Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For other meanings, see Aleppo (disambiguation). Halab redirects here; for other meanings, see Halab (disambiguation).
مدينة حلب
City of Aleppo
Citadel of Aleppo
General Information
Country: Syria
Governorate: Aleppo
Area code: 21
Website: eAleppo
Aleppo in Syria
Aleppo (Syria)
Aleppo
Aleppo
Aleppo (Syria)
Governor Tamer Alhajeh
Population
Population: 1 671 673 (2008 est. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Syria has fourteen Governorates or muhafazat (singular Muhafazah) Aleppo Governorate ( Arabic: مُحافظة حَلَب is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces of Syria. A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology ) [1]
Geography
Location: 36° 12' N, 37° 9'E
Elevation: 390 m
Ancient City of Aleppo*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Skyline of Aleppo
State Party Flag of Syria Syria
Type Cultural
Criteria iii, iv
Reference 21
Region† Arab States
Inscription history
Inscription 1986  (10th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
† Region as classified by UNESCO.

Aleppo (Arabic: حلب‎ ['ħalab], 36°13′N, 37°10′E) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Aleppo Governorate ( Arabic: مُحافظة حَلَب is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces of Syria. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Aleppo is one of the oldest inhabited cities; it knew human settlement since the eleventh millennium B. C. through the residential houses that were discovered in Tell Qaramel. [2] It was known to antiquity as Khalpe, Khalibon, to the Greeks as Beroea (Veroea), and to the Turks as Halep; during the French Mandate, the name Alep was used. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language It occupies a strategic trading point midway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Euphrates. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Initially, Aleppo was built on a small group of hills surrounding the prominent hill where the castle is erected. [3] The small river Quweiq (قويق) runs through the city.

The main role of the city was as a trading place, as it sat at the crossroads of two trade routes and mediated the trade from India, the Tigris and Euphrates regions and the route coming from Damascus in the South, which traced the base of the mountains rather than the rugged seacoast. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Although trade was often directed away from the city for political reasons, it continued to thrive until the Europeans began to use the Cape route to India and later to utilize the route through Egypt to the Red Sea. The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. Since then the city has declined and its chief exports now are the agricultural products of the surrounding region, mainly wheat, cotton, pistachios, olives, and sheep. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp The pistachio ( Pistacia vera L Anacardiaceae or sometimes Pistaciaceae) is a small Tree native to mountainous regions of The Olive is the Fruit of the Olive tree (Olea europaea and is a major component of the Agriculture and Gastronomy of many countries

Contents

History

The ancient name of Aleppo, Halab, is of obscure origin. Some have proposed that Halab means 'iron' or 'copper' in Amorite languages since it was a major source of these metals in antiquity. Halaba in Aramaic means white, referring to the color of soil and marble abundant in the area. Another proposed etymology is that the name Halab means "gave out milk," coming from the ancient tradition that Abraham gave milk to travelers as they moved throughout the region. Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: The colour of his cows was ashen (Arab. shaheb), therefore the city is also called "Halab ash-Shahba'" (he milked the ash-coloured).

Because the modern city occupies its ancient site, Aleppo has scarcely been touched by archaeologists. The site has been occupied from around 5000 BC, as excavations in Tallet Alsauda show. It grew as the capital of the kingdom of Yamkhad until the ruling Amorite Dynasty was overthrown around 1600 BC. Yamhad (also written Yamkhad or Jamhad) was an ancient Amorite kingdom centered at Halab (modern Aleppo, Syria) Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî The city remained under Hittite control until perhaps 800 BC before passing through the hands of the Assyrians and the Persian Empire and being captured by the Greeks in 333 BC, when Seleucus Nicator renamed the settlement Beroea, after Beroea in Macedon. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i Veria (officially transliterated as Veroia, Greek Βέροια or Βέρροια also Φέροια in Classical Greek - Βέροια being Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most The city remained in Greek or Seleucid hands until 64 BC, when Syria was conquered by the Romans. The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

The city remained part of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire before falling to Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid in 637. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn In 944, it became the seat of an independent Emirate under the Hamdanid prince Sayf al-Daula, and enjoyed a period of great prosperity, being home to the great poet al-Mutanabbi and the philosopher and polymath al-Farabi. The Hamdanid dynasty (حمدانيون was a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq ( Al-Jazirah) and Syria (890- 1004) Sayf al-Daula (also transliterated Saif al-Dawlah "Sword of the State" 916-967 in full Sayf ad-Daulah Abu al-Hasan Ibn Hamdan, سيف الدولة أبو الحسن Abou-t-Tayyib Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Mutanabbi ( Arabic: أبو الطيب احمد بن الحسين المتنبّي) ‎ (915&ndash965 was an Arab ( A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi The city was sacked by a resurgent Byzantine Empire in 962, while Byzantine forces occupied it briefly from 974 to 987. The city and its Emirate became an Imperial vassal until the Byzantine-Seljuk Wars. The city was twice besieged by Crusaders — in 1098 and in 1124 — but was not conquered. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents

On August 9, 1138, a deadly earthquake ravaged the city and the surrounding area. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Although estimates from this time are very unreliable, it is believed that 230,000 people died, making it the fourth deadliest earthquake in recorded history. The following is a list of major Earthquakes. USGS list of significant earthquakes This is a list of significant earthquakes as listed by the

The city came under the control of Saladin and then the Ayyubid Dynasty from 1183. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for

On January 24,[4] 1260 the city was taken by the Mongols under Hulagu in alliance with their vassals the Frank knights of the ruler of Antioch Bohemond VI and his father-in-law the Armenian ruler Hetoum I. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate For the head of the Chagatai khanate please see Qara Hülëgü Hulagu Khan, also known as This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Bohemond VI of Antioch (ca 1237 &ndash 1275 called the Fair ( le Beau) was the Prince of Antioch and Count of Tripoli from 1251 until his death The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as Little Armenia, Kingdom of Lesser Armenia, Cilician Kingdom; Classical Armenian: Կիլիկիոյ Hetoum I (also Transliterated Hethoum, Hethum, Het'um, or Hayton from Armenian [5] The city was bravely defended by Turanshah, but the walls fell after six days of bombardment, and the citadel fell four weeks later. The Muslim population was massacred, though the Christians were spared. Turanshah was shown unusual respect by the Mongols, and was allowed to live because of his age and bravery. The city was then given to the former Emir of Homs, al-Ashraf, and a Mongol garrison was established in the city. For military actions near the city see Battle of Homs. Homs ( حمص,, anciently called Emesa (ἡ Ἔμεσα or "La Chamelle" Al-Ashraf Musa Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar ad-Din, called Al-Ashraf (died 27 August 1237) was a ruler of the Ayyubid dynasty. Some of the spoils were also given to Hethoum I for his assistance in the attack. The Mongol Army then continued on to Damascus, which surrendered, and the Mongols entered the city on March 1, 1260. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria.

In September, the Egyptian Mamluks negotiated a treaty with the Franks of Acre which allowed them to pass through Crusader territory unmolested, and engaged the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut on September 3, 1260. The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, in Arabic ar عين جالوت the "Eye of Goliath" or the "Spring of Goliath" took place on 3 September 1260 between Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius The Mamluks won a decisive victory, killing the Mongols' Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa, and five days later they had re-taken Damascus. Kitbuqa Noyan (d 1260 ( Turkic: Kitbuga, Mongolian: Хитбух) was a Christian Turk belonging to the tribe of Aleppo was recovered by the Muslims within a month, and a Mamluk governor placed to govern the city. Hulagu sent troops to try and recover Aleppo in December. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat. [6]

The Mamluk governor of the city became insubordinate to the central Mamluk authority in Cairo, and in Autumn 1261 the Mamluk leader Baibars send an army to reclaim the city. Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( Arabic ar الملك‭ ‬الظاهر‭ ‬ركن‭ ‬الدين‭ ‬بيبرس‭ ‬البندقداري In October 1271, the Mongols took the city again, attacking with 10,000 horsemen from Anatolia, and defeating the Turcoman troops who were defending Aleppo. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Mamluk garrisons fled to Hama, until Baibars came north again with his main army, and the Mongols retreated. Hama (ancient Hamath; Arabic: حماة meaning fortress is a city on the banks of the Orontes river in central Syria north of [7]

On October 20, 1280, the Mongols took the city again, pillaging the markets and burning the mosques. The Muslim inhabitants fled for Damascus, where the Mamluk leader Qalawun assembled his forces. Saif al-Din Qalawun Al-Salihi (also Qala'un or Kalavun) (قلاوون الصالحي ( epithet al-Malik al-Mansour Saif al-Din Qalawun al-Alfi When his army advanced, the Mongols again retreated, back across the Euphrates. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Aleppo returned to native control in 1317,.

In 1400, the Mongol leader Tamerlane captured the city again from the Mamluks. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among [8]. He massacred many of the inhabitants, infamously ordering the building of a tower of 20,000 skulls outside the city. [9]

The city became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, when the city had around 50,000 inhabitants. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Reference is made to the city in 1606 in William Shakespeare's 'Macbeth. ' The witches torment the captain of the ship the Tiger which was headed to Aleppo from England but endured a 567 day voyage before returning unsuccessfully to port.

The city remained Ottoman until the empire's collapse, but was occasionally riven with internal feuds as well as attacks of the plague and later cholera from 1823. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium By 1901 its population was around 125,000. The city revived when it came under French colonial rule but slumped again following the decision to give Antioch to Turkey in 1938-1939. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Aleppo was named by the Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) as the capital of Islamic culture in 2006. [1]

Design

Inside the suq
Inside the suq

There is a relatively clear division between old and new Aleppo. The older portions were contained within a wall, 3 miles in circuit with seven gates. The medieval castle in the city -- known as the Citadel of Aleppo -- is built atop a huge, partially artificial mound rising 50 m above the city. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. The Citadel of Aleppo is a large Medieval fortified palace in the centre of the old city of Aleppo, northern Syria. The current structure dates from the 13th century and had been extensively damaged by earthquakes, notably in 1822.

As an ancient trading centre, Aleppo also has impressive suqs (shopping streets) and khans (commercial courtyards). A souk (سوق also sook, souq, or suq, or shuq in Hebrew שוק is a highly fashioned commercial quarter in an Arab or Berber The city was significantly redesigned after World War II; in 1952 the French architect Andre Gutton had a number of wide new roads cut through the city to allow easier passage for modern traffic. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the 1970s, large parts of the older city were demolished to allow for the construction of modern apartment blocks.

Gates of Aleppo

Population and religion

Narrow street in the Christian quarter
Narrow street in the Christian quarter

While more than 70% of Aleppo's inhabitants are Sunni Muslims (mainly Arabs, but also Kurds, and other diverse ethnicities relocated there during the Ottoman period, most notably Circassians, Adyghe, Albanians, Bosnians, Bulgars, Turks, Kabardins, Chechens, and others), Aleppo is home to one of the richest and most diversified Christian communities of the Orient. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess ( Çerkes) and is not the self-designation of any people The Adyghe or Adygs are a people of the northwest Caucasus region principally inhabiting Adygeya (24 } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language This is page about Bosnians (as citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina) The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Kabarda or Kabard are terms referring to a people of the northern Caucasus more commonly known by the plural term Kabardin (or Kebertei Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Christians belonging to a dozen different congregations (with prevalence of the Armenian and Syriac Orthodox Church and other Orthodox denominations) represent between 15% and 20% of its population, making it the city with the second biggest Christian community in the Middle East after Beirut, Lebanon. The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية

A Jewish woman and a couple of Bedouins, 1873.
A Jewish woman and a couple of Bedouins, 1873. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously

The city had a large Jewish population in ancient times, traditionally since the period of King David. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible The great synagogue housed the famous Aleppo codex, dating back to the ninth century. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of The Aleppo Codex ( Hebrew: כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא kɛθɛɾ ʔăɾɔm sˁovɔʔ Keter Aram Tsova) is a manuscript of the Hebrew Bible The codex is now housed in Jerusalem. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The vast majority of Aleppo's 10,000 Jewish residents preferred to go to the state of Israel upon its formation, as part of the Jewish exodus from Arab lands. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi The Syrian government imposed a ban on emigration, and to break or circumvent the ban took the covert effort of Syrian Jews and their rescuers in other countries, including Kurdish smugglers and Jewish philanthropists. Emigration began in earnest in 1948 and continued to the 1990's. Besides for the pogroms and riots in 1947, further pogroms proved to be falsely anticipated, and there was virtually no such backlash from the already religiously diverse Aleppan residents in response to Israel's controversial formation. There was, however extensive Syrian government repression of the Jewish community, coupled with demonization of the Jews on part of the Syrian government-controlled media. To this day, the properties and houses of the Jewish families which were not sold after the migration remain uninhabited. The Syrian Government is currently protecting the properties, mostly in the areas of Al-Jamiliah and Bab Al-Naser and the neighbourhoods around the Central synagogue of Aleppo. The Central Synagogue of Aleppo, () also known as the Great Synagogue of Aleppo or Joab's Synagogue, has been a Jewish place of worship since the

There are only a handful of Jewish families still living in Aleppo today, and the synagogue remains virtually empty. At one point it was a thriving Jewish community, especially under the guidance of the Chief Rabbi Jacob Dwek and his brother in law Rabbi Ezra Soued. Their offspring have since settled around the world in such places as the United States (Syrian Jews mostly moved to Brooklyn, New York, where there is still an ethnic community called Little Syria), Mexico, Brazil and other countries, by dint of the efforts of the Canadian musician Judy Feld Carr, which secured the rescue of almost all Syrian Jews from the pressures of the Syrian government and population. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Syrian Jews ( Arabic, يهود سوريون) derive their origin from two groups those who inhabited the region of today's Syria from the ancient times Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Judith Feld Carr CM, LLD (born 1939) is a Musician and Humanitarian, who resides in Toronto, Ontario, Currently hundreds of buildings, many of beautiful late Ottoman style stand empty and deteriorating in many sections of town, chained symbolically against repossession by Christians or Muslims.

The city has many mosques including the Madrasa Halawiya. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger A temple that once stood on the site was rebuilt as Aleppo's great Byzantine cathedral founded by Saint Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, which contains a tomb associated with Zachary, father of John the Baptist. Byzantine architecture is the Architecture of the Byzantine Empire. Saint Helena (Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta also known as Saint Helen, Helena Augusta or Helena of Constantinople (c Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Zechariah (Hebrew prophet -->In the Bible, Zechariah Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. During the Crusades, when the invaders pillaged the surrounding countryside, the city's chief judge converted St. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Helena's cathedral into a mosque, and in the middle of the 12th century the famous leader Nur al-Din founded the madrasa or religious school that has encompassed the former cathedral. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. The Jami al-Kabir or "Great Mosque" was originally built by the Umayyads, although the present structure begun for Nur al-Din dates from 1158 and a rebuilding after the Mongol invasion of 1260.

Notable people

See also: Rulers of Aleppo

See also

The “Program for Sustainable Urban Development in Syria” (UDP) is a joint undertaking of the German Development Cooperation (BMZ/GTZ), the Syrian Ministry for Local Administration and Environment (MLAE), and several other Syrian partner institutions. Antoin "Tony" Rezko (born 1955 in Aleppo, Syria) is an American political fundraiser Restauranteur, and Real estate The Aleppo Codex ( Hebrew: כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא kɛθɛɾ ʔăɾɔm sˁovɔʔ Keter Aram Tsova) is a manuscript of the Hebrew Bible The Central Synagogue of Aleppo, () also known as the Great Synagogue of Aleppo or Joab's Synagogue, has been a Jewish place of worship since the The program promotes capacities for sustainable urban management and development at the national and municipal level. Four components have been agreed as major fields of cooperation during the first phase (2007 – 2009):

1. Urban development in the City of Aleppo; this includes further support to the rehabilitation of the Old City, as well as to a long-term oriented city development strategy (cds) and the management of informal settlements; 2. Rehabilitation of the Old City of Damascus; this will build on instruments and experiences established during the urban rehabilitation support for Old Aleppo; 3. Promoting support structures for municipalities; this includes capacity building, networking, and promoting municipal strength in the national development dialogue; 4. Policy advise on urban development; rapid urbanization in Syria requires adequate legislative and institutional frame-conditions as well as specific promotional programs for urban development.

The UDP cooperates closely with other interventions in the sector, namely the EU-supported 'Municipal Administration Modernization' program.

Planned operational period: 2007 – 2016.

Photo gallery

The National Park is in the heart of the city

The entrance to the Citadel of Aleppo, the most famous monument in the city

The amphitheatre inside the citadel

The Byzantine hall inside the citadel

Old Aleppo with entrance to the main suq (view from the citadel)

Aleppo in 1912, centered on its citadel mound

The Church of St. A citadel is a fortress for protecting a Town, sometimes incorporating a Castle. Simon (Samaan) is considered to be one of the oldest remaining churches in the world.

References

  1. ^ Syria: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population
  2. ^ Polish Centre of Mediterranear Archeology. Pre- and Protohistory in the Near East: Tell Qaramel (Syria). Retrieved on 2008-03-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
  3. ^ (1856) in Alexander Russell: The Natural History of Aleppo, 1st ed. (in English), London: Unknown, 266.  
  4. ^ Jackson, Peter (July 1980). "The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260". The English Historical Review 95: 481-513. The English Historical Review is an Academic journal published by Oxford University Press.  
  5. ^ "Histoire des Croisades", René Grousset, p581, ISBN 226202569X
  6. ^ Runciman, p. 314
  7. ^ Runciman, pp. 336-337
  8. ^ Runciman, p. 463
  9. ^ Battle of Aleppo@Everything2.com

External links

(a comprehensive account of Aleppo's diverse middle class in the early-20th Century)

Photography

Local

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic