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For other uses, see Alexander Nevsky (disambiguation).
Saint Alexander Nevsky
An icon of Alexander Nevsky
Born 5 June 1221(1221-06-05),
Pereslavl-Zalessky, Russia
Died 14 November 1263 (aged 42),
Gorodets, Russia
Venerated in Eastern Orthodox Church
Canonized 1547 by Russian Orthodox Church
Major shrine Vladimir; Pereslavl-Zalessky
Feast November 23 (Repose)
May 23 (Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov and Yaroslavl
August 30 (Translation of relics)
Attributes Robed as a Russian Great Prince, often wearing armor. An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Pereslavl-Zalessky or Pereyaslavl-Zalessky (Пересла́вль-Зале́сский could be translated as "Pereslavl which is located behind the woods" Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Gorodets (Городе́ц is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Volga River, north-west Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure A shrine, from the Latin scrinium (‘box’ also used as a desk like the French bureau) was originally a container usually made of precious materials used Vladimir (Влади́мир) is a city in Russia, located on the Klyazma River, to the east of Moscow along the M7 motorway Pereslavl-Zalessky or Pereyaslavl-Zalessky (Пересла́вль-Зале́сский could be translated as "Pereslavl which is located behind the woods" The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne For the Moth Genus, see Synaxis (moth. (at this point April 2008 this redirects to a nonexistant article Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and A relic is an object or a personal item of religious significance carefully preserved with an air of Veneration as a tangible memorial Christianity has used symbols from its very beginnings Each Saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life The Title Grand Prince or Great Prince (Magnus Princeps Russian and Ukrainian: Великий князь Velikiy knyaz; Вялíкий
Patronage Soldiers, Borders of Russia
Saints Portal

Saint Alexander Nevsky listen (help·info) (Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский in Russian; transliteration: Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevskij) (May 30, 1220? – November 14, 1263) was the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir during some of the most trying times in the country's history. The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca The Prince of Novgorod (Князь новгородский Knyaz novgorodskii) was the chief executive of Novgorod the Great. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество Commonly regarded as the key figure of medieval Russia, Alexander was the grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest and rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over the German invaders while employing shrewd conciliatory policies towards the powerful Golden Horde. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Vsevolod III Yuryevich, or Vsevolod the Big Nest (Все́волод III Ю́рьевич Большо́е Гнездо́ (1154 &ndash 1212 was the This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band.

Contents

Great victories

From Tales of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander found in the Second Pskovian Chronicle, circa 1260-1280, comes one of the first known references to the Great Prince:

"By the will of God, prince Alexander was born from the charitable, people-loving, and meek the Great Prince Yaroslav, and his mother was Theodosia. As it was told by the prophet Isaiah: 'Thus sayest the Lord: I appoint the princes because they are sacred and I direct them. ' ". . . He was taller than others and his voice reached the people as a trumpet, and his face was like the face of Joseph, whom the Egyptian Paroah placed as next to the king after him of Egypt. His power was a part of the power of Samson and God gave him the wisdom of Solomon. . . this Prince Alexander: he used to defeat but was never defeated. . . "[1]

Monument in Ust-Izhora, traditional site of the Battle of the Neva.
Monument in Ust-Izhora, traditional site of the Battle of the Neva. Ust-Izhora (Усть-Ижо́ра is situated at the confluence of River Izhora into River Neva, approximately halfways between Saint Petersburg and Battle of the Neva (Невская битва Nevskaya bitva, slaget vid Neva was fought between the Novgorod Republic and Swedish armies on the

Born in Pereslavl-Zalessky, Alexander was the fourth son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and seemed to have no chance of claiming the throne of Vladimir. Pereslavl-Zalessky or Pereyaslavl-Zalessky (Пересла́вль-Зале́сский could be translated as "Pereslavl which is located behind the woods" Yaroslav II (Яросла́в II Все́володович Christian name Theodor (ru Феодо́р ( February 8, 1191 &ndash September Vladimir (Влади́мир) is a city in Russia, located on the Klyazma River, to the east of Moscow along the M7 motorway In 1236, however, he was summoned by the Novgorodians to become kniaz' (or prince) of Novgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish and German invaders. Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages, denoting a Nobility rank Prince, from the Latin root Princeps, is a general term for a Monarch, for a member of a monarch's or former monarch's family and is a Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. After the Swedish army had landed at the confluence of the rivers Izhora and Neva, Alexander and his small army suddenly attacked the Swedes on July 15, 1240 and defeated them. Izhora (Ижóра Inkereenjoki also known as Inger River, is a left Tributary of the Neva River on its run through Ingria in northwestern Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final The Neva battle of 1240 saved Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North. Battle of the Neva (Невская битва Nevskaya bitva, slaget vid Neva was fought between the Novgorod Republic and Swedish armies on the Because of this battle, 19-year-old Alexander was given the name of "Nevsky" (which means of Neva). This victory, coming just a year after the disastrous Mongol invasion of Russia, strengthened Nevsky’s political influence, but at the same time it worsened his relations with the boyars. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. He would soon have to leave Novgorod because of this conflict.

