Aleut
Traditional Aleut dress
Total population
17,000 to 18,000
Regions with significant populations
United States 17,000[1]  Russia 700
Languages
English, Russian, Aleut
Religions
Christianity, Shamanism
Related ethnic groups
Inuit, Yupik

The Aleuts (self-denomination: Unangax̂, Unangan or Unanga) are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, United States and Kamchatka Krai, Russia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Aleut ( Unangam Tunuu) is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut Language family. Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting The Yupik or in the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, Yup'ik, are a group of indigenous or aboriginal peoples of western southwestern and southcentral Alaska Natives are Indigenous peoples of the Americas native to the state of Alaska within the United States. The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, " Island " are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming a Volcanic Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Kamchatka Krai (Камча́тский край is a federal subject of Russia.

Contents 1 Location 2 History 3 Culture and technology 3.1 Language 3.2 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links

Location

The homeland of the Aleuts includes the Aleutian Islands, the Pribilof Islands, the Shumagin Islands, and the far western part of the Alaska Peninsula. The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, " Island " are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming a Volcanic The Pribilof Islands (often called the Fur Seal Islands, Russian: Kotovi) are a group of four Volcanic islands part of the US state The Shumagin Islands are a group of 20 islands in the Aleutians East Borough south of the mainland of Alaska, USA, at 54°54'–55°20' North 159°15'–160°45' The Alaska Peninsula is a Peninsula extending about 800 km (500 miles to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. During the 19th century, the Aleuts were deported from the Aleutian Islands to the Commander Islands (now part of Kamchatka Krai) by the Russian-American Company. Commander Islands or Komandorski Islands (Командо́рские острова́ Komandorskiye ostrova) are a group of treeless Russian Islands Kamchatka Krai (Камча́тский край is a federal subject of Russia. The Russian-American Company ( Under His Imperial Majesty's Protection Russian-American Company)was a state-sponsored Trading company begun by Grigory and Natalia

History

After the arrival of missionaries in the late 18th century, many Aleuts became Christian by joining the Russian Orthodox Church. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure One of the earliest Christian martyrs in North America was Saint Peter the Aleut. Cungagnaq (Born circa 1800 - d 1815 is venerated as a Martyr and Saint (as Peter the Aleut) by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

In 18th century, Russian furriers established settlements on the islands and exploited the people. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending (See Early history)

There was a recorded revolt against Russian workers in Amchitka in 1784. Amchitka (æmˈtʃɪtkə ( Amchixtax̂ in Aleut) is a volcanic tectonically unstable island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands It started from the exhaustion of necessities that the Russians provided to local people in return for furs they had made. (See: Aleuts' revolt)

Prior to major influence from outside, there were approximately 25,000 Aleuts on the archipelago. Amchitka (æmˈtʃɪtkə ( Amchixtax̂ in Aleut) is a volcanic tectonically unstable island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands Barbarities by outside corporations and foreign diseases eventually reduced the population to one-tenth this number. Further declines led to a 1910 Census count of 1,491 Aleuts. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population

In 1942, during World War 2, Japanese forces occupied Attu and Kiska Islands in the western Aleutians, and later transported captive Attu Islanders to Hokkaidō, where they were held as prisoners of war. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Attu ( Atan in Aleut) is the westernmost and largest Island in the Near Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Kiska ( Qisxa in Aleut) is an Island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska located at. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's Hundreds more Aleuts from the western chain and the Pribilofs were evacuated by the United States government during WW2 and placed in internment camps in southeast Alaska, where many died. The Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 was an attempt by Congress to compensate the survivors. The Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 (also known as the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands Restitution Act) was a reparation settlement passed by the The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

The World War II campaign to retake Attu and Kiska was a significant component of the operations of the Asian theater. The Aleutian Islands campaign was a struggle over the Aleutian Islands, part of Alaska, in the Pacific campaign of World War II.

Culture and technology

Aleuts constructed partially underground houses called barabaras. According to Lillie McGarvey, a 20th-century Aleut leader, barabaras keep "occupants dry from the frequent rains, warm at all times, and snugly sheltered from the high winds common to the area". The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Traditional arts of the Aleuts include hunting, weapon-making, building of baidarkas (special hunting boats), and weaving. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Baidarka is the name sometimes used for Aleutian style Sea kayak. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. 19th century craftsmen were famed for their ornate wooden hunting hats, which feature elaborate and colorful designs and may be trimmed with sea lion whiskers, feathers, and ivory. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar For other uses of the term "sea lion" see Sea lion (disambiguation. Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, Aleut seamstresses created finely stitched waterproof parkas from seal gut, and some women still master the skill of weaving fine baskets from rye and beach grass. An anorak or parka is a type of heavy Jacket with a hood, often lined with Fur or Fake fur, so as to protect the face from a Pinnipeds ("fin-feet" lit "winged feet" or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine Mammals comprising This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include

Aleut basketry is some of the finest in the world, and the tradition began in prehistoric times. Basket weaving (also basketry, basket making, or basketmaking) is the process of Weaving unspun Vegetable Fibers into Early Aleut women created baskets and woven mats of exceptional technical quality using only an elongated and sharpened thumbnail as a tool. Today, Aleut weavers continue to produce woven pieces of a remarkable cloth-like texture, works of modern art with roots in ancient tradition. The Aleut term for grass basket is qiigam aygaaxsii.

Language

While English and Russian are the dominant languages used by Aleuts living in the US and Russia respectively, the Aleut language is still spoken by several hundred people. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Aleut ( Unangam Tunuu) is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut Language family. The language belongs to the Eskimo-Aleut language family and includes three dialect groupings: Eastern Aleut, spoken on the Eastern Aleutian, Shumagin, Fox and Pribilof islands; Atkan, spoken on Atka and Bering islands; and the now extinct Attuan dialect. Eskimo-Aleut is a Language family native to Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and parts of Siberia. The Shumagin Islands are a group of 20 islands in the Aleutians East Borough south of the mainland of Alaska, USA, at 54°54'–55°20' North 159°15'–160°45' The Fox Islands are a group of Islands in the eastern Aleutian Islands of the U The Pribilof Islands (often called the Fur Seal Islands, Russian: Kotovi) are a group of four Volcanic islands part of the US state Bering Island (о́стров Бе́ринга is located off the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Bering Sea. The Pribilof Islands boast the highest number of active speakers of Aleutian.

In popular culture

In Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash, the character Raven is an Aleut harpooner seeking revenge for the US's nuclear testing on Amchitka. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre Snow Crash is Neal Stephenson 's third Novel, published in 1992 A harpoon is a long Spear -like instrument used in Fishing to catch fish or other large aquatic animals such as Whales It accomplishes this task by impaling Amchitka (æmˈtʃɪtkə ( Amchixtax̂ in Aleut) is a volcanic tectonically unstable island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands The Aleut tribes are also the subject of the Sue Harrison's Ivory Carver Trilogy that includes Mother Earth Father Sky, My Sister the Moon, and Brother Wind, in addition to being the subject of Irving Warner's 2007 historical novel about the Attuans held as prisoners of war in Japan, "The War Journal of Lila Ann Smith". Mother Earth Father Sky is the first Novel in Sue Harrison's Ivory Carver Trilogy dealing with the prehistoric Aleut tribes Attu ( Atan in Aleut) is the westernmost and largest Island in the Near Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of

See also

• Adamagan
• Aleutian tradition
• Benny Benson {Russian-Aleut-Swedish} designer of the flag of Alaska
• Eskimo

References

1. ^ including 5,000 part-Aleut

Further reading

External links

• (Russian) Commander Islands, Kamchatka, Russia - About Commander Islands In Russian
• (Russian) Aleut
• (English) The AMIQ Institute - a research project documenting the Pribilof Islands and their inhabitants

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