”, where there is a good deal of open ground. Here substructures of a large building or group of buildings have been exposed, which are perhaps part of the Serapeum. Nearby immense catacombs and columbaria have been opened which may have been appendages of the temple. The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. These contain one very remarkable vault with curious painted reliefs, now lighted by electricity and shown to visitors.

The objects found in these researches are in the museum, the most notable being a great basalt bull, probably once an object of cult in the Serapeum. Other catacombs and tombs have been opened in Kom el-Shuqafa (Roman) and Ras et-Tin (painted).

The German excavation team found remains of a Ptolemaic colonnade and streets in the north-east of the city, but little else. Hogarth explored part of an immense brick structure under the mound of Kom el-Dika, which may have been part of the Paneum, the Mausolea or a Roman fortress.

The making of the new foreshore led to the dredging up of remains of the Patriarchal Church; and the foundations of modern buildings are seldom laid without some objects of antiquity being discovered. The wealth underground is doubtlessly immense; but despite all efforts, there is not much for antiquarians to see in Alexandria outside the museum and the neighbourhood of “Pompey's Pillar”. The native tomb-robbers, well-sinkers, dredgers and the like, however, come upon valuable objects from time to time, most of which find their way into private collections.

Modern city

Hais (urban districts)

Modern Alexandria is divided into 6 hais:

• Montaza hai: population 943,100
• Eastern Alexandria hai: population 933,600
• Middle (or Downtown) Alexandria hai: population 566,500
• Amreya hai: population 457,800
• Western Alexandria hai: population 450,300
• Gumrok hai: population 186,900

There are also two cities under the jurisdiction of the Alexandria governorate:

• Borg Al-Arab city: population 186,900
• New Borg Al-Arab city: population 7600

Neighborhoods

Neighborhoods of Alexandria include: Agami, Amreya, Anfoushi, Assafra, Attarine, Azarita, also known as Mazarita, originally Lazarette, Bab Sidra, Bahari, Bachus, Bulkeley, also known as Bokla, Burg el-Arab, Cleopatra, Dekheila, Downtown, Eastern Harbor, Fleming, Gabbari, also known as Qabbari, Gianaclis, Glym (short for Glymenopoulos), Gumrok, Hadara, Ibrahimeya, Kabbary, also "Qabbary", King Mariout, Kafr Abdu, Karmous, also known as Karmouz, Kom el-Dik, also known as Kom el-Dekka, Labban, Laurent, Maamoura Beach, Maamoura, Mafrouza, Mandara, Manshiyya, Mex, Miami, Montaza, Muharram Bey, Mustafa Kamel, Ramleh, also known as el-Raml, Ras el-Tin, Rushdy, Saba Pasha, San Stefano, Shatby, Schutz, Sidi Bishr, Sidi Gaber, Smouha, Sporting, Stanley, Syouf, Tharwat, Victoria, Wardeyan, Western Harbor, and Zizinia. Montaza ( Arabic: المنتزه, Translated: "The Park" is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Downtown (or West al-Balad in Arabic) ( Arabic: وسط البلد) is a popular neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. The Port of Alexandria is on the West Verge of the Nile Delta between the Mediterranean Sea and Mariut Lake in Alexandria Egypt. Labban ( Arabic: اللبان) is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Maamoura Beach ( Arabic: المعمورة الشاطئ) (Not to be confused with the district of Maamoura is a neighborhood in Alexandria Montaza ( Arabic: المنتزه, Translated: "The Park" is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Shatby or Chatby is a neighbourhood in midtown Alexandria, Egypt, just east of "Cape Silsileh" Sporting ( Arabic: سبورتنج) is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Stanley ( Arabic: ستانلي) is a very important highlight in Egypt's physical beauty The Port of Alexandria is on the West Verge of the Nile Delta between the Mediterranean Sea and Mariut Lake in Alexandria Egypt.

Squares

• (Ahmed) Orabi Square, in Downtown
• Mansheya Square, in Mansheya
• Saad Zaghlul Square, in Downtown
• Tahrir Square (formerly Mohammed Ali Square, originally Place des Consuls), in Downtown
• Ahmed Zewail Square, near Wabour El Mayah

Palaces

• Montaza Palace, in Montaza
• Ras el-Tin Palace, in Ras el-Tin
• Presidential Palace, in Maamoura

Educational institutions

Educational institutions in Alexandria include:

Colleges and Universities:

• Alexandria University
• Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport
• Alexandria Institute of Technology (AIT)
• High Institute For Computers & Information Systems - HICIS Abo Qir
• Pharos University in Alexandria
• Université Senghor

Schools:

• Abbas Helmy High School
• Al Abaseya High School
• Al-Madina Al-Monawara High School
• Al-Ramml High School
• Alexandria House of English
• British School of Alexandria
• Collège de la Mère de Dieu
• Collège Saint Marc
• Deutsche Schule der Borromärinnen DSB A "Saint Charles Borromé"
• Ecole Champollion
• Ecole Gérard
• Ecole Saint Gabriel
• Ecole Saint-Vincent de Paul
• Ecole Sainte Catherine
• Egyptian American School
• Egypt Modern School
• El Nasr Boys' School
• El Nasr Girls' College
• Gamal Abdel Naser High School
• Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide
• Kaumeya Language School (KLS)
• Janaklees National School (JNS)
• Lycée Al-Horreya
• Manar English Girls School
• Mubarak Technologichal School (MTS)
• Muharram Bey Schools
• Modern American School
• Pioneers American sporting school
• Riada Language School (RLS)
• Sacred Heart Girls' School (SHS)
• Schutz American School
• Sidi Gaber Language School {SLS}
• Taymour English School (TES)
• Victoria College
• Zahran Language School (Z. Colonel Ahmed Orabi or Ahmed Urabi ( Egyptian Arabic: ʻorābi ˈʕoɾɑːˌbi ( April 1, 1841 - September 21, 1911) ( Downtown (or West al-Balad in Arabic) ( Arabic: وسط البلد) is a popular neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Saad Zaghloul ( Arabic سعد زغلول; also Saad Zaghloul Sa'd Zaghloul Pasha ibn Ibrahim) ( 1859 - August 23 Downtown (or West al-Balad in Arabic) ( Arabic: وسط البلد) is a popular neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation Downtown (or West al-Balad in Arabic) ( Arabic: وسط البلد) is a popular neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Ahmed Hassan Zewail (أحمد حسن زويل (born February 26 1946 in Damanhur, Egypt) is an Egyptian American scientist and the Montaza Palace ( قصر المنتزة) was one of the Palaces of the former Egyptian Royal family (the descendants of Montaza ( Arabic: المنتزه, Translated: "The Park" is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Ras el–Tin palace, located in Alexandria, Egypt, enjoys an outstanding historical position since it is one of few palaces that witnessed the initiation Alexandria University (جامعة الإسكندرية is a university in Alexandria, Egypt. The Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport (also known as AASTMT or AAST) is an Arab University specialized in Science Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology (AIET is a private institute of higher education founded in 1996 and owned by "Mohamed Ragab Foundation for social Development" Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA جامعة فاروس بالإسكندرية is a non-governmental and non-profit making University in Alexandria, Senghor University is an International organization for the Francophonie. The Collège Saint Marc is a Roman Catholic school in Alexandria, Egypt. Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide is a French girls instituteIn 1934 the sisters of Charity known as of “ Besancon ” built the Holy Institution Jeanne-Antide Lycée Al-Horreya Alexandria or ‘’’Lycée Liberty Alexandria’’’ ( Arabicليسيه الحرية بالإسكندرية) is one of the main old schools in The Collège Saint Marc is a Roman Catholic school in Alexandria, Egypt. El Nasr Boys' School (EBS (مدرسة النصر للبنين بالشاطبى is a famous school in El Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt. El Nasr Girls' College (EGC (كلية النصر للبنات is a famous school in El Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt. Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide is a French girls instituteIn 1934 the sisters of Charity known as of “ Besancon ” built the Holy Institution Jeanne-Antide Lycée Al-Horreya Alexandria or ‘’’Lycée Liberty Alexandria’’’ ( Arabicليسيه الحرية بالإسكندرية) is one of the main old schools in The Schutz American School is an independent coeducational day school which offers an educational program from prekindergarten (Early Childhood Program through grade 12 for students of all nationalities Victoria College Alexandria was founded in 1902 under the impetus of the recently ennobled Evelyn Baring 1st Earl of Cromer of the Barings Bank, that was heavily L. S)

Libraries

The Royal Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the world. The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the ancient world This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution It is generally thought to have been founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BC, during the reign of Ptolemy II of Egypt. The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philádelphos, 309 BC&ndash246 BC was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 BC to 246 BC It was likely created after his father had built what would become the first part of the Library complex, the temple of the Muses — the Museion, Greek Μουσείον (from which the modern English word museum is derived). In Greek mythology, the Muses ( Ancient Greek, hai moũsai: perhaps from the Proto-Indo-European root * men- "think" are The Musaeum or Mouseion at Alexandria (Μουσείον της Αλεξάνδρειας which included the famous Library of Alexandria, was an institution apparently A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the

