Alexander Mourousis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Μουρούζης, Alexandros Mourouzis; Romanian: Alexandru Moruzi; d. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance 1816) was a Great Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire who served as Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia. Dragoman designates the official title of a person who would function as an interpreter, translator and official guide between Turkish, Arabic, and The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish This is a List of rulers of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862 when it united Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians This is a List of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Open to Enlightenment ideas, and noted for his interest in hydrotechnics, Mourousis was forced to deal with the intrusions of Osman Pazvantoğlu's rebellious troops. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Osman Pazvantoğlu (also spelled Osman Passvan-Oglou or Pasvanoglu, Pazvan Oglu / Oğlu; 1758 &mdash January 27, 1807 In a rare gesture for his period, he renounced the throne in Wallachia, and his second rule in Moldavia was cut short by the intrigues of French diplomat Horace Sébastiani. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. "Sébastiani" redirects here For other uses of the word see Sebastiani.
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Biography
A member of the Mourousis family of Phanariotes and the son of Constantine Mourousis (one of the few Ottoman-appointed Princes to die in office),[1] he was educated to speak six languages in addition to his native Greek. The Mourousis or Moruzi are a family which was first mentioned in the Empire of Trebizond. Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks ( Greek:Φαναριώτες Romanian: Fanarioţi, Bulgarian:Фанариоти Constantine Demetrius Mourousis ( Greek: Κωνσταντινος Δημητριος Μουρουζης - Constantinos Demetrios Mourouzis, Romanian Alexander was Great Dragoman under Sultan Selim III, in which capacity he helped mediate the 1791 Treaty of Jassy, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with Selim III ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) ( December 24, 1761 &ndash July 28/29 The Treaty of Jassy, signed at Jassy ( Iaşi) in Moldavia (presently in Romania) was a pact between the Russian and Ottoman Empires The Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved a futile attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to Russia in the course of the previous Russo–Turkish [2] Selim rewarded his service by appointing him to the throne in Iaşi (Moldavia) in January 1792,[3] and transferred a year later to the throne of Bucharest (1793-1796), where his first year in office coincided with a bubonic plague outbreak (which he dealt with by quarantineing and confining the ill to the village of Dudeşti). Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as For other uses see Quarantine (disambiguation Quarantine is voluntary or compulsory isolation typically to contain the spread of something Dudeşti is a neighbourhood in south-eastern Bucharest, along the Calea Dudeşti. [4]
Dismissed owing to intrigues at the Ottoman court, he was reinstated in Bucharest (1798–1801). In 1799, he passed a resolution ending the labor conflict at the cloth factory in Pociovalişte (presently part of Bucharest). [5] After reforming its system of worker employment and payment, as well as hiring Saxon experts from Transylvania to manage the industry, he denied the worker' request to institute two weeks off for each week of labor, and ordered activities to be resumed, while stressing that it was imperative to respect the Ottoman demand for textiles (see Labor movement in Romania). The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian [6] At the time, the employees did not receive payment, but worked in exchange for tax exemptions. A tax exemption is an exemption from all or certain Taxes of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization [7]
Over the following year, Mourousis had to deal with the incursion of Pazvantoğlu's rebellious troops in Oltenia, which resulted in the plundering and burning down much of the city of Craiova. Oltenia ( Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea Craiova (kraˈjova the fifth largest Romanian city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central [8] News of the Craiova's destruction reached Bucharest and Mourousis forbade fleeing the city; however, this did not prevent the boyars from sending their wealth into Habsburg lands for safekeeping. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor [9] Mourousis built fortifications on the road to Craiova and on the banks of Olt River; he attacked Pazvantoğlu's troops, who used the city's ruins as barricades — after several days of fighting, Pazvantoğlu and his troops fled Craiova and returned to Vidin. The Olt River ( Romanian and Hungarian; German: Alt; Latin: Aluta or Alutus) is a River in A barricade is any object or structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control block passage or force the flow of Traffic in the desired direction Vidin (Видин is a town on the southern bank of the Danube in northwestern Bulgaria. [10] Powerless against the latter's destructive attacks, he asked to be relieved of his position, and, in a highly unusual gesture, paid off Ottoman authorities in exchange for his own replacement. [11]
