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This article is about the scientist. For the musician, see Alexander Shulgin (musician). Alexander Shulgin (b August 25 1964 is a Russian Author and Composer.
Alexander Shulgin

Alexander and Ann Shulgin, in a photo from their book TiHKAL, c. Ann Shulgin (born March 22, 1931) is an author and the wife of famous chemist Alexander Shulgin. TiHKAL is a 1997 book written by Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin about a family of Psychoactive drugs known as Tryptamines A sequel 1997.
Born June 17, 1925 (1925-06-17) (age 82)
Berkeley, California
Nationality American
Education Ph. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. D. in Biochemistry, post-doctoral work in the fields of psychiatry and pharmacology
Occupation Psychopharmacologist
Spouse Ann Shulgin

Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin (born June 17, 1925 in Berkeley, California) is an American pharmacologist, chemist and drug developer of Russian descent. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Psychopharmacology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία Ann Shulgin (born March 22, 1931) is an author and the wife of famous chemist Alexander Shulgin. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain

Shulgin is credited with the popularization of MDMA in the late 1970s and early 1980s, especially for psychopharmaceutical use and the treatment of depression and Post-traumatic stress disorder. MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, Psychopharmacology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία Post traumatic stress disorder It is a severe and ongoing emotional reaction to In subsequent years, Shulgin discovered, synthesized, and bioassayed over 230 psychoactive compounds. Bioassay is a shorthand commonly used term for biological assay and is a type of scientific Experiment. In 1991 and 1997, he and his wife Ann Shulgin authored the books PiHKAL and TiHKAL on the topic of psychoactive drugs. Ann Shulgin (born March 22, 1931) is an author and the wife of famous chemist Alexander Shulgin. PiHKAL is a 1991 book by Dr Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin about Psychedelic Phenethylamines The full title of the book TiHKAL is a 1997 book written by Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin about a family of Psychoactive drugs known as Tryptamines A sequel A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain Shulgin discovered many noteworthy phenethylamines including the 2C* family of which 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-E, 2C-I, and 2C-B are most well known. Phenethylamine, or β -phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine is an Alkaloid and Monoamine. 2C is a general name for the family of Psychedelic Phenethylamines containing methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the Benzene 2C-T-2, or 25-di Methoxy -4- Ethyl[[thio]][[phenethylamine]], is a Psychedelic and Entheogenic Phenethylamine of the 2C-T-7 is a Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine of the 2C family. In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved, 2C-E (25-dimethoxy-4-ethylphenethylamine is a psychedelic drug and phenethylamine of the 2C family. 2C-I is a psychedelic drug and Phenethylamine of the 2C family. 2C-B or 4-bromo-25-dimethoxyphenethylamine is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family, an entactogen. Additionally, Shulgin performed seminal work into the descriptive synthesis of compounds based on the organic compound tryptamine. Tryptamine is a Monoamine Alkaloid found in Plants and Animals.

He is currently continuing his work at home in Lafayette, California, and is writing a new comprehensive psychedelic drug index. Lafayette is a city in Contra Costa County California, United States.

Contents

Early career

Shulgin began studying organic chemistry as a Harvard University scholarship student. At the age of 19, he dropped out of school, and joined the U.S. Navy, where he eventually became interested in pharmacology. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs [1] After serving in the Navy, he returned to Berkeley, California, and in 1954, earned his Ph. Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. D. in Biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Through the late 50's, Shulgin completed post-doctoral work in the fields of psychiatry and pharmacology at University of California, San Francisco. Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs The University of California San Francisco ( UCSF) is one of the world's leading centers of Health sciences research Patient care, and education After working at Bio-Rad Laboratories as a research director for a brief period, he began work at Dow Chemical Company as a senior research chemist. Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc markets and distributes a broad range of products for the life science research and clinical diagnostic markets The Dow Chemical Company () is an American Multinational corporation headquartered in Midland Michigan. [1]

It was at this time that he had a series of psychedelic experiences that helped to shape his further goals and research, beginning with an experience with mescaline. Mescaline or 345-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally-occurring Psychedelic Alkaloid of the Phenethylamine class [2]

I first explored mescaline in the late '50s, Three-hundred-fifty to 400 milligrams. I learned there was a great deal inside me.

– Alexander Shulgin, LA Times, 1995[2]

He would later write that everything he saw and thought "had been brought about by a fraction of a gram of a white solid, but that in no way whatsoever could it be argued that these memories had been contained within the white solid. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed . . I understood that our entire universe is contained in the mind and the spirit. We may choose not to find access to it, we may even deny its existence, but it is indeed there inside us, and there are chemicals that can catalyze its availability. "[1]

Shulgin's professional activities continued to lean in the direction of psychopharmacology, furthered by his personal experiences with psychedelics, but he was able to do little independent research. His opportunity for further research came with his development of Zectran, the first biodegradable pesticide, and a highly profitable product. Dow Chemical Company, in return for the valuable patent, gave Shulgin great freedom in his research. During this time, he patented drugs he created when Dow asked, and published findings on others in journals such as Nature and Journal of Organic Chemistry. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 The Journal of Organic Chemistry (abbreviated as J Org Chem or JOC) is a Scientific journal for original contributions of fundamental Eventually, Dow Chemical requested that he no longer use their name on his publications. [1]

In 1965, Shulgin left Dow to pursue his own interests, and became a private consultant, also frequently teaching classes in the local universities and at the San Francisco General Hospital. San Francisco General Hospital is the main public Hospital in San Francisco California, and the only Level I Trauma Center serving San Francisco and northern Through his friend Bob Sager, head of the U. S. DEA's Western Laboratories, Shulgin formed a relationship with the DEA and began holding pharmacology seminars for the agents, supplying the DEA with samples of various compounds, and occasionally serving as an expert witness in court. The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and He also authored a definitive law enforcement reference book[3] on controlled substances and received several awards from the DEA.

Independent research

In order to carry out consulting work with the DEA, Shulgin obtained a DEA Schedule I license for an analytical laboratory, which allowed him to possess and synthesize any otherwise illicit drug. The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Shulgin set up a chemical synthesis laboratory in a small building behind his house, which gave him a great deal of career autonomy. Shulgin used this freedom to synthesize and test the effects of psychoactive drugs. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain

In 1967, Shulgin was introduced to MDMA (ecstasy) by Merrie Kleinman, a graduate student in the medicinal chemistry group he advised at San Francisco State University. MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, MDMA had been synthesized in 1912 by Merck and patented in 1914 as a byproduct of another synthesis, but was considered useless, and was never explored. MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, Merck KGaA (EMD Chemicals in the United States and Canada is a German -based chemical and Pharmaceutical company. Shulgin went on to develop a new synthesis method, and in 1976, introduced the chemical to Leo Zeff, a psychologist from Oakland, California. Leo Zeff was an American Psychotherapist in Oakland California who pioneered the use of ecstasy (MDMA and other psychoactive drugs in psychotherapy Mental health professional A psychologist is a practitioner of Psychology, the systematic investigation of the mind including Behavior, Cognition, Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Zeff used the substance in his practice in small doses as an aid to talk therapy. Zeff introduced the substance to hundreds of psychologists around the nation, including Ann Shulgin, whom Alexander Shulgin met in 1979, and married in 1981. Ann Shulgin (born March 22, 1931) is an author and the wife of famous chemist Alexander Shulgin. [1]

After judicious self-experiments, Shulgin enlisted a small group of friends with whom he regularly tested his creations. They developed a systematic way of ranking the effects of the various drugs, known as the Shulgin Rating Scale, with a vocabulary to describe the visual, auditory and physical sensations. The Shulgin Rating Scale is a simple scale for reporting the subjective effect of Psychoactive substances at a given dosage and at a given time He personally tested hundreds of drugs, mainly analogues of various phenethylamines (family containing MDMA, and mescaline), and tryptamines (family containing DMT and psilocybin). Phenethylamine, or β -phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine is an Alkaloid and Monoamine. MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, Mescaline or 345-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally-occurring Psychedelic Alkaloid of the Phenethylamine class Tryptamine is a Monoamine Alkaloid found in Plants and Animals. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT also known as NN -dimethyltryptamine, is a naturally occurring Tryptamine and potent psychedelic drug found not only in Psilocybin (IPA /saɪləˈsaɪbɪn/ (also known as psilocybine) is a psychedelic Indole of the Tryptamine family found in Psilocybin There are a seemingly infinite number of slight chemical variations, all of which produce variations in effect--some pleasant and some unpleasant, depending on the person--and all of which are meticulously recorded in Shulgin's books. [1]

In 1994, two years after the publication of PiHKAL, the DEA raided his lab; finding problems with his record keeping, the DEA requested that Shulgin turn over his license for violating the license's terms, and he was fined $25,000 for possession of anonymous samples sent to him for quality testing. PiHKAL is a 1991 book by Dr Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin about Psychedelic Phenethylamines The full title of the book In the 15 years preceding the publication of PiHKAL, two announced and scheduled reviews failed to find any irregularities. [4] Richard Meyer, spokesman for DEA's San Francisco Field Division, has stated that, "It is our opinion that those books are pretty much cookbooks on how to make illegal drugs. Agents tell me that in clandestine labs that they have raided, they have found copies of those books," suggesting to many that the publication of PiHKAL and the termination of Shulgin's license were related. [1]

On April 8th, 2008, the 82 year old Dr. Shulgin underwent surgery to replace a defective aortic valve.

Bibliography

Books

Other notable publications

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Bennett, Drake. "Dr. Ecstasy", New York Times Magazine, New York Times, 2005-01-30. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Retrieved on 2006-07-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 (English) 
  2. ^ a b Romero, Dennis. "Sasha Shulgin, Psychedelic Chemist", Los Angeles Times, 1995-09-05. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Retrieved on 2006-07-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 (English) 
  3. ^ Shulgin, Alexander (1988). Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 0-914171-50-X.  
  4. ^ DEA Raid of Shulgin's Laboratory. Erowid (2004-01-08). Erowidorg, also called The Vaults of Erowid, is an online Library of information about psychoactive plants and chemicals. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Retrieved on 2006-07-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000

External links

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