Alexandra Feodorovna
Empress Consort of Russia
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna portrait by A. Maliukov, 1836, Hermitage Museum
Born	13 July 1798(1798-07-13)
Birthplace	Charlottenburg Palace
Died	1 November 1860 (aged 62)
Place of death	Alexander Palace
Consort to	Nicholas I
Royal House	House of Hohenzollern, House of Romanov
Father	Frederick William III of Prussia
Mother	Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Children	Alexander, Maria, Olga, Alexandra, Elizabeth, Konstantin, Nicholas, Michael

Alexandra Feodorovna, born Charlotte, Princess of Prussia, (July 13, 1798 – November 1, 1860) was Empress consort of Russia. The State Hermitage Museum (Государственный Эрмитаж Gosudarstvennyj Èrmitaž) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Charlottenburg Palace (German Schloss Charlottenburg) is the largest palace in Berlin and the only building in the city dating back to the time of the Hohenzollern Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The Alexander Palace (Russian Александровский дворец is primarily remembered as the favourite residence of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II, and his The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 Early life The son of King Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William was born in Potsdam and became Crown Prince in 1786 when his father ascended Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie ( Luisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia) ( March 10, 1776 &ndash July 19, 1810) Queen of Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Maria Nikolaievna (Мария Николаевна ( August 18 1819 - February 21 1876) was a daughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia ( September 11, 1822 – October 30, 1892) later Queen Olga of Württemberg, was Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia ( 24 June 1825 - 10 August 1844) was the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas Grand Duke Constantin Nikolaevich of Russia (Константин Николаевич September 9 1827 – January 13 1892) was the second Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia ( October 13, 1832 &ndash December 18, 1909) was the fourth son and seventh child of Tsar Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending She was the wife of Tsar Nicholas I, and mother of Tsar Alexander II. Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St

Princess of Prussia

Alexandra Feodorovna was born on July 13, 1798 at the Charlottenburg Palace, as Princess Frederica Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Charlottenburg Palace (German Schloss Charlottenburg) is the largest palace in Berlin and the only building in the city dating back to the time of the Hohenzollern She was the eldest surviving daughter and fourth child of Frederick William III, King of Prussia, and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and a sister of Wilhelm I, aunt of Emperor Frederick III. Early life The son of King Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William was born in Potsdam and became Crown Prince in 1786 when his father ascended Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie ( Luisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia) ( March 10, 1776 &ndash July 19, 1810) Queen of Frederick III (German Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl, English Frederick William Nicholas Charles; October 18 1831 – June 15 1888 (German Friedrich

Princess Charlotte's childhood was marked by the Napoleonic Wars. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions After the French defeat of the Prussian army, Princess Charlotte and her whole family were forced to flee to East Prussia, where they were given protection by Tsar Alexander I. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of Soon, Berlin fell under Napoleon’s control, and Princess Charlotte grew up in war-torn Memel, Prussia. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Klaipėda ( ˈklaɪpɛdə Memel is a City in Lithuania situated at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon where it flows into the Baltic Sea Her mother died in 1810 shortly after Charlotte’s twelfth birthday, and for the rest of her life she treasured her mother’s memory. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ^[1] From her early childhood Princess Charlotte occupied the first female rank in Prussia as the eldest daughter of her widower father. She would remain attached to Prussia and her family all of her life.

In the fall of 1814, Grand Duke Nicholas Pavlovich of Russia, the future Tsar Nicholas I, and his brother Grand Duke Michael, visited Berlin. Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Arrangements were made between the two royal families for Nicholas to marry Princess Charlotte, and on the second visit the following year, Nicholas fell in love with the then seventeen year old Princess Charlotte. The feeling was mutual, "I like him and am sure of being happy with him. " She wrote to her brother, "What we have in common is our inner life; let the world do as it pleases, in our hearts we have a world of our own. " Hand-in-hand, they wandered over the Potsdam country side, and attended the Berlin Court Opera. Staatsoper Unter den Linden ( Berlin State Opera) is a prominent German Opera company By the end of his visit, Grand Duke Nicholas and Princess Charlotte were engaged. They were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of Frederick William I of Prussia. Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I ( August 14, 1688 &ndash May 31, 1740) of the House of Hohenzollern, was the King The wedding would not take place for another two years.

On June 9, 1817 Princess Charlotte came to Russia with her brother William^[2] . Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common After arriving in St. Petersburg she converted to Russian Orthodoxy, and took the Russian name Alexandra Feodorovna. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River On her birthday, July 13, 1817, she and Nicholas were married in the Chapel of the Winter Palace. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common See also The movie Russian Ark, an innovative single shot walkthrough with period reenactments spanning three hundred years of court meetings ". . . I felt myself very, very happy when our hands joined. . . " she would later write about her wedding. " With complete confidence and trust, I gave my life into the hands of my Nicholas, and he never once betrayed it. "^[3]

Grand Duchess of Russia

At first, Alexandra Feodorovna had problems adapting to the Russian court, the change of religion affected her and she was overwhelmed by her new surroundings. She gained the favor of her mother-in-law, Maria Feodorovna, but did not get along well with the Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna, wife of Tsar Alexander I. Maria Feodorovna (Мари́я Фёдоровна 25 October 1759 &ndash 5 November 1828) was the second wife of Tsar Paul I of Russia Elizabeth Alexeievna (Russian Елизавета Алексеевна (13/24 January 1779 - 4 May/16 May 1826 was the wife of Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of

Weeks after the wedding, Alexandra was pregnant. On April 17, 1818 she gave birth to her first son, the future Tsar Alexander II, and the next year she had a daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Maria Nikolaievna (Мария Николаевна ( August 18 1819 - February 21 1876) was a daughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia In 1820 Alexandra produced a stillborn daughter, her third pregnancy in three years, which brought on a deep depression. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Her doctors advised a holiday, and in the autumn of 1820 Nicholas took her to see her family in Berlin, where they remained until the summer of 1821, returning again in the summer of 1824. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year They did not come back to St. Petersburg until March of 1825 when Tsar Alexander I required their presence in Russia. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Alexandra Feodorovna spent her first years in Russia trying to learn the language and customs of her adopted country under the tutelage of the poet Vasily Zhukovsky, whom she characterized as being "too much of a poet to be a good tutor. Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky (Василий Андреевич Жуковский ( – April 1852 was the foremost Russian poet of the 1810s " The Imperial family spoke German and wrote their letters in French, and as a consequence, Alexandra never completely mastered the Russian language. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

Nicholas and Alexandra Feodorovna were private people who found great pleasure in each other’s company. She wrote in her memoirs of her first years in Russia, "We both were truly happy only when we found ourselves alone in our apartments with me sitting on his knees while he was loving and tender. " For eight years, during the reign of Tsar Alexander I, the couple lived quietly, never once looking forward to the possibility of occupying the Russian throne. Tsar Alexander I had no children and his heir, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, renounced his succession rights in 1822, making Nicholas the new Tsarevich. Constantine Pavlovich Romanov (Константи́н Па́влович Рома́нов

In 1825 Alexandra received from her brother-in-law, Alexander I, the Palace of Peterhof, where she and Nicholas lived happily at the start of her life in Russia. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Peterhof (Петерго́ф Petergof, originally named nl Peterhof, the Dutch for "Peter's Court" is a municipal town within Petrodvortsovy It would remain her favorite summer residence.

Personality

Alexandra was tall, slender with a small head of refined features^[4]. Her blue eyes were set deep in her head^[5]. She had an air of regal majesty. Her quick, light walk was graceful. She was frail, often in poor health. Her voice was hoarse, but she spoke rapidly and with decision. ^[6]

Alexandra Feodorovna was an avid reader and enjoyed music. She was kind and liked privacy and simplicity. She dressed elegantly, with a decided preference for light colors, and collected beautiful jewels. Neither arrogant nor frivolous, Alexandra was not without intelligence and had an excellent memory; her reading was quite extensive; her judgment of men sure, slightly ironical^[7]. However, her interests were mostly shallow. She loved to dance and the fantastic world of the Palaces and court balls filled her horizon^[8] . She did not worry about knowing the real problems of the Russian people that demanded from its Empress the energy to take care of the needed and the sick.

For her, Russia was summed up in the person of her beloved husband. By forcing his will on this fragile, irresponsible and delicate creature, Nicholas destroyed Alexandra’s individuality ^[9]. Her husband gave her no time for reflection, for giving herself a sustained occupation, other than adoring wife and devoted mother. ^[10]

Empress of Russia

Alexandra Feodorovna became empress consort upon her husband's accession as Tsar Nicholas I on December, 1825. Events in December Union Day of Romania (1 December World AIDS Day ( December 1) National Day of Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common It was a turbulent period, marked by the bloody repression of the Decembrist revolt.

By 1832 Nicholas and Alexandra had seven children whom they raised with care. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Nicholas I never wavered in his love for his wife, whom he nicknamed “Mouffy”. In 1837, when much of the Winter Palace was destroyed by fire, Nicholas reportedly told an aide-de-camp "Let everything else burn up, only just save for me the small case of letters in my study which my wife wrote to me when she was my betrothed. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common See also The movie Russian Ark, an innovative single shot walkthrough with period reenactments spanning three hundred years of court meetings "^[11]

Only after more than twenty-five years of fidelity did Nicholas take a mistress. He turned to Barbara Nelidova, one of Alexandra's ladies-in-waiting, as the doctors had forbidden the Empress from sex due to her poor health and recurring heart-attacks. Nicholas continued to seek refuge from the cares of state in Alexandra’s company. "Happiness, joy, and repose - that is what I seek and find in my old Mouffy. " he once wrote. ^[12]

In 1845 Nicholas wept when Court doctors urged the Empress to visit Palermo for several months due to poor health. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in "Leave me my wife. "^[13] he begged her physicians, and when he learned that she had no choice, he made plans to join her, if only for a brief time. Nelidova went with them, and though Alexandra was jealous in the beginning, she soon came to accept the affair, and remained on good terms with her husband's mistress.

