Alexander Duff, D. D. LLD. (April 15, 1806 – Sidmouth February 12, 1878), was a Christian missionary of Scottish heritage who worked in India. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sidmouth (ˈsɪdməθ is a small town on the English Channel Coast in Devon, South West England. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country He was the first overseas missionary of the Church of Scotland to India. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. On July 13, 1830, Duff founded the General Assembly's Institution in Calcutta, which is now known as the Scottish Church College. The Scottish Church College, which is located at 1 & 3 Urquhart Square Calcutta 700006 is the oldest continuing Missionary administered liberal arts and sciences college He also played a part in establishing the University of Calcutta. Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) (কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
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Early life
Alexander Duff was born in the heart of Scotland, at Auchnahyle, in the parish of Moulin, Perthshire. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Perthshire ( Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) officially the County of Perth, is a Registration county in central Scotland. His parents were James Duff, gardener and farmer at Auchnahagh and Jean Rattray. [1] After receiving his initial schooling at a local country school, he studied at the University of St. Andrews. The University of St Andrews is the oldest University in Scotland and third oldest in the English-speaking world, having been founded between He then accepted an offer made by the foreign mission committee of the Church of Scotland's general assembly to become their first missionary to India, and was ordained in August 1829. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland.
Mission in India
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People |
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Missionary agencies |
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Indian Protestants |
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After an adventurous voyage during which he was twice shipwrecked, Duff arrived in Calcutta on May 27, 1830. P C John was an evangelist and Bible teacher among the Syrian Christians and the Plymouth Brethren for 38 years He at once identified himself with a policy which had far-reaching effects. Christian missions in India had been successful only in converting a few low-caste groups from a needy socio-economic background. The upper caste Hindu and Muslim communities had been practically untouched. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Duff shrewdly assessed that these affluent communities could not be accessed by traditional evengelical methods. He recognised that holding out the prospect of upward mobility, by offering a western education, would bring the children of the affluent classes into his range of influence, which could then be extended to encompass religion. Duff devised the policy of an educational mission. The success of his work had the effect:
- of altering the policy of the government of India in matters of education;
- of securing the recognition of education as a missionary agency by Christian churches at home; and,
- of securing entrance for Christian ideas into the minds of high-caste Hindus.
Education in English
Duff opened a school in which all kinds of secular subjects were taught, from the rudiments upwards to a university standard, alongside the Bible. The English language was used as the medium of instruction on the grounds that it was the key to Western knowledge. Duff wrote a pamphlet on the question, entitled A New Era of the English Language and Literature in India. A government minute was adopted on March 7, 1835, to the effect that in higher education, the object of the British government in India should be the promotion of European science and literature among the natives of India, and that all funds appropriated for purposes of education would be best employed on English education alone. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British
Within the British Indian community of that era, there were not lacking those 'Orientalists' who saw value in the traditional learning of India and wished to support and encourage it. They opposed Duff's policy of stringently disregarding the same while assiduously promoting the spread of western education, culture and religion. In 1839, Lord Auckland, the governor-general of India, yielded to them and adopted a policy which was a compromise between the two perspectives. George Eden 1st Earl of Auckland, GCB (25 August 1784 &ndash 1 January 1849 served as a Politician in the United Kingdom and as Governor-General The Governor-General of India (or from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and
The institute(s)
Shortly after landing in India in 1830, Duff opened his institution in a house located at upper Chitpur Road in the Jorasanko neighbourhood of Calcutta. Jorasanko (জোড়াসাঁকো is a neighbourhood in north Kolkata. The house was made available to him by Feringhi Kamal Bose, an affluent Hindu. The school soon began to expand into a missionary college, known as the General Assembly's Institution. The Scottish Church College, which is located at 1 & 3 Urquhart Square Calcutta 700006 is the oldest continuing Missionary administered liberal arts and sciences college In 1834, Duff returned to Britain broken in health. During this sojourn, He succeeded in securing the approval of his church for his educational plans, and in arousing much interest in the work of foreign missions. In 1836, the Calcutta institution was moved to Gorachand Bysack's house in the Garanhata neighbourhood. On 23rd February 1837, Mr. MacFarlon, the Chief Magistrate of Calcutta, laid the foundation stone for a new building belonging to the mission itself. The building was designed by Mr. John Gray construction was superintented by Capt. John Thomson, both of the HEIC. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The construction of the building was completed in 1839.
In 1840, Duff returned to India. At the Disruption of 1843, Duff sided with the Free Church. The Disruption of 1843 was a Schism within the established Church of Scotland, in which 450 ministers of the Church broke away over the issue of the Church's He gave up the college buildings, with all their effects, and with unabated courage set to work to provide a new institution, which came to be known as the Free Church Institution (these two institutions founded by Duff, i. The Scottish Church College, which is located at 1 & 3 Urquhart Square Calcutta 700006 is the oldest continuing Missionary administered liberal arts and sciences college e. , the General Assembly's Institution and the Free Church Institution would be merged later to form the Scottish Churches College. After the unification of the Church of Scotland in 1929, the institution would be known as Scottish Church College). The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Scottish Church College, which is located at 1 & 3 Urquhart Square Calcutta 700006 is the oldest continuing Missionary administered liberal arts and sciences college He had the support of Sir James Outram and Sir Henry Lawrence, and the encouragement of seeing a new band of converts, including several young men born of high caste. Sir James Outram 1st Baronet GCB KSI ( January 29 1803 - March 11 1863) was an English general who fought in the Henry Lawrence may refer to Henry Lawrence (1600 - 1664 President of the English Council of State during the Protectorate Henry Montgomery In 1844, governor-general Viscount Hardinge opened government appointments to all who had studied in institutions similar to Duff's institution. Viscount Hardinge, of Lahore and of Kings Newton in the County of Derby, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. In the same year, Duff co-founded the Calcutta Review, of which he served as editor from 1845 to 1849.
Later years
In 1849, Duff returned to Britain. He was moderator of the Free Church assembly in 1851. He gave evidence before various Indian committees of parliament on matters of education. This led to an important despatch by Viscount Halifax, president of the Board of Control, to governor-general the Marquess of Dalhousie, authorizing an educational advance in primary and secondary schools; the provision of technical and scientific teaching; and the establishment of schools for girls. Earl of Halifax is a title that has been created four times in British history once in the Peerage of England, twice in the Peerage of Great Britain and once in the James Andrew Broun-Ramsay 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, KT, PC ( April 22 1812 &ndash December 19 1860) was a British In 1854, Duff visited the United States, where what is now New York University gave him the degree of L. New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. L. D. ; he was already D. D. of the University of Aberdeen. The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland.
In 1856, Duff returned to India, where the mutiny broke out the following year; his descriptive letters written during this period were collected in a volume entitled The Indian Mutiny - its Causes and Results (1858). During this stint in India, Duff gave much thought and time to the University of Calcutta, which owes its examination system and the prominence given to physical sciences to his influence. Formally established on the 24 January 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) (কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় In 1863, Sir Charles Trevelyan offered him the post of vice-chancellor of the University, but his health compelled him to leave India. WikipediaNaming_conventions_(names_and_titles#Other_non-royal_names. As a memorial of his work, the Duff Hall was erected in the centre of the educational buildings of Calcutta.
In 1864, Duff visited South Africa, and on his return, became convener of the foreign missions committee of the Free Church. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa He raised money to endow a missionary chair at New College, Edinburgh, and himself became first professor. Among other missionary labors of his later years, he helped the Free Church mission on Lake Nyassa, travelled to Syria to inspect a mission at Lebanon, and assisted Lady Aberdeen and Lord Polwarth to establish the Gordon Memorial Mission in Natal. Lake Malawi (also known as Lake Nyasa, Lake Nyassa, Lake Niassa, and Lago Niassa in Mozambique) is the most southerly Lake Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa. In 1873, the Free Church was threatened with a schism owing to negotiations for union with the United Presbyterian Church. United Presbyterian Church was the name of multiple Christian denominations in the world among which are the following The United Presbyterian Church Duff was called to the chair, and guided the church through this crisis. He also took part in forming the alliance of Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system.
Alexander Duff died on February 12, 1878. By his will, he devoted his personal property to found a lectureship on foreign missions on the model of the Bampton Lectures. The Bampton Lectures at the University of Oxford were founded by a bequest of John Bampton,
References
- D. H. Emmott, "Alexander Duff and the Foundation of Modern Education in India", British Journal of Educational Studies, 13 (1965) pp. 160-169
- ^ A & H Tayler. Alexander Norwich Tayler ( 11 July 1870 – 8 November 1937) and his sister Helen Agnes Henrietta Tayler ( 24 March 1869 The Book of the Duffs.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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