Aldo Moro (September 23, 1916 in Maglie – May 9, 1978 in Rome) was an Italian politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy, from 1963 to 1968, and then from 1974 to 1976. In Italy, the Prime Minister of Italy (officially the President of the Council of Ministers, Italian Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the country's "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Antonio Segni ( February 2, 1891 &ndash December 1, 1972) was an Italian politician who was President of the Italian Republic Giuseppe Saragat (ˈsaɾagat ( 19 September 1898 - 11 June, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic Pietro Sandro Nenni ( February 9, 1891 &mdash January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist Politician, the Giovanni Leone ( 3 November 1908 &ndash 9 November 2001) was an Italian politician Giovanni Leone ( 3 November 1908 &ndash 9 November 2001) was an Italian politician Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Giovanni Leone ( 3 November 1908 &ndash 9 November 2001) was an Italian politician Ugo La Malfa ( 1903-05-16 - 1979-03-26) was an Italian politician and an important leader in the Italian Republican Party, which his son Mariano Rumor ( June 16, 1915 &ndash 22 January, 1990) was an Italian politician a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Antonio Segni ( February 2, 1891 &ndash December 1, 1972) was an Italian politician who was President of the Italian Republic This is a list of Italian Ministers of Public Instruction since the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946 Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Adone Zoli ( December 16, 1887 &ndash February 20, 1960) was an Italian politician and member of the Christian Democratic Amintore Fanfani ( February 6 1908 - November 20, 1999) was an Italian career Politician and former interim President Paolo Rossi (born September 23, 1956) is an Italian former Football (soccer player Giuseppe Medici ( October 24, 1907 - August 21, 2000) was an Italian Politician. As in most countries in Italy the Minister of Foreign Affairs is one of the most important ministerial positions Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Giuseppe Saragat (ˈsaɾagat ( 19 September 1898 - 11 June, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic Amintore Fanfani ( February 6 1908 - November 20, 1999) was an Italian career Politician and former interim President Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Amintore Fanfani ( February 6 1908 - November 20, 1999) was an Italian career Politician and former interim President Amintore Fanfani ( February 6 1908 - November 20, 1999) was an Italian career Politician and former interim President Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Mariano Rumor ( June 16, 1915 &ndash 22 January, 1990) was an Italian politician a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several Giuseppe Medici ( October 24, 1907 - August 21, 2000) was an Italian Politician. Mariano Rumor ( June 16, 1915 &ndash 22 January, 1990) was an Italian politician a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several This is a list of Italian Ministers of the Interior since 1861 Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Luigi Gui (born September 26, 1914 in Padua) is an Italian Politician and philosopher Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Maglie is a town and Town of 15100 inhabitants in the Italian Province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Maglie is a town and Town of 15100 inhabitants in the Italian Province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person In Italy, the Prime Minister of Italy (officially the President of the Council of Ministers, Italian Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the country's He was one of Italy's longest-serving post-war Prime Ministers, holding power for a combined total of more than six years.
One of the most important leaders of Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democracy, DC), Moro was considered an intellectual and an incredibly patient mediator, especially in the internal life of his party. He was kidnapped on March 16, 1978, by the Red Brigades (BR), who killed Moro after 55 days of captivity. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) This article is about the Italian group "Red Brigade" may also refer to the Japanese Red Army/Anti-Imperialist International Brigade.
Contents
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Early career
Moro was born in Maglie, in the province of Lecce (Puglia). Maglie is a town and Town of 15100 inhabitants in the Italian Province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy The Province of Lecce (Provincia di Lecce is a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea During the later period of fascism, he was member of the Gioventù Universitaria Fascista (GUF) university groups. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology His political career started in 1941 when became president of the FUCI (Federation of Catholic University Students). After World War II, Moro was elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1946, and helped to draft the Italian constitution. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Parliament of Italy ( Parlamento Italiano) is the national parliament of Italy. The Constitution of the Italian Republic (Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947 with 453 votes in favour and 62 He was then re-elected as a member of the House of Representatives in 1948, where he served as a member until his violent death.
Historic compromise
During the 1970s, he was one of the political leaders who gave the deepest attention to Enrico Berlinguer's project of a so-called Compromesso Storico (historic compromise). Enrico Berlinguer (berliŋˈgwɛr ( May 25, 1923 - June 11, 1984) was an Italian Politician; he was national secretary The term Historic Compromise ( Italian: "compromesso storico") most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats The leader of the Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI, Italian Communist Party), which had obtained 34. The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) 4% of the vote in the June 1976 general election, had proposed solidarity between Communists and Christian Democrats during a period of serious economic, social and political crisis in Italy. The Italian general elections of 1976 were held on 1976-06-20. Moro, then the president of DC, was one of those who had helped to find a way to finally form a government of "national solidarity".
As leader of the parliamentary coalition he served as Prime Minister from 1963 to 1968, and again from 1974 to 1976.
Kidnapping and death
Kidnapped, March 16, 1978
On March 16, 1978, Moro was kidnapped in Via Fani, a street in Rome, by a militant communist group, known as the Red Brigades and led by Mario Moretti, after the murder of his five escort agents. This article is about the Italian group "Red Brigade" may also refer to the Japanese Red Army/Anti-Imperialist International Brigade. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 This article is about the Italian group "Red Brigade" may also refer to the Japanese Red Army/Anti-Imperialist International Brigade. Mario Moretti (born January 16 1946 in Porto San Giorgio) is an Italian former terrorist At that time, all of the founding members of the Red Brigades were in jail, and the group that kidnapped Moro is thus known as the "Second Red Brigades. " Moro was kidnapped on his way to a session of the House of Representatives, where a discussion was supposed to take place regarding the vote of confidence in a new government led by Giulio Andreotti (DC), for the first time with the support of the Communist Party. Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party It was the first implementation of Moro's strategic vision defined by the Compromesso storico (historical compromise). The term Historic Compromise ( Italian: "compromesso storico") most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats
In the following days, trade unions called for a general strike, while security forces made hundreds of raids in Rome, Milan, Turin and other cities searching for Moro's whereabouts. A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country Held for two months, he was allowed to send letters to his family and politicians. The government refused to negotiate, despite demands by family, friends and Pope Paul VI. Pope [1] In fact, Paul VI "offered himself in exchange … for Aldo Moro …"[2] During the investigation of Moro's kidnapping, General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa reportedly responded to a member of the security services who suggested torture against a suspect, "Italy can survive the loss of Aldo Moro. Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa ( Saluzzo, September 27, 1920 – Palermo, 3 September, 1982) was a general of the Italian It would not survive the introduction of torture. "[3][4]
After 55 days of detention, Moro was murdered in or near Rome on May 9. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of His body was found later that day in a parked car, left with apparent symbolism between the headquarters of the DC and the PCI.
Negotiations
The Red Brigades (BR) proposed to exchange Moro's life for the freedom of several imprisoned terrorists. During his detention, there has been speculation that many knew where he was (an apartment in Rome). When Moro was abducted, the government immediately took a hardline position: the "State must not bend" on terrorist demands. Some contrasted this with the kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo, a minor political figure for whom the government negotiated. However, Cirillo was released for a monetary ransom, rather than the release of imprisoned terrorists. It has been suggested that some politicians, in particular the Christian Democrat Giulio Andreotti, may have seen a chance for getting rid of a political competitor by letting the terrorists murder him. Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party
Romano Prodi, Mario Baldassarri[5] and Alberto Clò, of the faculty of the University of Bologna passed on a tip about a safe-house where the BR might have been holding Moro on April 2. (born 9 August 1939 is an Italian politician and statesman He served as President of the Council of Ministers (prime minister of Italy twice from 17 May Mario Baldassarri (born September 10, 1946) is an Italian economist and politician and a member of ''Alleanza Nazionale''. The University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna UNIBO) is one of the oldest continually operating degree-granting universities in the world Bizarrely, Prodi claimed he had been given the tip by the founders of the Christian Democrats, from beyond the grave in a seance and a Ouija board, which gave the names of Viterbo, Bolsena and Gradoli. A séance (ˈsay-ons is an attempt to communicate with spirits The word " séance " comes from the French word for "seat" "session" A ouija board (correctly pronounced "wee-jah" /wiʤə/ although often pronounced "wee-gee" /wiʤi/ and commonly known as a 'Spirit Board') is any flat board Viterbo is an ancient city and Comune in the Lazio region of central Italy, the capital of the Province of Viterbo. Bolsena is a town and Comune of Italy, in the Province of Viterbo in northern Lazio on the eastern shore of Lake Bolsena. Gradoli is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region Latium, located about 100 km northwest of
Following the Abbé Pierre's death in January 2007, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni declared to the Corriere della Sera that the Abbé had gone during Aldo Moro's abduction to the DC's headquarters on piazza del Gesù (Jesus Place) in an attempt to speak with its secretary Benigno Zaccagnini, in favor of a "hard line" of refusal of negotiations along with the BR. L' Abbé Pierre (born Henri Antoine Grouès; 5 August 1912 – 22 January 2007) was a French Catholic Priest Corriere della Sera ("Evening Courier" is an Italian daily Newspaper (first in sales) published in Milan. Benigno Zaccagnini ( April 17 1912 - November 5 1989) was an Italian politician and physician [6]
Aldo Moro's captivity letters
During this period, Moro wrote several letters to the leaders of the Christian Democrats and to Pope Paul VI (who later personally celebrated his solemn Funeral Mass). Pope The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Those letters, at times very critical of Andreotti, were kept secret for decades, and published only in the early 1990s. In his letters, Moro said that the state's primary objective should be saving lives, and that the government should comply with his kidnappers' demands. Most of the Christian Democrat leaders argued that the letters did not express Moro's genuine wishes, claiming they were written under duress, and thus refused all negotiation. This was in stark contrast to the requests of Moro's family. In his appeal to the terrorists, Pope Paul asked them to release Moro "without conditions".
It has been conjectured that Moro used these letters to send cryptic messages to his family and colleagues. Doubts have been advanced about the completeness of these letters; Carabinieri General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (later killed by the Mafia) found copies of the letters in a house that terrorists used in Milan, and for some reason this was not publicly known until many years later. The Carabinieri (Italian for Carabiniers are the national-level Gendarmerie of Italy who also perform Military police duties The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.
Via Caetani, equidistant between DC and PCI
When the Red Brigades decided to execute Moro, they placed him in a car and told him to cover himself with a blanket, that they were going to transport him to another location. After Moro was covered, they emptied ten rounds into him, killing him: the killer was Mario Moretti. A cartridge (also known as a "round" packages the Bullet, Gunpowder and primer into a single metallic case precisely made to fit the Mario Moretti (born January 16 1946 in Porto San Giorgio) is an Italian former terrorist Moro's body was left in the trunk of a car in Via Caetani, a site equidistant between the Christian Democratic Party and the Communist Party headquarters ( ), as a last symbolic challenge to the police, who were keeping the entire nation, and Rome in particular, under strict and severe surveillance. After the recovery of Moro's body, the Minister of the Interior Francesco Cossiga resigned, gaining trust from the Communist party, which would later make him the first President of the Republic to be elected at the first ballot. This is a list of Italian Ministers of the Interior since 1861 Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. This is the list of Presidents of the Italian Republic with the title it '''''Presidente della Repubblica''''' since 1948
Antonio Negri's 1979 arrest and release
On April 7, 1979, Marxist philosopher Antonio Negri was arrested along with other leaders of Autonomia Operaia, (Oreste Scalzone, E. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy Antonio ("Toni" Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher. Autonomia Operaia was an Italian extra-parliamentary leftist movement particularly active from 1976 to 1978 Oreste Scalzone (born January 26 1947) is an Italian militant Vesce, A. Del Re, L. Ferrari Bravo, Franco Piperno and others). Franco Piperno (born 1943 is an Italian former communist militant now a Physics professor at the University of Calabria. Pietro Calogero, an attorney close to the PCI, accused the Autonomia group of masterminding left-wing "terrorism" in Italy. Negri was charged with a number of offences including leadership of the Red Brigades, being behind Moro's kidnapping and murder and plotting to overthrow the government. A year later, he was found innocent of Moro's assassination. Almost all charges were dropped within months due to lack of evidence.
In the New York Review of Books, Thomas Sheehan wrote at the time in Negri's defense, "Negri is a figure of some stature in Italy, and his arrest might be compared, imperfectly, to jailing Herbert Marcuse a decade ago on suspicion of being the brains behind the Weathermen. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current Herbert Marcuse ( July 19, 1898 &ndash July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a member of Weatherman, known colloquially as the Weathermen and later the Weather Underground Organization, was an American Radical left organization "
In the same journal in 2003, Alexander Stille accused Negri of bearing moral but not legal responsibility for the crimes, citing Negri's words from one year later:
Every action of destruction and sabotage seems to me a manifestation of class solidarity. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Alexander Stille (born 1957 in New York City) is an American Author and Journalist. . . . Nor does the pain of my adversary affect me: proletarian justice has the productive force of self-affirmation and the faculty of logical conviction.
and
The antagonistic process tends toward hegemony, toward the destruction and the annihilation of the adversary. . . . The adversary must be destroyed. [7]
Alternative points of view about Moro's death
Many other theories have been advanced about Moro's death. Some suggest that Moro's murder could have been orchestrated by the Italian Masonic lodge, Propaganda Due (also known as P2), or that the Red Brigades (BR), which is claimed to have had an inside "supergang" type of core-team, was infiltrated by U. Propaganda Due or P2 was a Masonic lodge operating under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of Italy from 1877 to 1976 (when its charter was withdrawn S. intelligence (CIA). near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The alleged presence of two motorcycle riders in the kidnapping has been proposed to explain the rapidity and cleanliness of the act, in which the kidnappers, as well as Moro, remained untouched while all the escorts were killed: but it has never been confirmed. Another theory is that P2 members in the secret services sabotaged the investigation or intentionally failed to uncover the location where Moro was being held, in order to ensure his eventual death at the hands of the BR. Although Gladio's influence on Italy's strategy of tension may have been proven (see the Bologna massacre as one example), no concrete proof has been found of Gladio's interference with Moro's kidnapping. The Bologna massacre (Strage di Bologna was a terrorist bombing at the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of August
The "Gladio network", directed by NATO, has also been accused. Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind The North Atlantic Treaty Historian Sergio Flamigni, an erstwhile communist party member, believes Moretti was used by Gladio in Italy to take over the Red Brigades and pursue a strategy of tension. While " Stay-behind " Anti-communist networks existed in all NATO countries the Italian branch of Gladio was the first one to be discovered A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda In BR member Alberto Franceschini's book,[8] Aldo Moro is described as one of Gladio's founders. Evidence has emerged to support this view of American involvement in the overarching the strategy of tension, and of known strong American foreign policies against the then looming historic (unprecedented in post war times) coalition that would have admitted the eurocommunist PCI into a government of national unity, the fear on the U. Eurocommunism was a new trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or S. side being that Italy thereafter might withdraw from NATO and that the U. S. would have then lost access to vital Mediterranean ports. [9] Moro's widow later recounted Moro's meeting with U. S. President Nixon's advisor, Henry Kissinger, and an unidentified American intelligence official, who warned him not to pursue the strategy of bringing the Communist Party into his cabinet, telling him "You must abandon your policy of bringing all the political forces in your country into direct collaboration. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 . . or you will pay dearly for it. " Moro was allegedly so shaken by the threat that he became ill and threatened to quit politics. [10]
Mino Pecorelli's May 1978 article
Investigative journalist Mino Pecorelli thought that Aldo Moro's kidnapping had been organised by a "lucid superpower" and was inspired by the "logic of Yalta". Carmine Pecorelli ( September 14, 1928, Sessano del Molise - March 20, 1979) known as Mino, was an Italian "maverick The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February He painted the figure of General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa as "general Amen", explaining in his review, the Osservatorio politico, in an article titled "Vergogna, buffoni!", that it was Dalla Chiesa that, during Aldo Moro's kidnapping, had informed the then Interior Minister Francesco Cossiga of the location of the cave where Moro was detained. Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. But he would have been ordered not to act on his information because of the opposition of a "lodge of the Christ in Paradise. " The allusion to Propaganda Due masonic lodge was clear. Pecorelli then wrote that Dalla Chiesa was also in danger and would be assassinated (Dalla Chiesa was murdered four years later). After Aldo Moro's assassination, Mino Pecorelli published some confidential documents, mainly Moro's letters to his family. In a cryptic article published in May 1978, wrote The Guardian in May 2003, Pecorelli drew a connection between Gladio, NATO's stay-behind anti-communist organisation (whose existence was publicly acknowledged by Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti in October 1990) and Moro's death. [11] During his interrogation, Aldo Moro had referred to "NATO's anti-guerrilla activities. " Mino Pecorelli, who was on Licio Gelli's list of P2 members discovered in 1980, was assassinated on March 20, 1979. Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919) is an Italian Financier, chiefly known for his role in the The ammunitions used for Pecorelli's assassination, a very rare type, were the same as those discovered in the Banda della Magliana 's weapons stock hidden in the Health Minister's basement. The Banda della Magliana was an Italian Criminal organization based in Rome, particularly active throughout the late 1970s until the early 1990s Pecorelli's assassination has been thought to be directly related to Giulio Andreotti, who was condemned to 24 years of prison for homicide in 2002 [12] before having the sentence cancelled by the Supreme Court of Cassation in 2003. The Supreme Court of Cassation (Corte Suprema di Cassazione is the major Court of last resort in Italy.
"Sacrifice Aldo Moro to maintain the stability of Italy"
Steve Pieczenik, a former member of the U. S. State Department sent by President Jimmy Carter as a "psychological expert" to integrate the Interior Minister Francesco Cossiga's crisis cell, was interviewed by Emmanuel Amara in his 2006 documentary Les derniers jours d'Aldo Moro (The Last Days of Aldo Moro), in which he stated that:
| “ | We had to sacrifice Aldo Moro to maintain the stability of Italy. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. [13][14] | ” |
He added that the U. S. had to "instrumentalize the Red Brigades," and that the decision to have him killed was taken during the fourth week of Moro's detention, when he started revealing state secrets through his letters [15] (allegedly the existence of Gladio). [14]
Cinematic adaptations
A number of films have portrayed the events of Moro's kidnapping and murder, with varying degrees of fictionalization:
- Todo modo (1975), directed by Elio Petri, in which the character of the president is evidently inspired by Aldo Moro. Elio Petri ( January 29, 1929 - November 10, 1982) was a political Italian Filmmaker. The film is based on a novel by Leonardo Sciascia. Leonardo Sciascia ( January 8, 1921 - November 20 1989) was an Italian writer and politician
- Il caso Moro (1986), directed by Giuseppe Ferrara and starring Gian Maria Volonté as Moro. Gian Maria Volontè ( April 9 1933 – December 6 1994) was an Italian actor
- Year of the Gun (1991), directed by John Frankenheimer. Year of the Gun is a 1991 thriller film directed by John Frankenheimer and starred Andrew McCarthy, Sharon Stone and John Michael Frankenheimer ( February 19, 1930 &ndash July 6, 2002) was an American Film director.
- Broken Dreams (Sogni infranti, 1995), a documentary directed by Marco Bellocchio. Marco Bellocchio (born November 9 1939) is an Italian Film director, Screenwriter and actor
- Five Moons Plaza (Piazza Delle Cinque Lune, 2003), directed by Renzo Martinelli and starring Donald Sutherland. Donald McNicol Sutherland OC (born July 17, 1935) is a Canadian Actor with a film career spanning over 50 years
- Good Morning, Night (Buongiorno, notte, 2003), directed by Marco Bellocchio, portrays the kidnapping largely from the perspective of one of the kidnappers. Buongiorno notte ( Good Morning Night) is an Italian film released in 2003 and directed by Marco Bellocchio. Marco Bellocchio (born November 9 1939) is an Italian Film director, Screenwriter and actor
- Emmanuel Amara, Les derniers jours d'Aldo Moro (The Last Days of Aldo Moro)
References
- ^ 1978: Aldo Moro snatched at gunpoint, "On This Day", BBC (English)
- ^ Holmes, J. Derek, and Bernard W. Bickers. A Short History of the Catholic Church. London: Burns and Oates, 1983. 291.
- ^ Report of Conadep (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons): Prologue - 1984
- ^ Quoted in Dershowitz, AM Why Terrorism Works, p134 ISBN: 9780300101539
- ^ June 17, 1998 hearing of the Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi directed by senator Giovanni Pellegrino (Italian)
- ^ «Quel giorno in Tribunale con lui Difese i terroristi rossi e l' Hyperion», Corriere della Sera, January 23, 2007 (Italian)
- ^ ¾È¶Ç´Ï¿À ³×±×¸®ÀÇ ±Û¸ðÀ½
- ^ Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini (with a postscript from Judge Rosario Priore, who investigated on Aldo Moro's death), Che cosa sono le Red Brigades ("Who are the Red Brigades"), Published in French as Brigades rouges : L'histoire secrète des BR racontée par leur fondateur (Red Brigades: The secret [hi]story of the RBs, recounted by their founder), Alberto Franceschini, with Giovanni Fasanella. Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American Lawyer, Jurist, and political commentator. Giovanni Pellegrino (born June 4, 1939) is an Italian politician currently the president of the Province of Lecce in Apulia. Corriere della Sera ("Evening Courier" is an Italian daily Newspaper (first in sales) published in Milan. Editions Panama, 2005, ISBN 2755700203.
- ^ Sporchi trucchi - "The CIA's anti-communist scheming in postwar Italy is well-documented, but the plot thickens with new revelations about British involvement." (1976 Foreign Office papers declassified. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting The Guardian, UK)
- ^ Arthur E. Rowse, "Gladio: The Secret US War to Subvert Italian Democracy", Covert Action Quarterly, Washington, DC, Number 49, Summer 1994. Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind CovertAction Quarterly (named CovertAction Information Bulletin until 1992) is an American publication focused on and critical of the US
- ^ Moro's ghost haunts political life, Philip Willan in The Guardian, May 9, 2003
- ^ Omicidio Pecorelli - Andreotti condannato, La Repubblica, 17 November 2002 (Italian)
- ^ Emmanuel Amara, Les derniers jours d'Aldo Moro (The Last Days of Aldo Moro), Interview of Steve Pieczenik put on-line by Rue 89
- ^ a b Hubert Artus, Pourquoi le pouvoir italien a lâché Aldo Moro, exécuté en 1978 (Why the Italian Power let go of Aldo Moro, executed in 1978), Rue 89, 6 February 2008 (French)
- ^ Emmanuel Amara, Les derniers jours d'Aldo Moro (The Last Days of Aldo Moro), Interview of Steve Pieczenik & Francesco Cossiga put on-line by Rue 89
- Interview with Giovanni Moro, Aldo Moro's son by La Repubblica, March 16, 1998. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. la Repubblica (meaning "the Republic" is as of 2006 the largest circulation Italian daily general-interest newspaper. Rue 89 is a French Website created by former journalists from Libération. Rue 89 is a French Website created by former journalists from Libération. Rue 89 is a French Website created by former journalists from Libération. la Repubblica (meaning "the Republic" is as of 2006 the largest circulation Italian daily general-interest newspaper.
- Giovanni Fasanella, Secret of State. The truth from Gladio to the Moro case (with G. Pellegrino, Einaudi, 2000)
- Giovanni Fasanella and Giuseppe Roca, The Mysterious Intermediary. Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind Giovanni Pellegrino (born June 4, 1939) is an Italian politician currently the president of the Province of Lecce in Apulia. Igor Markevitch and the Moro case (Einaudi, 2003)
- Gianfranco Sanguinetti, On Terrorism and the State
- Emmanuel Amara, Nous avons tué Aldo Moro, Paris: Patrick Robin, 2006, ISBN 2352280125. Igor Markevitch (Ігор Маркевич ( August 9, 1912 &ndash March 7, 1983) was a Ukrainian Composer Gianfranco Sanguinetti was a writer and member of the Situationist International (SI a political art movement
Further reading
- Richard Drake (1996). The Aldo Moro Murder Case. Boston: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674014812.
Notes
External links
- Banca dati della memoria: Moro's letters and +
- Memorial Moro on strategy of tension
- Buongiorno, notte, 2003 film about the kidnapping
- Piazza Delle Cinque Lune, 2003 film about the kidnapping
- Italian document March 2, 1987
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