At the insistence of the French Empire, he was again appointed Prince of Moldavia (1802–1806 and 1806–1807), but was ultimately dismissed through another French intervention at the Porte - on August 12, 1806, Horace Sébastiani, the French Ambassador to Turkey, called on Selim III to punish Constantine Ypsilantis' pro-Russian activities in Wallachia, and to prevent a Moldavian-Wallachian-Russian alliance. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Ottoman Porte (also Sublime Porte, High Porte, or in Ottoman Turkish, Bab-ı Ali) used to refer to the Divan (court Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common "Sébastiani" redirects here For other uses of the word see Sebastiani. France has had a permanent embassy to the Ottoman Empire since 1535, during the time of King Francis I and Constantine Ypsilanti ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Υψηλάντης - Constantinos Ypsilantis; Constantin Ipsilanti died 1816 was the son of Alexander The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya [12] This last event constituted one of the causes for the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812. The Russo-Turkish War 1806 – 1812 was one of many wars fought between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
Mustafa IV ordered Mourousis to be sent to the galleys, but he was pardoned soon after. Mustafa IV ( Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى رابع Muṣṭafā-yi rābi‘) ( September 8, 1779 November 15, 1808) son of A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare [13] He died at his home in Istanbul, and rumor had it that he was poisoned. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey [14]
Achievements
Mourousis was an Enlightenment prince, whose time on the two thrones was connected with modernization. The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories The prince belonged to the Freemasonry, having affiliated with two separate Lodges: in 1773, he was a member of the one active in the Transylvanian city of Hermannstadt, and, after 1803, belonged to the Moldavian Freemason branch in Galaţi. A Masonic Lodge, often termed a Private Lodge or Constituent Lodge in Books of Constitutions is the basic organisation of Freemasonry. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Galaţi (gaˈlaʦʲ Kalas Galatz Gałacz is a city in eastern Romania ( Moldavia) the capital city of Galaţi County on the banks of the Danube [15] His Western contacts and his political ideals were probably connected with the goal of uniting the two Danubian Principalities under a single prince, as a symbolic legacy of Dacia: an 1800 atlas published in Vienna referred to his two rules as a single leadership of "the two Dacias". Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " An atlas is a collection of Maps typically of Earth or a region of Earth but there are atlases of the other planets (and their satellites in the solar system Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. [16] As local legislation was primarily based on Byzantine law, he acknowledged the importance given to the Hexabiblos of 14th century Byzantine jurist Konstantinos Armenopoulos, and ordered it to be translated into Romanian — although it failed to become official law in Wallachia, the Hexabiblos was widely used for reference by the Bucharest Divan. Byzantine Law was essentially a continuation of Roman Law with Christian influence however this is not to doubt its later influence on the western practice Konstantinos Armenopoulos or Harmenopoulos (1320 – ca 1385 was a Greek, Byzantine jurist who held the post of katholikos kritēs ("universal Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries [17]
During his rules in Bucharest, Mourousis notably rebuilt the princely residence of Curtea Nouă, instituted a boyar office as centralized tax collection in the capital city, and increased the water supply by tapping sources in the Cotroceni area. Curtea Nouă ( Romanian for "New Court" was the residence of the Princes of Wallachia between 1776 and 1812 This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. Cotroceni is a neighbourhood in western Bucharest, Romania located around the Cotroceni hill in Bucharest's Sector 6. [18] His interest in waterworks was also manifested during his stay in Moldavia, where he tapped water and built a reservoir for the capital Iaşi[19] (through a system leading up to Golia Monastery)[20] and provided Focşani with water from over the Milcov River (achieved following an understanding with Wallachia's Alexander Ypsilantis). A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use Focşani (/fok'ʃanʲ/ Fokschan Foksány is the capital city of Vrancea County in Romania on the shores the Milcov river. The Milcov River is a Tributary of the Putna River in eastern Romania. Alexander Ypsilantis ( Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης - Alexandros Ypsilantis, Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti; 1725-1805 [21] It was in 1793 that the first modern retailing firm was inaugurated in Wallachia, maintained by the Frenchman Hortolan. [22]
Under his rules, Wallachian and Moldavian ships for navigation on the Danube were built at newly-created shipyards. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships These can be Yachts military [23] He also organized the first mail delivery system in Moldavia. Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also [24] Like his father before him, Alexander Mourousis founded schools and donated six-year scholarships for disadvantaged children. A scholarship is an award of access to an institution or a financial aid award for an individual student scholar for the purpose of furthering their Education [25] Among the educational institutions he created was the Orthodox seminary in Iaşi's Socola quarter. The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students [26] He took a personal interest in scientific education, and attended experiments in physics at the Moldavian capital's Princely School. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. [27]
During his first reign over Moldavia, Mourousis notably passed a resolution clarifying the surface of land which boyars were required to allocate to peasants working on their estates. It is the first document to divide agricultural workers into the three traditional categories, based on the number of oxen owned, of fruntaşi ("foremost people"), mijlocaşi ("middle people") and codaşi ("backward people"). [28] At the time, it was recorded that associations of fruntaşi could function as estate leaseholders in the service of boyars or Orthodox monasteries. [29] This right was suppressed in 1815. [30]
In cultural reference
Mourousis was the recipient of a panegyric authored by the Moldavian boyar poet Costache Conachi, who praised the prince's achievements in hydrotechnics. A panegyric is a formal public speech, or (in later use written verse delivered in high praise of a Person or thing, a generally highly studied and discriminating [31] Comments made on the poem, published by the Romantic nationalist Gheorghe Sion, were the subject of an 1873 disagreement between him and literary critic Titu Maiorescu. Romantic nationalism (also National Romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of Nationalism in which the state derives Titu Liviu Maiorescu ( February 15, 1840, Craiova - June 18, 1917, Bucharest) was a Romanian literary critic The latter placed Sion's essay among his examples of "inebriation with words" (a term which he and the Junimea society had coined as a definition for incoherent and needlessly subjective criticism). Junimea was a Romanian Literary society founded in Iaşi in 1863 through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by [32]
Notes
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 60.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, pp. 60-61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 199; Giurescu, p. 106; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Djuvara, pp. 190-191.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 190.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 190.
- ^ Ionescu, p. 254; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Ionescu, pp. 254-255.
- ^ Ionescu, p. 255.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 282; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 284.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 351.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 52; Giurescu, pp. 21, 111, 337; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Maiorescu; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Maiorescu
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 208; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Penelea Filitti, p. 61.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 258.
- ^ Djuvara, pp. 258-259.
- ^ Djuvara, p. 259.
- ^ Maiorescu
- ^ Maiorescu
References
- Neagu Djuvara. Neagu Djuvara (b August 18, 1916) is a Romanian historian essayist philosopher journalist novelist and diplomat Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne ("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian Lands at the Beginning of the Modern Era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995. Humanitas (Editura Humanitas is an independent Romanian Publishing house, founded on February 1, 1990 (after the Romanian Revolution
- Constantin C. Giurescu. Constantin C. Giurescu (1901-1977 was a Historian of Romania. Istoria Bucureştilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre ("History of Bucharest. From the Earliest Times until Our Day"), Editura Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966.
- Ştefan Ionescu. Bucureştii în vremea fanarioţilor ("Bucharest in the Time of the Phanariotes"), Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1974. Editura Dacia ("Dacia Publishing House" is a Publishing house based in Romania, located on Pavel Chinezul Street 2 Cluj-Napoca.
- (Romanian) Titu Maiorescu. Titu Liviu Maiorescu ( February 15, 1840, Craiova - June 18, 1917, Bucharest) was a Romanian literary critic Beţia de cuvinte în "Revista Contimporană" ("Inebriation with Words in Revista Contimporană") (wikisource)
- Georgeta Penelea Filitti. "Cronici de familie. Moruzi: din satul Moruzanda - în scaunele domneşti de la Bucureşti şi Iaşi" ("Family Chronicles. Moruzi: from Moruzanda Village to the Princely Thrones in Bucharest and Iaşi"), in Magazin Istoric, March 1997, pp. 59-63.
Further reading
- Florin Marinescu. Etude genealogique sur la famille Mourouzi ("Genealogical Study of the Mourousis Family"), Centre de Recherches Néohelléniques, Athens, 1987.
| Preceded by Russian occupation |
Prince of Moldavia 1792 |
Succeeded by Mihai Suţu |
| Preceded by Caimacam Iordache Conta |
Prince of Moldavia 1802 - 1806 |
Succeeded by Scarlat Callimachi |
| Preceded by Scarlat Callimachi |
Prince of Moldavia 1806 - 1807 |
Succeeded by Russian occupation |
| Preceded by Mihai Suţu |
Prince of Wallachia 1793 - 1796 |
Succeeded by Alexandru Ipsilanti |
| Preceded by Constantin Hangerli |
Prince of Wallachia 1799 - 1801 |
Succeeded by Mihai Suţu |
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