The Empress Alexandra Feodorovna was always frail and in bad health. At forty she looked far older than her years, becoming increasingly thin. For a long time she suffered from a nervous twitching that became a convulsive shaking of her head.

In 1837 the Empress chose the resort in the Crimea for a new residence. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым There, Nicholas ordered that the Palace of Oreanda be built for her. She was only able to visit the Palace once however, as in 1852 the Crimean War began. Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought Towards the end of 1854 Alexandra Feodorovna became very ill, and she came very close to death^[14], though she managed to recover. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year In 1855 Tsar Nicholas I contracted influenza, and he died on 6/18 February. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

The Dowager Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in 1860, the year of her death

Dowager Empress

Alexandra Feodorovna survived her husband for five years. She retired to the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo, and remained in good terms with her husband’s mistress Barbara Nelidova, who she made her personal reader. The Alexander Palace (Russian Александровский дворец is primarily remembered as the favourite residence of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II, and his Tsarskoye Selo (Ца́рское Село́ " Tsar 's Village" is a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting ^[15]

The Dowager Empress's health became more and more fragile with the years. Unable to spend the harsh winters in Russia, she was forced to make long sojourns abroad. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending She wrote in September 1859 "I am homesick for my country and I reproached myself for costing so much money at a time when Russia has need of every ruble. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common But I cough and my sick lungs cannot go without a southern climate" ^[16]. In the autumn of 1860, her doctors told her that she would not live through the winter if she did not return once more to the south. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Knowing the danger, she preferred to stay in St. Petersburg, so that if death did come it would happen on Russian soil. The night before her death, she was heard to say, "Niki, I am coming to you. " ^[17] She died in her sleep at the age of sixty-two on November 1, 1860 at Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The Alexander Palace (Russian Александровский дворец is primarily remembered as the favourite residence of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II, and his Tsarskoye Selo (Ца́рское Село́ " Tsar 's Village" is a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting

Children

Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodorovna had ten children:

• Alexander Nicolaievich, the future Tsarevich and then Emperor Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881), married firstly Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (Maria Alexandrovna) and secondly, morganatically, Princess Catherine Dolgoruki. Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ( 8 August, 1824 - 8 June, 1880) was a princess of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and as Maria Alexandrovna Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova (In Russian Княжна Екатерина Михаиловна Долгорукова also known as Catherine Dolgorukova
• Maria Nicolaievna (1819-1876). Maria Nikolaievna (Мария Николаевна ( August 18 1819 - February 21 1876) was a daughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Married Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg. Maximilian Joseph Eugene Auguste Napoleon de Beauharnais ( 2 October 1817 Munich - 1 November 1852 St She married, second, Count Gregory Alexandrovich Stroganov in 1856.
• Stillborn daughter (22 July 1820)
• Olga Nicolaievna (1822-1892). Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia ( September 11, 1822 – October 30, 1892) later Queen Olga of Württemberg, was Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Married Charles I of Württemberg in 1846 and was childless. Charles of Württemberg (Karl Friedrich Alexander König von Württemberg was the third King of Württemberg, from 25 June 1864 until his death in 1891
• Stillborn daughter (23 October 1823)
• Alexandra Nicolaievna (1825-1844). Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia ( 24 June 1825 - 10 August 1844) was the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Married Landgraf Frederick of Hesse-Kassel in 1843, but died in childbirth the following year.
• Elisabeth Nikolaevna, (b. 7 June 1826 - c. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display 1829). For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Died young.
• Konstantin Nicolaievich (1827-1892). Grand Duke Constantin Nikolaevich of Russia (Константин Николаевич September 9 1827 – January 13 1892) was the second Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Married Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg (Alexandra Iosifovna) and had issue. Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Russia ( 8 July 1830 Altenburg &ndash 6 July 1911 Saint Petersburg) born
• Nicholas Nicolaievich (1831-1891). Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Married, Princess Alexandra of Oldenburg (Alexandra Petrovna) and had issue. Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Russia (Russian Александра Петровна June 2 1838 – April 25 1900 was a daughter of Duke Peter of Oldenburg and
• Michael Nicolaievich (1832 -1909). Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia ( October 13, 1832 &ndash December 18, 1909) was the fourth son and seventh child of Tsar Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Married Princess Cecily of Baden (Olga Feodorovna) and had issue. Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna of Russia ( Karlsruhe, 20 September 1839 - Kharkov, Russian Empire 12 April 1891

Notes

Bibliography

• Grunwald, Constantin de, Tsar Nicholas I the Life of An Absolute Monarch, Alcuin Press, ASIN B000I824DU.
• Lincoln, W. Bruce, The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias, Anchor, ISBN 0385279086.
• Zeepvat, Charlotte, Romanov Autumn , Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0750927399
• Lincoln, W. Bruce, Nicholas I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias , Northern Illinois University Press, ISBN 0875805485.

Ancestry

Gallery

Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, by Christina Robertson, Hermitage Museum (1840)

Portrait by Franz Krüger, Hermitage Museum (1839)

Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in later years by Franz Winterhalter, Hermitage Museum (1856)