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| The Alexander Mosaic |
| Mosaicist unknown (copy of image by Apelles or Philoxenos of Eretria), c. 200 BC |
| mosaic |
| 582 × 313 cm, 19ft × 10ft 3 in in |
| Found at House of the Faun, Pompeii, displayed at Naples National Archaeological Museum |
The Alexander Mosaic or The Battle of Issus, dating from circa 200 BC, is a famous mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii. Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic The House of the Faun (Casa del Fauno built during the second century BCE was one of the largest most impressive Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in The Naples National Archaeological Museum ( Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli) is located in Naples Italy, at the northwest corner of the original Greek Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic The House of the Faun (Casa del Fauno built during the second century BCE was one of the largest most impressive Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in It depicts a battle between the armies of Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia and measures 5. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Darius III ( Artashata) (c 380&ndash330 BC Persian داریوش Dāriūš dɔːriˈuːʃ was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of 82 x 3. 13m (19ft x 10ft 3in).
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Subject
Which battle?
The mosaic depicts a battle during which Alexander faced and attempted to capture or kill Darius. Both the Battle of Issus of 333 BC and the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC fulfill these criteria, though the first is traditionally held to be likely. The Battle of Issus (or more commonly The Battle at Issus) occurred in southern Anatolia, in November 333 BC. Events By place Macedonia King Alexander of Macedonia conquers western Asia Minor, subduing the hill tribes of The Battle of Gaugamela (ˌgɔːgəˈmiːlə (Γαυγάμηλα took place in 331 BC between Alexander the Great of Macedonia and Darius III Events By place Macedonia Alexander departs from Egypt and leads his forces towards Phoenicia. Recently, scholars have begun to favor the latter due to the presence of a large, lifeless tree in the center of the mosaic.
The mosaic is generally held to be a copy of either a painting by Apelles contemporary with Alexander himself, or a lost late fourth century BC fresco by the painter Philoxenos of Eretria. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or The latter is mentioned by Pliny the Elder (XXXV, 110) as a commission for the Macedonian king Cassander. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe Cassander ( Greek: Κάσσανδρος, Kassandros; ca 350 - 297 BC King of Macedon (305 - 297 BC was a son of Antipater The work which we select from these two may influence our opinion on which battle is shown.
Alexander and Darius
Despite being partially ruined, the two main figures are easy to recognize.
- The portrait of Alexander is one of his most famous. Alexander's breastplate depicts Medusa, the famous Gorgon, and his wavy hair is typical of royal portraiture as established in Greek art of the fourth century B. In Greek mythology, Medusa ( Greek: Μέδουσα (Médousa "guardian protectress" was a monstrous Chthonic female character gazing upon In Greek mythology, a gorgon ( Greek: γοργώ or γοργών transl C. He is portrayed sweeping into battle at the left, on his famous horse, Bucephalos, and focusing his gaze on the Persian leader. For the branding mark anciently used on horses see Bucephalus (brand.
- Darius is shown in a chariot. He seems to be desperately commanding his frightened charioteer to flee the battle, while stretching out his hand either as a mute gesture to Alexander, or possibly after throwing a javelin. For the athletic event see Javelin throw. For other uses see Javelin (disambiguation A javelin is a light Spear designed He has a worried expression on his face. The charioteer is whipping the horses as he tries to escape.
The Persian soldiers behind him have expressions of determination and consternation. Live Consternation is the name of the Katatonia CD/DVD compilation release from their live performance at the Summer Breeze Festival in Germany
Other features
Darius's brother Oxyathres is also portrayed, sacrificing himself to save the King. Oxyathres (in Greek Oξυαθρης; in Old Persian Vaxšuvarda; lived 4th century BC) was a brother of the Persian king
Radical foreshortening - as in the central horse, seen from behind - and the use of shading to convey a sense of mass and volume enhance the naturalistic effect of the scene. Perspective (from Latin perspicere to see through in the graphic arts such as drawing is an approximate representation on a flat surface (such as paper of an image as it is perceived Repeated diagonal spears, clashing metal, and the crowding of men and horses evoke the din of battle. At the same time, action is arrested by dramatic details such as the fallen horse and the Persian soldier in the foreground who watches his own death throes reflected in a shield.
History of the mosaic
Production
The mosaic is made of about one and a half million tiny coloured tiles called tesserae, arranged in gradual curves called opus vermiculatum, (literally, "worm work," because they seem to replicate the slow motion of a crawling worm). "Abaciscus" redirects here For the Geometer moth Genus, see Abaciscus (moth. Opus vermiculatum is a type of Mosaic which draws an outline around shapes using Tesserae. The mosaic is an unusually detailed work for a private residence and was probably commissioned by a wealthy person or family. Another theory states that it might have been an originally Hellenic mosaic that was looted from Greece and carried off to Rome. Italian archaeologist Fausto Levi supports the first theory.
Modern history
The mosaic was rediscovered on October 24, 1831 and in the September of 1843 moved to Naples, where it is currently preserved on a wall (not floor as it was found) in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the The Naples National Archaeological Museum ( Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli) is located in Naples Italy, at the northwest corner of the original Greek
Modern copy
In 2003 the International Center for the Study and Teaching of Mosaic (CISIM) in Ravenna, Italy, proposed to create a copy of the mosaic. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. When they had received approval, the mosaic master Severo Bignami and his eight-person team took a large photograph of the mosaic, made a tracing of the image with a dark marker and created a negative impression of the mosaic.
The team composed the mosaic in sections in 44 clay frames, trying to preserve the pieces of the mosaic in the exact positions they are in the original mosaic. They had to keep the plates wet all the time. Then they pressed a tissue on the clay to create an image of the outlines of the mosaic in the clay.
The team recreated the mosaic with about 2 million pieces of various marble types. When they had placed all the pieces, they covered the result with a layer of glue and gauze and pulled it out of the clay. They placed each section on synthetic concrete and then united the sections with the compound of glasswool and plastic.
The project took 22 months and a cost equivalent to US$216,000. The copy was installed on the House of the Faun in 2005.
Photos of the process of making the copy are available at the website of the studio owned by two of the mosaicists that worked on the project, at Koko Mosaico
References
- Marco Merola - Alexander Piece by Piece (Archaeology magazine January/February 2006)
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