After Pskov had been invaded by the crusading Livonian Knights, the Novgorod authorities sent for Alexander. Bishop Albert of Riga founded the Military order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae Schwertbrüderorden in 1202 Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod In spring of 1241 he returned from his exile, gathered an army, and drove out the invaders. Alexander and his men faced the Livonian heavy cavalry led by the Magister of the Order, Hermann, brother of Albert of Buxhoeveden. military order is a Christian Order of knighthood that is founded for crusading, i Albert of Riga or Albert of Livonia (bīskaps Alberts Albrecht von Buxthoeven c Nevsky faced the enemy on the ice of the Lake Peipus and defeated the Livonian Knights during the Battle of the Ice on April 5, 1242. Lake Peipus (Peipsi-Pihkva järv Чудско-Псковское озеро (Chud Lake Peipussee is a large fresh water lake on the border between Estonia and Russia Bishop Albert of Riga founded the Military order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae Schwertbrüderorden in 1202 The Battle of the Ice (Ледовое побоище Ledovoe poboishche; Schlacht auf dem Eise Jäälahing Ledus kauja also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop

Alexander’s victory was a significant event in the history of the Middle Ages. Russian foot soldiers had surrounded and defeated an army of knights, mounted on horseback and clad in thick armor, long before Western Europeans learned how foot soldiers could prevail over mounted knights. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Armour (or armor) is protective covering most commonly manufactured from metals to prevent damage from being inflicted to an individual or a vehicle through use of direct contact Nevsky's great victory against the Livonian Brothers apparently involved only a few knights killed rather than hundreds claimed by the Russian chroniclers; decisive medieval and early modern battles were won and lost by smaller margins than is seen in contemporary conflicts. Generally a chronicle (chronica from Greek (from) is a historical account of facts and events in chronological order Strategic considerations aside, Alexander's victory was an important milestone in the development of Muscovite Russia.

Politician

Bust of Alexander Nevsky in Pereslavl, in front of the Transfiguration of the Saviour Cathedral in which he was baptised.
Bust of Alexander Nevsky in Pereslavl, in front of the Transfiguration of the Saviour Cathedral in which he was baptised. Pereslavl-Zalessky or Pereyaslavl-Zalessky (Пересла́вль-Зале́сский could be translated as "Pereslavl which is located behind the woods" In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted

After the Livonian invasion, Nevsky continued to strengthen Russia’s Northwest. He sent his envoys to Norway and, as a result, they signed a first peace treaty between Russia and Norway in 1251. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Alexander led his army to Finland and successfully routed the Swedes, who had made another attempt to block the Baltic Sea from the Russians in 1256. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. [1]

Nevsky proved to be a cautious and far-sighted politician. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person He dismissed the Roman Curia’s attempts to cause war between Russia and the Golden Horde, because he understood the uselessness of such war with Tatars at that time since they were still a powerful force. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Historians seem to be unsure about Alexander’s behavior when it came to his relations with Mongols. He may have thought that Catholicism presented a more tangible threat to Russian national identity than paying a tribute to the Khan, who had little interest in Russian religion and culture. It is also argued that he intentionally kept Russia as a vassal to the Mongols in order to preserve his own status and counted on the befriended Horde in case someone challenged his authority (he forced the citizens of Novgorod to pay tribute). A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Nevsky tried to strengthen his authority at the expense of the boyars and at the same time suppress any anti-Muscovite uprisings in the country (Novgorod uprising of 1259).

According to the most plausible version, Alexander’s intentions were to prevent scattered principalities of what would become Russia from repeated invasions by the Mongol army. He is known to have gone to the Horde himself and achieved success in exempting Russians from fighting beside the Tatar army in its wars with other peoples. The fact that the Muscovite state was still no match for the Army of the Golden Horde (Mongols) must be considered when Alexander's actions vis-vis the Horde are considered.

Grand Prince of Vladimir

Thanks to his friendship with Sartaq Khan, Alexander was installed as the Grand Prince of Vladimir (i. Sartaq (or Sartak or Sartach) Khan (died 1256 was the son of Batu Khan and Regent Dowager Khatun Boraqcin The Title Grand Prince or Great Prince (Magnus Princeps Russian and Ukrainian: Великий князь Velikiy knyaz; Вялíкий Vladimir (Влади́мир) is a city in Russia, located on the Klyazma River, to the east of Moscow along the M7 motorway e. , the supreme Russian ruler) in 1252. A decade later, Alexander died in the town of Gorodets-on-the-Volga on his way back from Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde. Gorodets (Городе́ц is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Volga River, north-west Sarai Batu ( Old Sarai, Sarai-al-Maqrus, also transcribed as Saraj or Saray) was a capital city of the Golden Horde and one of This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Prior to his death, he took monastic vows and was given the religious name of Alexis. Religious vows are the public Vows made by the members of the religious life – cenobitic and eremitic – of the Roman Catholic, A religious name is a type of Given name bestowed for a religious purpose and which is generally used in religious contexts

From the Second Pskovian Chronicle:

"Returning from the Golden Horde, the Great Prince Alexander, reached the city of Nizhney Novgorod, and remained there for several days in good health, but when he reached the city of Gorodets he fell ill. . . Great Prince Alexander,who was always firm in his faith in God, gave up this worldly kingdom. . . And then he gave up his soul to God and died in peace on November 12, [1263] on the day when the Holy Apostle Philip is remembered. . . At this burial Metropolitan Archbishop Cyril said, 'My children, you should know that the sun of the Suzdalian land has set. There will never be another prince like him in the Suzdalian land. ' And the priests and deacons and monks, the poor and the wealthy, and all the people said: 'It is our end. ' "[2]

Though he died in Gorodents, Alexander was laid to rest in the city of Vladimir, in the Great Abbey at The Church of the Navitity of the Holy Mother of God.

Marriage and children

According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, Alexander married first a daughter of Bryacheslav Vasilkovich, Prince of Polatsk and Vitebsk, in 1239. The Novgorod First Chronicle (Новгородская первая летопись or The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471 is the most ancient extant chronicle of the The Principality of Polotsk, also known as the Kingdom of Polotsk or the Duchy of Polotsk (Полацкае княства Полоцкое княжество Vitebsk, also known as Vitsyebsk ( Belarusian: Ві́цебск 'vʲitsʲepsk Russian: Ви́тебск Vitebsk Her name is not given in the chronicle. Genealogies name her as Paraskeviya or Alexandra. Possibly birth and marital names respectively. They had at least five children:

He married a second wife named Vasilisa shortly before his death. They had no known children.

Alexander's legacy

Decoration of the Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Decoration of the Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. History The introduction of the Imperial Order of St Alexander Nevsky was planned by Russian Emperor Peter I of Russia and was established in Russia by

Some of Alexander's policies on the Western border were continued by his grandson-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov, who was also beatified in the 16th century. Daumantas, later Dovmont ( Russian: Довмонт Ruthenian: Dowmont, Belarusian: Daǔmont) Christian name Timothy

In the late 13th century, a chronicle was compiled called the Life of Alexander Nevsky (Житие Александра Невского), in which he is depicted as an ideal prince-soldier and defender of Russia. Generally a chronicle (chronica from Greek (from) is a historical account of facts and events in chronological order See Life of Alexander Nevsky (illuminated manuscript for the 16th century work

Veneration of Alexander Nevsky as a saint began soon after his death. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity The remains of prince were uncovered in response to a vision, before the Battle of Kulikovo in the year 1380, and found to be incorrupt. In Spirituality including Religion, visions comprise Inspirational renderings generally of a Future state and/or of a mythical The Battle of Kulikovo (Куликовская битва битва на Куликовском поле was fought by the Tartaro - Mongols (the Golden Horde Incorruptibility is the property of a body — usually a human body — that does not decompose after death He was glorified (canonized) by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1547. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure His principal feast day is November 23. The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of By order of Peter the Great, Nevsky’s relics were transported to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg where they remain to this day. A relic is an object or a personal item of religious significance carefully preserved with an air of Veneration as a tangible memorial Alexander Nevsky Lavra or Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter the Great in 1710 at the eastern end of the Nevsky Prospekt in In Orthodox Christianity and certain other Eastern Christian communities Lavra or Laura (Λαύρα Cyrillic: Ла́вра originally meant Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River A second feast day was instituted on August 30 in commemoration of this event. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and He is also commemorated in common with other saints of Rostov and Yaroslavl on May 23. Rostov (Росто́в Old Norse: Rostofa is one of the oldest towns in Russia and an important tourist centre of the so called Golden Yaroslavl (Яросла́вль is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, located north-east of Moscow. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne

On May 21, 1725, the empress Catherine I introduced the Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky as one of the highest decorations in the land. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Yekaterina (Catherine I Alexeyevna (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна (born Martha Elena Scowronska, Marta Elena Skavronska later History The introduction of the Imperial Order of St Alexander Nevsky was planned by Russian Emperor Peter I of Russia and was established in Russia by A list of famous Prizes Medals and Awards including cups trophies, Bowls Badges State decorations etc During the Great Patriotic War (July 29, 1942) the Soviet authorities introduced an Order of Alexander Nevsky to revive the memory of Alexander's struggle with the Germans. The term Great Patriotic War (Великая Отечественная война Velikaya Otechestvennaya Vojna) is used in Russia and some other Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Order of Alexander Nevsky (Орден Александра Невского was first instituted as the Imperial Order of St There was also a Bulgarian Order dedicated to Saint Alexander which was founded on 25th December, 1881 and then ceased to exist when a People's Republic was declared on 16th September, 1946. Orders, decorations and Medals of Bulgaria are regulated by the law on the Orders and Medals of the Republic Of Bulgaria of 29 May The History of Communist Bulgaria encompasses the period of Bulgarian history between 1944 and 1989

Sergei Eisenstein's envisioning of Alexander Nevsky forms the background of this Soviet poster from World War II.
Sergei Eisenstein's envisioning of Alexander Nevsky forms the background of this Soviet poster from World War II. Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн January 23, 1898 &ndash February 11, 1948) was Alexander Nevsky (Александр Невский is a Historical drama film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Dmitry Vasiliev and produced Soviet Posters of times of Great Patriotic War — the visual aids meant to elaborate a certain point such as for example the attitudes of the Soviet Government to current events

In 1938, Sergei Eisenstein made one of his most acclaimed films, Alexander Nevsky, on Alexander's victory over the Teutonic Knights. Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн January 23, 1898 &ndash February 11, 1948) was Alexander Nevsky (Александр Невский is a Historical drama film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Dmitry Vasiliev and produced Music for the film was written by Sergei Prokofiev, who also reworked the score into a concert cantata. Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Серге́й Серге́евич Проко́фьев Sergéj Sergéjevič Prokófjev) ( - 5 March 1953 was a Russian composer who A cantata (derived from the Italian word 'cantare' meaning 'to sing' is a vocal composition with an instrumental Accompaniment and often At Stalin's insistence, the film was rushed into theaters and the resulting sound recording was notably disappointing, while the visual images were quite impressive, especially in the spectacular battle on the ice. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party

Alexander's phrase "Whoever will come to us with a sword, from a sword will perish," (a paraphrasing of the biblical phrase "He who lives by the sword, shall perish by the sword"—Matthew 26:52) has become a slogan of Russian patriots. There is a long tradition of Russian naval vessels bearing Nevsky's name, such as the nineteenth century screw frigate Alexander Neuski and a nuclear submarine currently being built for the Russian Navy. Alexander Neuski (also called Alexander Nevsky or Alexander Nevski, after the famous Russian historical figure) was History and description Work on the first unit of the Borey class (officially designated Project 935) started in 1996 The Russian Navy or VMF ( Russian: Военно-Морской Флот (ВМФ России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF or literally Military Maritime

Alexander Nevsky's fame has spread beyond the borders of Russia, and numerous churches are dedicted to him, including the Patriarchal Cathedral at Sofia, Bulgaria; the Cathedral church in Tallinn, Estonia; and a church in Tbilisi, Georgia. The St Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Храм-паметник „Свети Александър Невски“ Hram-pametnik „Sveti Aleksandar Nevski“) is a Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is an Orthodox church in the Tallinn Old Town Estonia. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between

See also

References

  1. ^ Begunov,K. See also Military History Antiquity Albania Agron ( 250 BC - 230 BC) The first king to unite the Illyrian , translator, Second Pskovian Chronicle, ("Isbornik", Moscow, 1955)p. 11-15
  2. ^ Ibid. #1

Further reading

External links

Preceded by
Andrew II		 Grand Prince of Vladimir Succeeded by
Yaroslav III
An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity. Synaxarium, Synaxarion, Synexarium, Synexarion, pl Synaxaria ( Greek: Συναξάριον, from συναγειν At different times a ruler of the territory of modern Russia bore the title of Kniaz (translated as Duke or Prince) Velikiy Kniaz (translated Yaroslav III Yaroslavich (Russian Ярослав Ярославович was the first Prince of Tver and the tenth Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1264
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