It has been reasonably established that the Library, or parts of the collection, were destroyed by fire on a number of occasions (library fires were common and replacement of handwritten manuscripts was very difficult, expensive and time-consuming). To this day the details of the destruction (or destructions) remain a lively source of controversy. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina was inaugurated in 2003 near the site of the old Library. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina ( Latin for "Library of Alexandria" is a major Library and Cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean

Museums

• Alexandria Aquarium
• The Graeco-Roman Museum
• The Royal Jewelry Museum
• The Museum of Fine Arts
• The Cavafy museum

Recreational

• Montaza Royal Gardens
• Antoniades park
• Shallalat Gardens
• Alexandria Zoo
• Green Plaza
• Fantasy Land
• Maamoura Beach, Alexandria
• Marina Village

Religion

Religious institutions include:
Churches
Saint Alexander Nevsky Church (Russian Orthodox Rite), Saint Anargyri Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Church of the Annunciation (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Anthony Church (Greek Orthodox Rite) Archangels Gabriel and Michael Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Catherine Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Catherine Church (Latin Catholic Rite), Pope Cyril I Church, in Cleopatra (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Cathedral of the Dormition, in Mansheya (Greek Catholic Rite), Church of the Dormition (Greek Orthodox Rite), Prophet Elijah Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Georges Church, in Sporting (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Saint Georges Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Church of the Immaculate Conception, in Ibrahemeya (Greek Catholic Rite), Church of the Jesuits, in Cleopatra (Latin Catholic Rite), Saint Joseph Church, in Fleming (Greek Catholic Rite), Saint Joseph of Arimathea Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Mark Cathedral , in Ramleh (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Saint Mark Church, in Shatby (Latin Catholic, Coptic Catholic and Coptic Orthodox Rites), Saint Mark & Saint Nectarios Chapel, in Ramleh (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Mark & Pope Peter I Church (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Saint Mary Church, in Assafra (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Saint Mary Church, in Gianaclis (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Saint Menas Church, in Fleming (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Saint Mina Church, in Mandara (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Saint Nicholas Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Paraskevi Church (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Sava Cathedral, in Ramleh (Greek Orthodox Rite), Saint Tekle Haymanot Church (Coptic Orthodox Rite), Saint Theodore Chapel (Greek Orthodox Rite),
Mosques
Ali ibn Abi Talib Mosque, in Somouha, Bilal Mosque, El-Gamee el-Bahari, in Mandara, Hatem Mosque, in Somouha, Hoda el-Islam Mosque, in Sidi Bishr, Abu el-Abbas el-Mursi Mosque, in Anfoushi, El-Mowasah Mosque, in Hadara, Sharq el-Madina Mosque, in Miami, El-Shohadaa' Mosque, in Mostafa Kamel, Qaed Ibrahim Mosque, Yehia Mosque, in Zizinya, Sidi Beshr Mosque, in Sidi Beshr, Sidi Gaber Mosque, in Sidi Gaber, Asr El Islam Mosque, In Sidi Gaber, El Qabany Mosque, In Fleming, Abo El Nor Mosque, In Bakos, El Manara Mosque, In Shatby, Ansar EL Haq Mosque, In Sidi Beshr, EL Sayda Amna Mosque, In Sidi Gaber, El Sadaka Mosque, In Sidi Beshr, Tag EL Ser Mosque, Victoria, EL Fath Mosque, Semouha, and Nour Al-Islam mosque in Camp Cezar

Sightseeing

Demolished monuments

• The Lighthouse of Alexandria was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Alexandria Aquarium is a small Aquarium in Alexandria. It was built in 1930 and is located near by Qaitbay fort on Alexandria's Eastern Harbour The Graeco-Roman Museum of Alexandria in Egypt was created in 1892 The Royal Jewelry Museum ( Arabic: متحف المجوهرات) in Alexandria, Egypt is located in the Zizenia neighborhood Montaza Palace ( قصر المنتزة) was one of the Palaces of the former Egyptian Royal family (the descendants of Shallalat Gardens is the name of ancient garden located in Alexandria, Egypt. The Zoo in Alexandria is the second largest zoo in Egypt, after the Giza Zoo in Cairo Maamoura Beach ( Arabic: المعمورة الشاطئ) (Not to be confused with the district of Maamoura is a neighborhood in Alexandria Marina, also Marina El Alamein ( Arabic: مارينا العلمين is a tourist Village located on the northern coast of Egypt with a 11 km long beach Saint Alexander Nevsky (Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский in Russian; transliteration Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevskij) ( May 30 In Christianity the Annunciation ( grc Ευαγγελισμός της Θεοτόκου, Evangelismós tēs Theotókou in Greek) is the revelation Saint Anthony the Great (c 251–356 also known as Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, Gabriel ( Latin: Gabrielus; Greek:, Gabriēl; Arabic: جبريل Jibrīl or جبرائيل Michael (מִיכָאֵל Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; Μιχαήλ Mikhaíl; Michael or Míchaël; ميخائيل Mikhā'īl) is an Cyril of Alexandria (ca 378 - 444 was the Pope of Alexandria when the city was at its height of influence and power within the Roman Empire. The Dormition of the Theotokos ( Greek: Koimesis) is a Great Feast of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and The Dormition of the Theotokos ( Greek: Koimesis) is a Great Feast of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Elijah or Elias ( was a Prophet in Israel in the 9th century BC For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. Joseph "of the House of David " ( Hebrew יוֹסֵף also known as Saint Joseph, Joseph the Betrothed, Joseph of Nazareth Joseph of Arimathea was according to the Gospels, the man who donated his own prepared tomb for the burial of Jesus after Jesus' Crucifixion Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria is considered a Cathedral as it is the historical seat of the Pope of Alexandria, the head of the "Saint Mark" redirects here For other uses see Saint Mark (disambiguation. Shatby or Chatby is a neighbourhood in midtown Alexandria, Egypt, just east of "Cape Silsileh" "Saint Mark" redirects here For other uses see Saint Mark (disambiguation. Ramla (רַמְלָה Ramlāh; الرملة also Ramle and sometimes Rama) is a city in central Israel with a mixed Arab and "Saint Mark" redirects here For other uses see Saint Mark (disambiguation. Pope Peter of Alexandria was Pope of Alexandria (300 - 311 He is revered as a Saint by the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church Saint Menas (also Minas Mina Mena Mennas) (285 – ca 309 the Martyr and Wonder-worker is one of the most well-known Egyptian Saints in Saint Nicholas (Άγιος Νικόλαος, Agios Nikolaos, "victory of the people" is the common name for Nicholas of Myra, a Christian Saint Paraskevi ("( Good) Friday" in Greek is a female name Saint Archbishop Sava (or saint Sabbas; Serbian: Свети Сава Sveti Sava) ( 1175 - January 14, 1235) originally Ramla (רַמְלָה Ramlāh; الرملة also Ramle and sometimes Rama) is a city in central Israel with a mixed Arab and Tekle Haymanot or Takla Haymanot ( Ge'ez ተክለ፡ ሃይማኖት takla hāymānōt, modern tekle hāymānōt, "Plant of Faith" Saint Theodore of Amasea (d 306 Amasenus, now Amasya Turkey) is one of the Greek Military saints of the 4th century the earlier Patron saint ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Bilal ibn Rabah (بلال بن رباح or Bilal al-Habeshi was an Ethiopian born in Mecca in the late 6th century sometime between 578 and 582 El-Mursi Abul-Abbas Mosque ( جامع المرسي أبو العباس) is a famous Mosque in Alexandria, Egypt, which is dedicated to the Anfoushi ( Arabic: الأنفوشي) is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. The lighthouse of Alexandria (or The Pharos of Alexandria, Greek:) was a tower built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC on the Island

Existing monuments

• The Roman Amphitheatre
• 'Pompey's Pillar'

Citadels

• Citadel of Qaitbay

Famous spots

• Bir Massoud, Miami
• The Unknown Soldier, Ahmed Orabi Square in Mansheya
• El Montaza Royal Gardens
• Maamoura Beach

Transportation

Airports

- Alexandria is served by the nearby Al Nozha Airport, located 7 km to the southeast.

- Another airport serves Alexandria named Borg al Arab Airport located about 25 km away from city center. Borg El Arab Airport is an Airport serving Alexandria, Egypt. This airport has been in use since about 2003. It was a military airport before that, and until now there is a military section there.

Highways

• The International coastal road. (Alexandria - Port Said)
• The Desert road. Port Said ( Arabic بورسعيد transliterated Būr Saʻīd) is a northeastern Egyptian city near the Suez Cairo-Alexandria desert road is the main Highway that connects Cairo to Alexandria, the two largest cities in Egypt. (Alexandria - Cairo /220 km 4-lanes, mostly lit)
• The Agricultural road. (Alexandria - Cairo)
• The Circular road. the turnpike
• Ta'ameer Road "Mehwar El-Ta'ameer" - (Alexandria - North Coast)

Train

Extends from "Misr Station"; the main train station in Alexandria, to Abu Qir. Abū Qīr ( Arabic أبو قير (also Abukir or Aboukir) is a village on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, 23 kilometers (14

