Aleatory means "pertaining to luck", and derives from the Latin word alea, the rolling of dice. For other uses see either Die or Dice (disambiguation. Dice (the Plural of Die, from Old French Aleatoric, indeterminate, or chance art is that which exploits the principle of randomness. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Randomness is a lack of order Purpose, cause, or predictability
Contents |
Law
In some legal systems, aleatory contracts are those where the effects (outcomes) for the parties to the contract are uncertain. This may apply to gambling contracts, insurance contracts and many modern forms of derivatives and options. For example, the French civil code contains a chapter on aleatory contracts, with specific provisions for gaming (gambling) and life annuities. [1]
Literature
An example of aleatory writing is the automatic writing of the French Surrealists involving dreams, et cetera. Automatic writing is the process or product of writing material that does not come from the conscious thoughts of the writer Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Dreams are the images sounds thoughts and feelings experienced while Sleeping, particularly strongly associated with Rapid eye movement sleep. The French literary group Oulipo for example saw no merit in aleatory work and its members altogether eliminated chance and randomness from their writing, substituting potentiality as in Raymond Queneau's Cent Mille Milliards de Poèmes (Hundred Thousand Billion Poems). Oulipo (pronounced oo-lee-PO stands for " Ou vroir de li ttérature po tentielle" which translates roughly as "workshop of potential literature" Raymond Queneau ( February 21, 1903 &ndash October 25, 1976) was a French Poet and Novelist and the co-founder Raymond Queneau ’s Hundred Thousand Billion Poems or One hundred million million poems (original French title Cent mille milliards
Luke Rhinehart's novel The Dice Man tells the story of a psychiatrist named Luke Rhinehart who, feeling bored and unfulfilled in life, starts making decisions about what to do based on a roll of a die. Luke Rhinehart is the Pen name of the author George Cockcroft. The Dice Man is a semi-comedic novel published in 1971 by George Cockcroft under the Pen name Luke Rhinehart and tells the
Charles Hartman's book [2] discusses several methods of automatic generation of poetry; see especially pp. 54-64.
Music
Pierre Boulez applied the term aleatoric music to his own pieces to distinguish them from the indeterminate music of John Cage, though both are often described as aleatory. Aleatoric music (also aleatory music or chance music; from the Latin word alea, meaning " Dice " is Music WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Pierre Boulez (pjɛʁ buˈlɛz (b Aleatoric music (also aleatory music or chance music; from the Latin word alea, meaning " Dice " is Music Indeterminacy in music which began early in the twentieth century in the music of Charles Ives, and was continued in the 1930s by Henry Cowell and carried on by his WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr While Boulez purposefully composed his pieces to allow the performer certain liberties with regard to the sequencing and repetition of parts, Cage often composed through the application of chance operations without allowing the performer liberties. Another prolific aleatory music composer is Karlheinz Stockhausen. [3] Qubais Reed Ghazala, founder of the circuit-bending chance-music movement, is an important contemporary chance artist also pioneering aleatoric work in visual media (original techniques in suminagashi, dye migration, aperture shift photography).
Film
In film-making, there are several avant-garde examples; Andy Voda's[1] "Chance Chants" (1979) was created completely using various chance operations (coin flip, choosing words out of a hat, a recorded "telephone game", the vagaries of tracing over drawings) in the decision-making for each creative choice. It was a three part film, the first part being a hand-made computer film, the second a visualization of Allison Knowles'[2] computer poem "House of Dust", and the third a visualization of evolution through a children's telephone game. Fred Camper's SN (1984,[4] first screening 2002) uses coin-flipping to determine which three of 18 possible reels to screen and what order they should go in (4896 permutations). Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Barry Salt, now better known as a film scholar, is known to have made a film, Permutations, six reels long which takes the word aleatory quite literally by including a customized die for the projectionist to roll to determine the reel order (720 permutations). [5]
References
- ^ http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/html/codes_traduits/code_civil_textA.htm Text of French Civil Code (in English)
- ^ Hartman, Charles (1996), The Virtual Muse: Experiments in Computer Poetry, Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, ISBN 0819522392
- ^ NewMusicBox
- ^ About the film SN, by Fred Camper
- ^ BFI | Film & TV Database | SIX REELS OF FILM TO BE SHOWN IN ANY ORDER (1971)
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic