Alejandro Toledo
46th President of Peru
In office July 28, 2001 – July 28, 2006
Vice President	Raúl Diez Canseco David Waisman
Preceded by	Valentín Paniagua
Succeeded by	Alan Garcia
Born	March 28, 1946 (1946-03-28) (age 62) Cabana, Peru
Nationality	Peruvian
Political party	Perú Posible
Spouse	Eliane Karp
Profession	Economist
Religion	Roman Catholic

Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian politician. Established in the Constitution of 1993 the President of Peru, officially the President of the Republic ( Presidente de la República) is the Chief of Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Raúl Diez Canseco Terry (1948- is a Peruvian Businessman and Politician. David Waisman Rjavinsthi is a Peruvian politician Early life Waisman is Jewish, him and father left Romania in 1935 and came to Lima Valentín Paniagua Corazao ( September 23, 1936 &ndash October 16, 2006) was a Peruvian politician and former Interim President Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4 2006 in a run-off Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cabana is a city in Peru. It is the capital of both the Cabana District and the Province of Pallasca in the Ancash Region of northern Peru Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Possible Peru (Perú Posible is a Peruvian Political party. It was founded in 1994 by Alejandro Toledo with the original name of País Eliane Karp (born 1955 a French -born anthropologist and economist, is the wife of the former President of Peru, Alejandro An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person He was President of Peru from 2001 to 2006. Established in the Constitution of 1993 the President of Peru, officially the President of the Republic ( Presidente de la República) is the Chief of Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. He was elected in 2001 defeating former President Alan García. Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4 2006 in a run-off Toledo came to international prominence after leading the opposition against President Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000. Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven After his presidential term, Toledo left Peru and went to the USA where he was a Distinguished Scholar in Residence at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University during the 2006-2008 academic years. In 2007-2008 he was a Payne Distinguished Visiting Lecturer at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and a CDDRL (Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law) Visiting Scholar. [1]

Early years

Toledo is one of sixteen children of a family of indigenous campesinos in the town of Cabana, Pallasca Province, Ancash Department. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Cabana is a city in Peru. It is the capital of both the Cabana District and the Province of Pallasca in the Ancash Region of northern Peru The Pallasca Province is one of 20 provinces of the Ancash Region in Peru. Ancash is a region in northern Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad region on the north the Huánuco and Pasco regions on the He grew up in Chimbote, a city on Peru's northern coast. Chimbote is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru. It is also the capital of the Santa Province and the Chimbote District. His father was a bricklayer and his mother was a fishmonger. As a child, he worked shining shoes. Shoeshiner is a profession in which a person polishes Shoes with Shoe polish.

Toledo studied at the local state school, G. U. E. San Pedro. At age 16, with the guidance of members of the Peace Corps, Toledo enrolled at the University of San Francisco on a one-year scholarship. The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. University of San Francisco ( USF) is a private Jesuit Roman Catholic University in San Francisco California. He completed his Bachelor's degree in economics by obtaining a partial soccer scholarship and working part-time pumping gas. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Later on, he attended Stanford University, where he received a Master's in Economics, a Master's in Education, and completed his PhD in Education (in 1993) at the Stanford University School of Education. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. After working abroad, he became a professor of Economics at the Universidad del Pacífico in Peru. The university is specialized in Business Management and Economics, and is regarded as the best Peruvian university in these fields

Professional career

Before being elected president, Toledo worked as a consultant for various international organizations, including the United Nations, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The Inter-American Development Bank (preferred abbreviation IDB, although sometimes found as IADB) was established and headquartered in Washington D The International Labour Organization He has also been a regular professor at ESAN, Peru's leading Business School. From 1991 to 1994, he was an affiliated researcher in the field of international development at the Harvard Institute for International Development. Toledo was also guest professor at the University of Waseda in Tokyo and at the Japan Foundation. often abbreviated to, is one of the top universities in Japan. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The was established in 1972 by an Act of the Japanese Diet as a special legal entity to undertake international dissemination of Japanese culture, and became

Among Toledo's publications are works on economic growth and on structural reforms. However, his latest book, Las Cartas sobre la Mesa (The Cards on the Table), describes his political career which led him to found the party Perú Posible ("Possible Peru"). Possible Peru (Perú Posible is a Peruvian Political party. It was founded in 1994 by Alejandro Toledo with the original name of País

Political career

Toledo entered politics as an independent candidate for the presidency (gaining 3% of the electorate) in the 1995 election in which Fujimori was ultimately re-elected. The 1995 national election in Peru was won by Alberto Fujimori He founded the Perú Posible party in 1999 and declared his intent to run in the 2000 election. Possible Peru (Perú Posible is a Peruvian Political party. It was founded in 1994 by Alejandro Toledo with the original name of País The 2000 national election in Peru was highly controversial and widely considered to have been fraudulent Despite a constitutional controversy about his eligiblity to serve a third term, Fujimori also announced his candidacy.

Despite being a relatively low-profile politician, Toledo suddenly found himself leader of the opposition against Fujimori and he received the support of most of the other presidential candidates [2]. Despite this, Fujimori managed to beat Toledo, amid allegations of electoral fraud. Toledo refused to participate on a second round against Fujimori (which was required because no candidate had received a majority of the vote) and he unsuccessfully petitioned to have the election annulled. [3]. He later announced his withdrawal [4], but the National Elections Tribunal (Jurado Nacional de Elecciones) didn't receive this petition and proceeded with the vote. At the same time, the Interamerican Commission of Human Rights of the OAS recommended that new elections should be held in Peru. [5].

On July 28, 2000, Peruvian Independence Day, Fujimori assumed the presidency for a third term. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Toledo led a group of protesters towards Congress. It was a massive, peaceful demonstration, but violence broke out and a powerful explosion produced the death of six people. It was discovered later by the Peruvian Judiciary that the explosion had been produced by the National Intelligence Service run by Vladimiro Montesinos, who has been indicted on corruption and bribery charges. Vladimiro Lenin Montesinos Torres (born May 20, 1945) was the long-standing head of Peru 's intelligence service

On November 2000, amid growing allegations of fraud and corruption within his administration, Fujimori agreed to having new elections held in 2001 in which he would no longer be a candidate. November 2000: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - While attending the APEC forum in Brunei, Fujimori's party lost control of the Congress. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Fujimori then went to Japan where he submitted his resignation by fax and claimed Japanese citizenship. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

After the fall of Fujimori, the newly-elected president of the Peruvian Congress, Valentín Paniagua, became interim president and oversaw the already planned new elections on May 29, 2001. Valentín Paniagua Corazao ( September 23, 1936 &ndash October 16, 2006) was a Peruvian politician and former Interim President Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Toledo won after a close run-off election with former President Alan García of the APRA party. Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4 2006 in a run-off The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana is a Left wing Peruvian Political party. His margin of victory was slim (52. 5% vs 47. 5%), despite García's earlier presidential term (1985 to 1990), which was marred by hyperinflation, loss of public and international confidence and capital flight. Toledo's inauguration took place on 28 July 2001. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Presidency

During the five years of his presidency, the Peruvian economy grew at an average of six percent, one of the highest growth rates in Latin America. Inflation averaged 1. 5 percent and fiscal deficit went as low as 0. 2 percent. During his presidency Toledo addressed the task of reducing poverty. One of the main efforts on doing so was the creation of "Juntos" (Together) Program,which is a conditional cash transfer program directed at women in rural areas who are heads of household. It was initiated in the year 2005 with 120 million nuevos soles and 100 thousand families benefited from the program. For the year 2006 the budget was increased to 300 hundred million nuevos soles to benefit 200 thousand families, in 320 districts throughout the nine regions of the country. This program has the support of the United Nations Development Program. The current government of Peru decided to continue with JUNTOS.

Alejandro Toledo (left) with Chile's former President, Ricardo Lagos. Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (born March 2, 1938) is a lawyer economist and social democrat politician who served as president of

The Peruvian economy grew steadily during 60 months at an average rate above 6%, then 6. 4% in 2005, driven by high mineral prices, private investments and exports. Private investment was increasing significantly at the same time.

A lot of investment took place in the mining, commerce and agribusiness sectors. During his administration the country risk was among the lowest in the Latin American region. On July 2006 it was at 168 points.

The economic recovery and the measures taken in the administration of the tax policy contributed to an increase in tax collection. The national tax burden reached 13. 6% of GDP in 2005 and 14. 9% in 2006. The Peruvian economy has shown one of the lowest inflation rates in the world.

Alejandro Toledo (center), next to Lima's mayor, Luis Castañeda Lossio (left). Óscar Luis Castañeda Lossio is the current mayor of Lima, Peru.

Alejandro Toledo along with South American heads of state, during the investiture of Chile's President Michelle Bachelet

Foreign policy

One of Toledo's major legacies is the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement, a free trade agreement signed on April 12, 2006. Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria beˈɾonika mɪˈʃɛl baʃˈle ˈxeɾja / --> (born September 29 1951) is a center-left politician and Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The pact was ratified by the Peruvian and US Congress and already is implemented by U. S. President George W. Bush during 2008. Toledo has also pushed for an FTA with Thailand, which was to be implemented during 2006. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj In South America, Toledo has encouraged the start of the development of a highway to open Brazil and Bolivia to Pacific ports, aimed at enhancing the economy of southern Peru, and opening Peru to the trade flows from Brazil towards Asia. The Interoceanic Highway or Trans-oceanic highway is an international transcontinental highway in Peru and Brazil that is under construction He is also considered a promoter of the South American Community of Nations. __FORCETOC__The Union of South American Nations (Unión de Naciones Suramericanas - UNASUR, União de Nações Sul-Americanas - UNASUL, Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties

Member of the Club of Madrid. The Club of Madrid is an independent organization created for the purpose of promoting Democracy and change in the global community.

Post Presidential Activities

In October, 2006 the Carter Center announced that it had named Toledo to join former U. The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U S. President Jimmy Carter as a co-leader in observing Nicaragua's national elections on November 5, 2006. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The Carter Center delegation also included 50 international observers deployed throughout the country. [6]

In November, 2006, Toledo was appointed a Hoover Distinguished Visiting Fellow in residency at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at his alma mater Stanford University. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in [7]

Since leaving the Presidency, Toledo has delivered speeches on international affairs [8] and written an op-ed piece on democracy in Venezuela for the New York Times. [9] He has not denied reports that he may make another run for the Presidency of Peru in 2011. [10]

Personal life

Toledo has been married to Eliane Karp since 1979. Eliane Karp (born 1955 a French -born anthropologist and economist, is the wife of the former President of Peru, Alejandro They were separated in the 1990s, but did not divorce. ^[1] They have one child, a daughter named Chantal who was born in 1983. ^[2] After a 10 year-long paternity dispute with Lucrecia Orozco Zapata, Toledo admitted in October 2002 that he is also the father of Zarai Toledo Orozco, ^[3] who was born December 16, 1987 to Orozco Zapata. ^[4]

See also

• Politics of Peru

References

External links

• Extended bio and presidential tenure, by CIDOB Foundation (in Spanish)
• Alejandro Toledo: President of Peru
• Peace Corps: Alejandro Toledo
• Alejandro Toledo's commencement speech at Stanford
• Presentation by Alejandro Toledo about Economic Growth and Poverty Eradication - Feb 2007
• "From president of Peru to just Palo Alto guy" by Tyler Bridges in San Francisco Chronicle February 11, 2007