'
Born	November 5, 1754(1754-11-05) Mulazzo, Italy
Died	April 9, 1810 Pontremoli, Italy
Occupation	Explorer, navigator, cartographer, politician

Alessandro Malaspina (also spelled Alexandro and Alejandro; November 5, 1754 - April 9, 1810) was an Italian-Spanish naval officer and explorer. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Mulazzo is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Massa-Carrara in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 120 km northwest Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Pontremoli is a city commune and bishop's see in the Province of Massa-Carrara, Tuscany, Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year List of Italian explorers and navigators in alphabetical order Carlo Amoretti Giacomo Beltrami Giovanni Caboto Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Under a royal commission, he undertook a voyage around the world from 1786-1788, then, from 1789-1794, a scientific expedition throughout the Pacific Ocean, exploring and mapping much of the west coast of the Americas from Cape Horn to the Gulf of Alaska, crossing to Guam and the Philippines, and stopping in New Zealand, Australia, and Tonga. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean defined by the curve of the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles

Malaspina was christened "Alessandro". He signed his letters in Spanish "Alexandro", which is usually modernized to "Alejandro" by Spanish scholars. ^[1]

Early life

Alessandro Malaspina was born in Mulazzo, a small principality ruled by his family. Mulazzo is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Massa-Carrara in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 120 km northwest Today part of Tuscany, it was then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, a fiefdom of the Holy Roman Empire. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana Magnus Ducatus Tusciae was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859 replacing the Duchy of Florence The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Alessandro's parents were the Marquis Carlo Morello and Caterina Meli Lupi di Soragna. A marquess (ˈmɑrkwɪs or marquis (/mɑrˈkiː/ is a Nobleman of hereditary rank in various European monarchies and some of their colonies During 1762-1765, his family lived in Palermo with Alessandro's great-uncle, Giovanni Fogliani Szorza d'Aragona, the viceroy of Sicily. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. From 1765 to 1773 he studied at the Clementine College in Rome. The Collegio Clementino, sited between the Strada del'Orso and the banks of the Tiber in Rome, was founded by Pope Clement VIII in 1595 to host Slavonian In 1773 he was accepted into the Order of Malta and spent about a year living on the island of Malta where he learned the basics of sailing. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( SMOM) Order of Malta He entered the Royal Navy of Spain in 1774 and received the rank of Guardiamarina. ^[2]

Naval service

Between 1774 and 1786 Malaspina took part in a number of naval battles and received many promotions.

In January of 1775, aboard the frigate Santa Teresa, Malaspina took part of the expedition to help Melilla, which was under siege by Moroccans. Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African coast Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Shortly after he was promoted to frigate-ensign. In July of 1775 he participated the siege of Algiers and in 1776 was promoted to ship's ensign. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest ^[2]

From 1777 to 1779, aboard the frigate Astrea, Malaspina made a round-trip voyage to the Philippines, rounding the Cape of Good Hope in both directions. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک During the voyage he was promoted to frigate-lieutenant. In January of 1780 he was in the Battle of Cape Santa Maria and shortly thereafter was promoted to ship's lieutenant. Origins Rodney's fleet on its way to relieve Gibraltar which was under siege by the Spanish, caught de Langara's smaller squadron of nine Ships of the line During the Great Siege of Gibraltar, Malaspina served on a "floating battery", in September of 1782. The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British during the American War In December of the same year, aboard the San Justo, Malaspina participated in the fighting at Cape Espartel. He was soon promoted once again, to frigate-captain. ^[2]

In 1782 he was denounced to the Spanish inquisition, as suspected of heresy, but was not apprehended. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief

From March, 1783, to July, 1784, Malaspina was second-in-command of the frigate Asunción during a trip to the Philippines. As with his first trip to the Philippines the route went by the Cape of Good Hope in both directions. In 1785, back in Spain, Malaspina, on board the brigantine Vivo, took part in hydrographic surveys and mapping of parts of the coast of Spain. During the same year he was named Lieutenant of the Company of the Guardiamarinas of Cádiz. ^[2]

Circumnavigation

From September of 1786 to May of 1788 Malaspina made a commercial circumnavigation of the world on behalf of the Royal Philippines Company. During this voyage he was in command of the frigate Astrea. His route went via the Cape of Good Hope and, returning, Cape Horn. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. ^[2]

Expedition of 1789-1794

In September 1788 Malaspina joined forces with José de Bustamante y Guerra and together they approached the Spanish government to propose a scientific-political expedition that would visit nearly all the Spanish possessions in America and Asia. José de Bustamante y Guerra (1759 – 1825 sometimes referred to simply as Bustamante, was a Spanish naval officer explorer and politician The Spanish king, Charles III, a promoter of science in the Spanish Empire, approved. Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and

Two corvettes (a type of ship similar to the British sloop-of-war), were built under Malaspina's direction specifically for the expedition, Descubierta (meaning "Discovery") and Atrevida (meaning "Daring" or "Bold"). A corvette is a small maneuverable lightly armed Warship, originally smaller than a Frigate and larger than a coastal patrol craft, although many In the 18th and the earlier part of the 19th centuries a sloop-of-war was a small sailing Warship (also known as one of the Escort types with a single gun deck ^[3] Malaspina commanded Descubierta and Bustamante Atrevida. The names were chosen by Malaspina to honor James Cook's Discovery and Resolution. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and ^[2] The two corvettes were constructed by the shipbuilder Tómas Muñoz at the La Carraca shipyard. They were both 306 tons burden and 36 metres long, with a normal load displacement of 4. 2 metres. They were launched together on April 8, 1789. ^[4]

The expedition was under the "dual command" of Malaspina and Bustamante. Although in time the expedition became known as the Malaspina's, Bustamante was never considered subordinate. Malaspina insisted on their equality, yet Bustamante early acknowledged Malaspina as the "chief of the expedition". ^[5]

This map shows the route of Malaspina's ship Descubierta with the return to Spain from Tonga omitted. The route of Bustamante's Atrevida was mostly the same, but deviated in some places.

The expedition sailed from Cádiz on July 30, 1789. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thaddäus Haenke missed the boat, but joined in 1790 in Santiago de Chile after crossing South America by land from Montevideo. Thaddäus Xaverius Peregrinus Haenke (Tadeáš Haenke Tadeo Haenke 6 December 1761 &ndash 14 November 1816) was a Geographer Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Montevideo (monteβi'ðeo is the largest city the capital and chief port of Uruguay.

The expedition had explicitly scientific goals, similar to the recent voyages of James Cook and Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse. Jean François de Galaup comte de La Pérouse (23 August 1741&ndash1788? was a French Navy officer and Explorer whose expedition vanished in Oceania. Some of the leading scientists of the day accompanied Malaspina. The scientific data collected during the expedition surpassed that of Cook, but due to changed political circumstances in Spain Malaspina was jailed upon return and the reports and collections locked up and prohibited from publication. The expedition and its findings remained obscure and nearly unstudied by historians until the late 20th century. ^[6]

Malaspina stopped at Montevideo and Buenos Aires, investigating the political situation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Montevideo (monteβi'ðeo is the largest city the capital and chief port of Uruguay. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last and most shortlived Viceroyalty created by Spain in 1776 After rounding Cape Horn the expedition stopped at Talcahuano, the port of Concepción in present-day Chile, and again at Valparaíso, the port of Santiago. Talcahuano is a Municipality and port city in the Bio-Bio Region of Chile. History Concepción was founded by Pedro de Valdivia in 1550 north of the Bío-Bío River, at the site which is today known as Penco. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Continuing north, Bustamante mapped the coast while Malaspina sailed to the Juan Fernández Islands in order to resolve conflicting data on their location. The Juan Fernández Islands is a sparsely inhabited island group reliant on tourism and fishing in the South Pacific Ocean, situated about 667 km off the coast of Chile The two captains reunited at Callao, the port of Lima. Callao in Perupng see image description page at http//enwikipedia Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking There investigations were made into the political situation of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled The expedition then continued north, mapping the coast, to Acapulco, Mexico. Acapulco (Officially Acapulco de Juárez) is a City and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast A team of officers was sent to Mexico City to investigate the archives and political situation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America,

By the time Malaspina reached Mexico it was 1791, and there he received a dispatch from the king of Spain, ordering Malaspina to search for a Northwest Passage recently rumored to have been discovered. The Northwest Passage is a sea route through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways amidst the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Malaspina had been planning to sail to Hawaii and Kamchatka, as well as the Pacific Northwest. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean ^[7] Instead, he sailed from Acapulco directly to Port Mulgrave, Alaska, where the rumored passage was said to exist. Finding only an inlet, he carefully surveyed the Alaskan coast west to Prince William Sound. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Prince William Sound is a sound of the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U ^[3]

At Yakutat Bay, the expedition made contact with the Tlingit. Yakutat Bay is a 29-km-wide (18 mi bay in the US state of Alaska, extending southwest from Disenchantment Bay to the Gulf of Alaska. Not to be confused with the Turkic Telengit people The Tlingit (ˈklɪŋkɪt in English also /-gɪt/ or Tlinkit /ˈtlɪŋkɪt/ which Spanish scholars made a study of the tribe, recording information on social mores, language, economy, warfare methods, and burial practices. Artists with the expedition, Tomas de Suria and José Cardero, produced portraits of tribal members and scenes of Tlingit daily life. José Cardero (also Josef Cardero) ( 1766 &ndash after 1811 was a Spanish Draughtsman and Artist. A glacier between Yakutat Bay and Icy Bay was subsequently named after Malaspina. The botanist Luis Née also accompanied the expedition, on which he collected and described numerous new plants. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Luis Née ( fl 1734-1803 was a Franco - Spanish Botanist, who accompanied the Malaspina expedition to the Pacific Ocean

Knowing that Cook had previously surveyed the coast west of Prince William Sound and found no passage, Malaspina ceased his search at that point and sailed to the Spanish outpost at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island. For other uses of the word Nootka see Nootka (disambiguation. Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British

Malaspina's expedition spent a month at Nootka Sound. While at Nootka, the expedition's scientists made a study of the Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka peoples). The Nuu-chah-nulth (pronounced) (also formerly referred to as the Nootka, Nutka, Aht, Nuuchahnulth) are one of the Indigenous peoples The relationship between the Spanish and the Nootkas was at its lowest point when Malaspina arrived. Malaspina and his crew were able to greatly improve the relationship, which was one of their objectives and reasons for stopping in the first place. Due in part to Malaspina's ability to bequeath generous gifts from his well-supplied ships about to return to Mexico, the friendship between the Spanish and the Nootkas was strengthened. The gaining of the Nootka chief Maquinna's trust was particularly significant, as he was one of the most powerful chiefs of the region and had been very wary of the Spanish when Malaspina arrived. His friendship strengthened the Spanish claim to Nootka Sound, which was in question after thNootka Crisis and resolved in the subsequent Nootka Conventions. The Nootka Crisis was a political dispute between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain, triggered by a series of events that took place during For other uses of the word Nootka see Nootka (disambiguation. The Spanish government was eager for the Nootka to formally agree that the land upon which the Spanish outpost stood had been ceded freely and legally. This desire had to do with Spain's negotiations with Britain than over Nootka Sound and the Pacific Northwest. Malaspina was able to acquire exactly what the government wanted. After weeks of negotiations the principal Nootka chief, Maquinna, agreed that the Spanish would always remain owners of the land they then occupied, and that they had acquired it with all due properness. The outcome of the Nootka Convention depended in part on this pact. ^[8]

In addition to the expedition's work with the Nootkas, astronomical observations were made to fix the location of Nootka Sound and calibrate the expedition's chronometers. Nootka Sound was surveyed and mapped with an accuracy far greater than had previously been available. Unexplored channels were investigated. The maps were also linked to the baseline established by Captain Cook, allowing calibration between Spanish and British charts. Botanical studies were carried out, including an attempt to make a type of beer out of conifer needles that was hoped to have anti-scorbutic properties for combating scurvy. Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans The expedition ships took on water and wood, and provided the Spanish outpost with many useful goods, including medicines, food, various tools and utensils, and a Reaumur scale thermometer. ^[9]

After departing Nootka Sound the two ships sailed south, stopping at the Spanish settlement and mission at Monterey, California, before returning to Mexico.

In 1792, back in Mexico, Malaspina dispatched two schooners (or "goletas") to conduct more detailed explorations of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia. A schooner (ˈskuːnɚ is a type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts Schooners were first used by the The Strait of Juan de Fuca (also called Juan de Fuca Strait) is a large body of water about long forming the principal outlet for the Georgia Strait and Puget The Strait of Georgia or the Georgia Strait (also known as the Gulf of Georgia) is a Strait between Vancouver Island (as well as its nearby These were Sutíl, commanded by Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, and Mexicana, under Cayetano Valdés y Flores. Dionisio Alcalá Galiano ( October 8, 1760 &ndash October 21, 1805) was a Spanish naval officer cartographer and explorer Cayetano Valdés y Flores (1767-1834 was a Spanish naval officer who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, fighting for both sides at different ^[3] Both were officers of Malaspina's. The ships were to have been commanded by two pilots of San Blas, Mexico, but Malaspina arranged for his own officers to replace them.

In 1792, Malaspina's expedition sailed from Mexico across the Pacific Ocean. They stopped briefly at Guam before arriving at the Philippines, where they spent several months, mostly at Manila. The City of Manila During this period Malaspina sent Bustamante in the Atrevida to Macau, China. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics.

After Bustamante's return the expedition left the Philippines and sailed to New Zealand. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island They explored Doubtful Sound at the southern end of New Zealand's South Island, mapping and carrying out gravity experiments. Doubtful Sound is a very large and naturally imposing Fjord (despite it's name in Fiordland, in the far south west of New Zealand. Then Malaspina sailed to Port Jackson in Australia, which had only been established by the British in 1788. Port Jackson, containing Sydney Harbour, is the natural harbour of Sydney Australia Later the colony would become Sydney. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4

Returning east across the Pacific Ocean the expedition spent a month at Vava'u, the northern archipelago of Tonga. The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles From there they sailed to Callao, Peru, then Talcahuanco, Chile. The fjords of southern Chile were carefully mapped before the expedition rounded Cape Horn. A fjord or fiord (fjɔːd|fiːɔːd or fiːɔːd is a long narrow Inlet with steep sides created in a valley carved by glacial activity. Then they surveyed the Falkland Islands ("Islas Malvinas" in Spanish) and the coast of Patagonia before stopping at Montevideo again.

From Montevideo Malaspina took a long route through the central Atlantic Ocean to Spain, reaching Cádiz on September 21, 1794. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He had spent 62 months at sea. ^[2]

During the five years of this expedition Malaspina fixed the measurements of America's western coast with a precision never before achieved. He measured the height of Mount Saint Elias in Alaska and explored gigantic glaciers, including Malaspina Glacier, later named after him. Mount Saint Elias is the second highest Mountain in both the United States and Canada, being situated on the Alaska and Yukon border The Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska is the largest Piedmont glacier this far south in North America. He demonstrated the feasibility of a possible Panama Canal and outlined plans for its construction. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the ^[10] In addition, Malaspina's expedition was the first major long distance sea voyage that experienced virtually no scurvy. Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans Malaspina's medical officer, Pedro González, was convinced that fresh oranges and lemons were essential for preventing scurvy. Only one outbreak occurred, during a 56-day trip across the open sea. Five sailors came down with symptoms, one seriously. After three days at Guam all five were healthy again. James Cook had made great progress against the disease, but other British captains, such as George Vancouver, found his accomplishment difficult to replicate. Captain George Vancouver It had been known since the mid-1700s that citrus fruit was effective, but for decades it was impractical to store fruit or fruit juice for long periods on ships without losing the necessary ascorbic acid. Spain's large empire and many ports of call made it easier to acquire fresh fruit. ^[11]

Political controversy and exile

In December of 1794 Malaspina met with King Charles IV and Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy. Charles IV ( November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication Don Manuel Francisco Domingo de Godoy (di Bassano y Alvarez de Faria de los Ríos y Sánchez-Zarzosa, also Manuel de Godoy y Alvarez de Faria de los Ríos Sánchez Zarzosa At first all was well and Malaspina was promoted to fleet-brigadier in March of 1795. ^[2]

In his examination of the political situation in the Spanish colonies Malaspina had decided that Spain should free its colonies and form a confederation of states bound by international trade. International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. ^[3] In September of 1795 he began trying to influence the Spanish government with such proposals. Unfortunately Malaspina had lost the support he used to have at the royal court before his voyage and the political situation had changed radically, due in part to the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Prime Minister Godoy had Malaspina arrested on November 23 on charges of plotting against the state. After an inconclusive trial on April 20, 1796, Charles IV decreed that Malaspina be stripped of rank and imprisoned in the isolated fortress of San Antón in A Coruña, Galicia. A Coruña ( Spanish: La Coruña; Galician: A Coruña; also Corunna in English, and archaically The Groyne) is Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Malaspina remained in the prison from 1796 to 1802. During his incarceration he wrote a variety of essays on topics such as aesthetics, economics, and literary criticism. ^[2]

Because of his political conflict with Spain, his seven-volume account of the 1789-94 expeditions was suppressed and remained unpublished until the late 19th century. A large portion of the documents meant to be used as source material for the publication of Malaspina's expedition remained scattered in archives to the present day. A significant number of documents are lost, and those that survive are often in a rough, semi-edited form. Alexander von Humboldt, an admirer of Malaspina, wrote, "this able navigator is more famous for his misfortunes than for his discoveries. (September 14 1769 &ndash May 6 1859 was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister philosopher and linguist "^[12]

Francesco Melzi d'Eril and Napoleon campaigned for Malaspina's release. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. He was finally freed at the end of 1802 but was exiled from Spain. He left for his hometown of Mulazzo via the port of Genoa, and settled in nearby Pontremoli. Pontremoli is a city commune and bishop's see in the Province of Massa-Carrara, Tuscany, Italy.

Later life

In Pontremoli Malaspina concerned himself with local politics. In December of 1803 he organized a quarantine between the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Etruria during a yellow fever epidemic in Livorno. For other uses see Quarantine (disambiguation Quarantine is voluntary or compulsory isolation typically to contain the spread of something Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Kingdom of Etruria (Regno di Etruria was a kingdom comprising the larger part of Tuscany which existed between 1801 and 1807 Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease "Leghorn" redirects here For the breed of chicken see Leghorn chicken. In 1805 he received the title of Advising Auditor of the Council of State of the Kingdom of Italy. The queen of Etruria received him at court in December 1806. Shortly afterwards he was admitted to the Columban Society in Florence with the title of Addomesticato. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany ^[2]

The first appearance of an incurable illness occurred in 1807. ^[2] Alessandro Malaspina died in Pontremoli on April 9, 1810, at the age of 55. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ^[3]

Legacy

Malaspina University-College in the Canadian city of Nanaimo, British Columbia takes its name indirectly from the explorer, by way of Malaspina Strait, between Texada Island and the mainland, and the Malaspina Peninsula and adjoining Malaspina Inlet nearby, which are the location of Malaspina Provincial Park and are part of the sunshine Coast region. Vancouver Island University (formerly known as Malaspina University-College) is a publicly funded University with its main campus located in Nanaimo, Texada Island is the largest island in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Malaspina Provincial Park is a Provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. There are several places around the globe that use the name Sunshine Coast. There is also a Malaspina Peak and Malaspina Lake near Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island, just southeast of the town of Gold River. For other uses of the word Nootka see Nootka (disambiguation. Gold River is a Village located close to the geographic centre of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada.

References

External links

• Biography by Dario Mandfredi
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online