Train stations include:

• Misr Station (the main station)
• Sidi Gaber Station

Tram

Main article: Alexandria Tram

An extensive tramway network built in 1860 and is the oldest in Africa. Alexandria Tram is a Tram system in Alexandria, Egypt. It consists of 38 stations A single ticket costs 25 Egyptian piastres (2007). The piastre or piaster was a unit of currency It was originally equal to one silver Dollar or Peso, served as the major unit of currency of French The tram network is divided into two parts joined in the "Raml Station". Trams working east of the "Raml Station" are painted blue and usually known as "Tram Al-Raml". The ones operating to the west of "Raml station" are painted yellow and is a little smaller with a single tram working on both routes.

Trams are the slowest means of transport in Alexandria but are convenient for short trips, 2-3 stations. If you are a sightseer with time to spare it is the cheapest way to see most of Alexandria.

Taxis

Taxis are a main means of public transportation in Alexandria. Taxis are painted black and yellow. Fare usually starts from 2 Egyptian pounds (2007). The Egyptian pound or gineih (الجنيه المصرى el-Gineih el-Miṣrī) All taxis are required by law to have a meter but almost none is actually used since the fares have not changed in a very long time to keep up with inflation. Exactly what amount to charge a taxi is not exactly known and is left to the customers to estimate how much the trip is worth (like all other cities in Egypt, including Cairo) but most Alexandrians who use taxis usually know from experience what every trip costs. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This creates a problem for travelers and tourists who are usually over-billed for their trips. Tourists are always advised to ask for how much they should pay for a taxi before hailing one.

Other means of public transportation

- Buses and Minibuses. "Microbus" redirects here For the Volkswagen Microbus see Volkswagen Type 2.

Port

Main article: Alexandria Port

The port is divided into:

• The Eastern Harbor
• The Western Harbor

Culture

"Eskendereyya"

This is a list of all words related to the word "Alexandria" in Arabic:

• al-Iskandareyya(h) (الإسكندرية) (noun) (formal): Refers to the city of "Alexandria", used in formal texts and speech. The Port of Alexandria is on the West Verge of the Nile Delta between the Mediterranean Sea and Mariut Lake in Alexandria Egypt. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Its Egyptian Arabic equivalent is Eskenderreya or Iskindereyya(h). Iskandariyya(h) and Eskendereyya(h) are different in pronunciation, though they have the same spelling when written in Arabic. Spelling is the Writing of a Word or words with the necessary letters and Diacritics present in an accepted standard order In Literary Arabic, Iskandariyya(h) always takes the definite article al-, whereas in Egyptian Arabic, Eskendereyya(h) never takes el- (el- is the Egyptian Arabic equivalent of al-). Literary Arabic (ar اللغة العربية الفصحى "the Eloquent Arabic language" or Standard Arabic is the literary and standard variety ( ال۔, also transliterated as el- and in some cases il- and ul-) is a prefix in the Arabic language The optional h at the end of both of them is called a ta' marbuta which is not usually pronounced, but is always written.

• "Alex" (noun): Natives of both Alexandria and Cairo refer to Alexandria as "Alex", especially in informal English texts. In an English conversation between two Egyptians (whether Alexandrians or Cairenes), you would usually hear "I'm going to Alex tomorrow" instead of "I'm going to Alexandria tomorrow. "

• Esakandarani (اسكندراني) (adjective): Means 'native Alexandrian' or 'from Alexandria' in Egyptian Arabic.

Sports

The main sport that interests Alexandrians is soccer, as is the case in all Egypt and Northern Africa. Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Alexandria was one of three cities that participated in hosting the African Cup of Nations in January 2006, which Egypt won. The Africa Cup of Nations, also referred to as the African Nations Cup (ANC is the main international Association football competition in Africa. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Egypt national football team (منتخب مصر لكرة القدم nicknamed The Pharaohs, is the national team of Egypt and is administered by the Sea sports such as surfing, jet-skiing and water polo are practised on a lower scale. Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders A personal water craft ( PWC) is a Recreational Watercraft that the rider sits or stands on rather than inside Water polo is a team water sport A team consists of six field players and one Goalkeeper.

Alexandria has four stadiums:

• Borg El Arab Stadium
• Harras El-Hedoud Stadium
• Alexandria Stadium
• El-Krom Stadium

Other less popular sports like tennis and squash are usually played in private social and sports clubs, like:

• Alexandria Sporting Club - in "Sporting"
• Alexandria Country club
• El Etehad Club
• El Olympy Club
• Lagoon Resort Courts
• Smouha Club - in "Smouha"

Writings

Novels

• Academic Year (1955, set in late 1940s) by D.J. Enright. A modern stadium (plural stadiums or stadia in English is a place or venue for (mostly outdoor Sports Concerts or other events consisting Borg El Arab Stadium is a brand new Stadium commissioned in 2006 in the Mediterranean Sea resort of Borg el Arab 50 km west of Alexandria, Egypt. Harras El-Hedoud Stadium is a multi-use Stadium in Alexandria, Egypt. Alexandria Stadium (إستاد الإسكندرية is a multi-use Stadium in Alexandria, Egypt. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Squash is a racquet sport that was formerly called squash racquets, a reference to the "squashable" soft ball used in the game (compared with the Social Club may also refer to a video game community service by Rockstar Games, see Rockstar Games Social Club. A sports club, athletics club or sports association is an eclectic institution oriented to multiple Sports which fields many Teams and in several Sporting ( Arabic: سبورتنج) is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Dennis Joseph Enright ( March 11 1920 – December 31 2002) was a British academic poet novelist and critic and general Man of letters
• The Alexandria Quartet (1957-60, set in 1930s) by Lawrence Durrell. The Alexandria Quartet is a Tetralogy of novels by British writer Lawrence Durrell, published between 1957 and 1960 Lawrence George Durrell ( February 27, 1912 &ndash November 7, 1990) was an expatriate British Novelist, Poet,
• The Bat (part of the Drifting Cities trilogy) (1965, set in 1943-44) by Stratis Tsirkas.
• The Danger Tree (1977, set in 1942, partly in Alexandria) by Olivia Manning. Olivia Manning is also the name of the wife of Archie Manning and mother of Eli and Peyton Manning.
• The Beacon at Alexandria (1986, set in 4th century) by Gillian Bradshaw. Gillian Marucha Bradshaw (born May 14, 1956) is an American writer of historical fiction, Historical fantasy, Children's literature
• City of Saffron (tr. 1989, set in 1930s) by Edwar Al-Kharrat.
• Girls of Alexandria (tr. 1993, set in 1930s and '40s) by Edwar Al-Kharrat.
• No One Sleeps in Alexandria (1996, set during World War II) by Ibrahim Abdel Meguid. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
• Miramar (1967) by Naguib Mahfouz. Naguib Mahfouz (نجيب محفوظ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ ( December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian Novelist
• Pashazade (2001, first book of the Arabesk trilogy set in a liberal Islamic Ottoman Alexandria in the 21st century) by Jon Courtenay Grimwood. The Arabesk Trilogy is a sequence of alternate history novels by the British author Jon Courtenay Grimwood. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Jon Courtenay Grimwood is a British Science fiction Author. He was born in Valletta, Malta, grew up in Britain Southeast

History

• Alexandria: a history and a guide (1922; numerous reprints) by E.M. Forster. Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879–7 June 1970 was an English novelist Short story writer Essayist, and Librettist
• Alexandria: City of Memory (Yale University Press, 2004) by Michael Haag.

Memoir

• Out of Egypt (1994; describes family history in Alexandria) by André Aciman. André Aciman (born January 2 1951 in Alexandria, Egypt) is an American novelist essayist memoirist and leading scholar of

Songs

• Songs in French:
  • Alexandrie by Georges Moustaki. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Yussef Mustacchi, known as Georges Moustaki, (born in Alexandria, Egypt May 3 1934) is a Singer and Songwriter
  • Alexandrie, Alexandra by Claude François. Claude François ( February 1, 1939 in Ismaïlia, Egypt - March 11, 1978 in Paris
• Songs in Greek:
  • Alexandrinos by Yannis Kotsiras. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly
• Songs in Arabic:
  • Shat Eskendereya by Fairouz. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Fairuz ( فيروز, also spelled Fairouz or Fayrouz) (born November 21, 1935) is a distinguished Lebanese singer
  • Ahsan Nas by Dalida. Dalida ( January 17, 1933 &ndash May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian born singer of Italian origin who lived most of her
  • Leil Eskendereya by Moustafa Amar. Moustafa Ahmed Mohamed Hassan Amar ( Arabic:مصطفى قمر (born September 22 1966) known as Mostafa Amar, is an Egyptian
  • Ya Wad Ya Eskandarany by Moustafa Amar. Moustafa Ahmed Mohamed Hassan Amar ( Arabic:مصطفى قمر (born September 22 1966) known as Mostafa Amar, is an Egyptian
  • Ya Eskendereya by Mohamed Mounir (lyrics by Ahmed Fouad Negm). Mohamed Mounir ( Arabic:محمد منير (born October 10 1954) is a Nubian - Egyptian singer who was born in Aswan, Ahmed Fouad Negm (احمد فؤاد نجم popularly known as el-Fagoumi الفاجومي is an Egyptian Vernacular poet.
• Songs in English:
  • "Alexandria" by Kamelot

Tourism

Alexandria is considered a main summer resort in the Middle East, visited by people from all other cities to enjoy the sun and the sea. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Kamelot is an American Power metal band from Tampa, Florida. They incorporate many elements of symphonic and Progressive The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Beaches become full of umbrellas and families and the city is usually crowded in summer.

Beaches of Alexandria are famous of having lots of cafeterias and umbrellas. There are both public beaches (which anyone can use for free, and are usually crowded) and private beaches (which can be used upon paying a small fee). There are also private beaches that are dedicated only to the guests of some hotels.

Notable People

• Ahmed Nazif (Egyptian Prime Minister)
• Alkistis Protopsalti (Greek singer)
• Alypius (4th century BC) Greek writer on music
• André Aciman (American writer)
• Antonis Benakis (1873-1954) Greek art collector
• Arius (4th century) who sparked the Arian controversy
• Pope Athanasius the Apostolic (Champion of Christianity)
• Cleopatra VII (Egyptian Ruler)
• Constantine P. Cavafy (1863-1933) Greek poet
• Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century) Greek monk, geographer and writer
• Demis Roussos (Greek singer)
• Eric Hobsbawm (British historian)
• Farouk Hosny (Egyptian Minister of Culture)
• Princess Fawzia (Egyptian princess)
• Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Italian poet and artist)
• Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egyptian President)
• Georges Moustaki (Greek-French singer and composer)
• Gideon Gechtman (Israeli sculptor)
• Giuseppe Ungaretti (Italian poet)
• Haim Saban (American billionaire)
• Hend Rostom (Egyptian actress)
• Hypatia (4th-5th century AD) Greek philosopher
• Jean Desses (1904-1970) Greek fashion designer
• Konstantinos Parthenis (1878-1967) Greek painter
• Bayram Al-Tunsi (Egyptian poet)
• Mohamed Al-Fayed (Egyptian businessman)
• Moustafa Amar (Egyptian singer)
• MTM (Egyptian music band)
• Omar Sharif (Egyptian actor)
• Pappus (4th century AD) Hellenized Egyptian Mathematician
• Penelope Delta (1874-1941) Greek author
• Rudolf Hess (German deputy fuhrer of the Nazi Party)
• Sayed Darwish (Egyptian music composer)
• Tawfiq al-Hakeem (Egyptian writer)
• Youssef Chahine (Egyptian film director)

Gallery

view of Pompey's Pillar with Alexandria in the background, 1681. Dr Ahmed Nazif ( أحمد نظيف) (born July 8 1952 in Alexandria) has served as the Prime Minister of Egypt since 14 July Alypius of Alexandria was a Greek writer on music who flourished c André Aciman (born January 2 1951 in Alexandria, Egypt) is an American novelist essayist memoirist and leading scholar of Antonis Benakis (Greek Αντώνης Μπενάκης (1873-1954 was a Greek Art collector and the founder of the Benaki Museum in Athens Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Arius ( AD ca 250 or 256 - 336 was a Christian priest from Alexandria Egypt in the early fourth century whose teachings now called Arianism The Arian controversy describes several controversies which divided the Christian church from before the Council of Nicaea in 325 to after the Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt Constantine P Cavafy, also known as Konstantin or Konstantinos Petrou Kavafis, or Kavaphes (Greek Κωνσταντίνος Π Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cosmas Indicopleustes (literally "who sailed to India" of Alexandria was a Greek Merchant and later Monk probably of Nestorian The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Artemios (Demis Ventouris Roussos (born June 15, 1946) is a Greek singer Farouk Hosny (فاروق حسنى (or Hosni) (born 1938 in Alexandria, Egypt) is an Egyptian abstract painter who Queen Fawzia Bint Fuad of Egypt ( Arabic: فوزية بنت فؤاد الأول Persian: فوزیه فؤاد ( Alexandria, Egypt, November Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti ( December 22, 1876 – December 2, 1944) was an Italian ideologue Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President Yussef Mustacchi, known as Georges Moustaki, (born in Alexandria, Egypt May 3 1934) is a Singer and Songwriter Gideon Gechtman (born 1942 is an Israeli Artist and Sculptor. Giuseppe Ungaretti ( February 8, 1888 &ndash June 2, 1970) was an Italian modernist poet journalist essayist critic Haim Saban (Hebrew חיים סבן born 15 October 1944 in Alexandria, Egypt Personal life Haim Saban was born in Alexandria Hend Rostom ( هند رستم) (born November 12 1931) is an Egyptian actress. Hypatia of Alexandria (haɪˈpeɪʃə ( Greek:; born between AD 350 and 370 – 415 was a Greek scholar from Alexandria in Egypt, considered As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. Jean Desses ( August 6, 1904 &ndash August 2, 1970) was a world leading Fashion designer in the 1940s Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Konstantinos Parthenis ( 10 May 1878 – 25 July 1967) was a distinguished Greek painter. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Mahmud Bayram el-Tunsi ( Arabic: بيرم التونسي born in 1893 in Alexandria, Egypt - died 1961 was an Egyptian poet who was exiled from Moustafa Ahmed Mohamed Hassan Amar ( Arabic:مصطفى قمر (born September 22 1966) known as Mostafa Amar, is an Egyptian Omar Sharif ( عمر الشريف; born April 10, 1932) is a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning Egyptian Pappus of Alexandria ( Greek) (c 290 &ndash c 350 was one of the last great Greek mathematicians of antiquity known for his Synagoge or Collection As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century Penelope Delta (Πηνελόπη Δέλτα (1874&ndash 27 April, 1941) was a Greek Author of books for older children Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Sayed Darwish ( Arabic: سيد درويش; March 17, 1892 – September 15, 1923) was an Egyptian singer and Tawfiq al-Hakim or Tawfik al-Hakim ( October 9, 1898 - July 26, 1987 ( توفيق الحكيم) was a prominent Egyptian Youssef Chahine ( Arabic: يوسف شاهين January 25, 1926 – July 27, 2008) was an Egyptian Film	A panoramic view of modern Alexandria	The Alexandria National Museum	Modern Alexandria, from "Citadel of Qaitbay"
Skyline from the corniche	Planetarium by Bibliotheca Alexandrina	Bibliotheca Alexandrina & reflecting pool	Alexandria beach
Citadel of Qaitbay	Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria	Crossroad of Saad Zaghloul and Safeya Zaghloul streets at sunset	ceiling of Citadel of Qaitbay

Image:Cornelius de Bruyn, view of Pompey's Pillar with Alexandria in the background, 1681. The Citadel of Qaitbay (or the Fort of Qaitbay) ( Arabic, قلعة قايتباي) is a 15th century defensive fortress located on the Mediterranean The Bibliotheca Alexandrina ( Latin for "Library of Alexandria" is a major Library and Cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Saad Zaghloul ( Arabic سعد زغلول; also Saad Zaghloul Sa'd Zaghloul Pasha ibn Ibrahim) ( 1859 - August 23 The Citadel of Qaitbay (or the Fort of Qaitbay) ( Arabic, قلعة قايتباي) is a 15th century defensive fortress located on the Mediterranean jpg|view of Pompey's Pillar with Alexandria in the background, 1681.

See also

• Alexandria Governorate
• Governorates of Egypt

Notes

• "Alexandria: City of Memory" by Michael Haag (London and New Haven, 2004). Alexandria governorate ( الإسكندرية) is one of the governorates of Egypt, located in the north of the country lying directly on the Egypt is divided into 29 Governorates (singular Muhafazah) and 1 self-governing city A social, political and literary portrait of cosmopolitan Alexandria during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Victor W. Von Hagen. The Roads that led to Rome The World publishing Company, Cleveland and New York. 1967.

References

External links

• Official website
• Alexandria travel guide from Wikitravel
• Cairo and Alexandria guidebook from Wikitravel Press
• Expatriates in Alexandria
• British Council's Lawrence Durrell Celebration in Alexandria
• Read more and see photo galleries about Alexandria (English)
• Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: “Alexandria, Egypt”
• Landmarks in Alexandria (English)

Maps of Alexandria

• Alexandria is at coordinates 31°11′53″N 29°55′09″E / 31.198, 29.9192 (Alexandria)Coordinates: 31°11′53″N 29°55′09″E / 31.198, 29.9192 (Alexandria)

Preceded by Sais	Capital of Egypt 331 BC - 641 AD	Succeeded by Fustat
Preceded by Madrid	World Book Capital 2002	Succeeded by New Delhi
Preceded by Taipei	Wikimania host city 2008	Succeeded by Buenos Aires

Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. The current capital of Egypt is Cairo. Over the course of history however Egypt's capital has repeatedly changed Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. World Book Capital is a title bestowed by UNESCO to a city in recognition of the quality of its programs to promote Books and reading and the dedication New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of Wikimania is a conference for users of the Wiki projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern

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