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AA meeting sign
AA meeting sign

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an informal meeting society for recovering alcoholics. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Its members state as their primary purpose, to stay sober and help other alcoholics to achieve sobriety. [1] AA suggests that alcoholics follow its program and abstain from alcohol in order to recover from alcoholism, and share their experience, strength, and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem. [2][3][4] AA was the first twelve-step program and has been the model for similar recovery groups like Narcotics Anonymous. A twelve-step program is a set of guiding principles for recovery from Addiction, compulsion, or other behavioral problems Narcotics Anonymous ( NA) is a Twelve-step program of recovery from Drug addiction, modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous. Al-Anon/Alateen are programs designed to provide support for relatives and friends of alcoholics. Al-Anon and Alateen are international organizations jointly known as Al-Anon Family Groups with a membership of over half a million men women and teens providing Although AA is not for everyone and attrition rates tend to be high,[5] there is evidence supporting the effectiveness of AA as a treatment for alcoholism. [6]

Contents

History

Main article: History of Alcoholics Anonymous

By 1934, alcoholic Bill Wilson had ruined a promising Wall Street career with his constant drunkenness. The history of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA has been documented in books movies and AA literature from its founding in 1935 as a solution for alcoholism by Bill Wilson (known as Bill William Griffith Wilson ( 26 November 1895 – 24 January 1971) also known as Bill Wilson or Bill W He was introduced to the idea of a spiritual cure by old drinking buddy Ebby Thacher who had become a member of a Christian movement called the Oxford Group. Edwin Throckmorton Thacher ( 29 April 1896 &ndash 21 March 1966) (commonly known as Ebby Thacher or Ebby T The Oxford Group was a Christian organization founded by American Christian missionary Dr Wilson was treated by Dr. William Silkworth who promoted a disease concept of alcoholism. William Duncan Silkworth, MD (1873?-1951 was an American Medical doctor and specialist in the treatment of Alcoholism. Alcoholism is a disease characterized by the compulsive drinking of Alcoholic beverages. While in the hospital, Wilson underwent a spiritual experience which convinced him of the existence of a healing higher power and he was able to stop drinking. On a 1935 business trip to Akron, Ohio, Wilson felt the urge to drink again and in an effort to stay sober, he sought another alcoholic to help. Akron is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Summit County. Wilson was introduced to Dr. Bob Smith, and Smith also found sobriety through spiritual means. Robert Holbrook Smith ( August 8 1879 &ndash November 16 1950) was an American physician and surgeon who co-founded Alcoholics

Wilson and Smith co-founded AA with a word of mouth program to help alcoholics. Smith's last drink on June 10, 1935 is considered by members to be the founding date of AA. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [7] By 1937, Wilson and Smith determined that they had helped 40 alcoholics get sober, and two years later, with the first 100 members, Wilson expanded the program by writing a book entitled Alcoholics Anonymous which the organization also adopted as its name. The book, informally referred to by members as "The Big Book," described a twelve-step program involving admission of powerlessness, moral inventory, and asking for help from a higher power. In 1941 book sales and membership increased after radio interviews and favourable articles in national magazines, particularly by Jack Alexander in The Saturday Evening Post. By 1946, as membership grew, confusion and disputes within groups over practices, finances, and publicity led Wilson to write the guidelines for noncoercive group management that eventually became known as the Twelve Traditions. The Twelve Traditions of Twelve-step programs provide guidelines for relationships between the twelve-step groups members other groups the global fellowship and society at AA came of age at the 1955 St. Louis convention when Wilson turned over the stewardship of AA to the General Service Board. [8] In this era AA also began its international expansion, and by 2001 the number of members worldwide was estimated at two million.

Organization

Main article: Twelve Traditions
A regional service center for Alcoholics Anonymous.
A regional service center for Alcoholics Anonymous. The Twelve Traditions of Twelve-step programs provide guidelines for relationships between the twelve-step groups members other groups the global fellowship and society at

In 2006 there were a reported 1,867,212 AA members in 106,202 AA groups worldwide. [9] The Twelve Traditions informally guide how AA groups function, and the Twelve Concepts for World Service guide how AA is structured globally. The Twelve Traditions of Twelve-step programs provide guidelines for relationships between the twelve-step groups members other groups the global fellowship and society at [10]

A member who accepts a service position or an organizing role is a "trusted servant" with terms rotating and limited, typically lasting three months to two years and determined by group vote. Each group is a self-governing entity with AA World Services acting only in an advisory capacity. AA is served entirely by alcoholics, except for seven "nonalcoholic friends of the fellowship" out of twenty-one members of the AA Board of Trustees. [11]

AA groups are self-supporting and not charities, and they have no dues or membership fees. Groups rely on member donations, typically $1 collected per meeting in America, to pay for expenses like room rental, refreshments, and literature. [12] No one is turned away for lack of funds. [13]

AA receives proceeds from books and literature which constitute more than 50% of the income for the General Service Office (GSO),[14] which unlike individual groups is not self-supporting and maintains a small salaried staff. It also maintains service centers which coordinate activities like printing literature, responding to public inquiries, and organizing conferences. They are funded by local members and responsible to the AA groups they represent.

Program

See also: Twelve-step program: The Twelve Steps

The suggested AA recovery program for alcoholics includes abstaining from alcohol one day at a time, following Twelve Steps,[15] helping with duties and service work in AA,[16] and regular AA meeting attendance[17] or contact with AA members. A twelve-step program is a set of guiding principles for recovery from Addiction, compulsion, or other behavioral problems A twelve-step program is a set of guiding principles for recovery from Addiction, compulsion, or other behavioral problems [15] Members are encouraged to ask their group for help in finding an experienced fellow alcoholic called a sponsor to help them follow the AA program, ideally one that has enjoyed sobriety for at least a year and is of the same sex as the sponsee, and who does not impose personal views on sponsees but only teaches the suggested AA program. [18]

Meetings

Anyone is allowed to attend "open" AA meetings, while "closed" meetings are reserved to those who have a desire to stop drinking. [19] There are groups restricted to men or women, groups angled at gay people, and groups for speakers of minority languages. Most AA meetings begin with socializing. Formats vary between meetings, for example, a beginner's meeting might include a talk by a long-time sober member about his or her personal experience of drinking, coming to AA and what was learned there of sobriety. A group discussion on topics related to alcoholism and the AA program might follow. [20]

In a standard meeting, the chairperson starts by calling the meeting to order and offering a short prayer, meditation, and/or period of silence. Then, a section from "The Big Book" may be read aloud, typically the beginning of Chapter Five, entitled "How It Works". Announcements from the leader and/or group members follow. Many groups celebrate newcomers, visitors, and sobriety anniversaries with rounds of applause. Following the announcements, donations are collected, usually by passing a basket around the room. Depending on the type of meeting, there follows either a talk by a speaker relating their personal experience with alcoholism and AA or a discussion session with topics chosen by the chairperson, the speaker, and/or the attendees. [21] A hallmark of these types of AA meeting is the "no crosstalk" rule, whereby responding to another member's comments is discouraged. After the discussion period, appreciation may be expressed to the speaker and the meeting is ended with a prayer, usually the Serenity Prayer or often in the US, the Lord's Prayer. The Serenity Prayer is the common name for an originally untitled Prayer, most commonly attributed to the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr. The Lord's Prayer, also known as the Our Father or Pater noster, is probably the best-known Prayer in Christianity. These ending prayers are often undertaken by the entire group forming a circle and holding hands. More socializing typically follows the formal meeting, and it is common for members to gather at nearby coffee shops.

Other meeting formats also exist where specific AA related topics are discussed in more detail. A common example is a Step Study meeting where one or more of the 12 steps are discussed at length.

Disease of alcoholism

Main article: Disease theory of alcoholism

The disease theory is generally accepted by the medical community, which argues that genetic, neurological and behavioral studies distinguish those with alcohol dependence from problem drinkers. Alcoholism is a disease characterized by the compulsive drinking of Alcoholic beverages. Physical dependence (or drug dependence) refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug where negative physical Withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation [22] AA also regards alcoholism as a disease[23][24] (though Bill Wilson once stated that it was more comparable to an illness or malady),[25] and uses the concept to challenge the belief of chronic, compulsive drinkers that they can stay sober by willpower alone. [26] Dr William Silkworth introduced to Wilson and AA the idea that alcoholism is a disease consisting of an obsession to drink alcohol, and an allergy, which was the compulsion to continue drinking once the first drink had been taken. [27] Alcoholics, he argued, can never safely use alcohol in any form at all, since once forming the habit, they cannot break it. [28]

Demographics

AA's 2004 survey of over 7500 members in Canada and the United States concluded that AA is composed of 89. 1% white, 65% male, and 35% female members. Average member sobriety is eight years with 36% sober more than ten years, 14% sober from five to ten years, 24% sober from one to five years, and 26% sober less than one year. Before coming to AA, 64% of members received some type of treatment or counselling, such as medical, psychological, or spiritual. After coming to AA, 65% received outside treatment or counselling, and 84% of those members said that that outside help played an important part in their recovery. [29]

Influences on US treatment industry

Since 1949 when Hazelden treatment center was founded by members of Alcoholics Anonymous, some alcoholic rehabilitation clinics have frequently incorporated precepts of the AA program into their own treatment programs. [30] A reverse influence has also occurred with AA receiving 31% of its membership from treatment center referrals. [29]

Court rulings

In the United States, Courts have ruled since 1996 that inmates, parolees, and probationers cannot be ordered to attend a religious based program such as AA or other recovery programs that have substantial religious components since such coercion is in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment refers to the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that " The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress [31][32] AA receives 11% of its membership from court ordered attendance. [29]

Effectiveness

See main article: Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous

Limitations on research

The study of AA tends to polarize observers into believers and non-believers, and discussion of AA often creates argument rather than objective reflection. Research into the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous and in particular of their Twelve-step program has generated Many researchers take a skeptical view of AA because some of AA's methods are spiritual, not scientific. [33] A randomized trial of AA is very difficult because members are self-selected, not randomly selected. [34] Two opposing types of self-selection bias are that drinkers may be motivated to stop drinking before they attend AA, and AA may attract the more severe and difficult cases. [35] Control groups with AA versus non-AA subjects are also difficult because AA is so easily accessible. [35]

Studies

Many studies have demonstrated an association between AA attendance and increased abstinence or other positive outcomes. [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Other studies have concluded that AA attendance can lead to poorer outcomes than other therapies. [44][40][45][46][47]

Harvard professor of psychiatry George E. Vaillant, a member of the Board of Trustees of Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, described his investigations into the effectiveness of AA in his book, The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited. George Eman Vaillant MD (born 1934 is an American Psychiatrist and Professor at Harvard Medical School and Director of Research for the Department The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited (1995 is a book by Psychiatrist George E [48] Vaillant's research and literature surveys suggested indirect evidence that AA is an effective treatment for alcohol abuse,[33] partly because it is a cheap, community-based fellowship with easy access. [49]

Project MATCH was designed to determine which types of alcoholics responded best to different forms of treatment. Project MATCH began in 1989 and was sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA The programs were administered by psychotherapists and although twelve-step methods were incorporated into the therapy, actual AA meetings were not included. [50][51] The study concluded that patient-treatment matching is not necessary in alcoholism treatment because the three techniques tested are equal in effectiveness. Although it is acknowledged that the TSF treatment group used in the Match study was not a true implementation of Alcoholics Anonymous some investigators believe that it represents the most rigorous investigation of this group to date. [52]

Attrition

In a 1989 internal AA survey, it was estimated that of those who attended AA for the first time, about 1/2 remained less than three months. After the first year, the rate of attrition continues at a slower rate. About 40% of the members sober for less than a year will remain another year. About 80% of those sober less than five years will remain sober and active in the fellowship another year. About 90% of the members sober five years or more will remain sober and active in the fellowship another year. These figures have been repeated within a few percentage points using the same calculations since 1974. [5]

Criticism and controversy

See also: Twelve-step program: Criticism

Moderation or abstinence

AA acknowledges that not all drinkers are alcoholics, but advocates total abstinence for those who are. A twelve-step program is a set of guiding principles for recovery from Addiction, compulsion, or other behavioral problems [53] Critics believe that more options should be available to problem drinkers who can manage their drinking with the right treatment. [54]

A 2002 U. S. study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) showed that 17. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA as part of the U 7% of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. However, this group showed fewer initial symptoms of dependency. [55] A follow-up study, using the same NESARC subjects that were judged to be in remission in 2001-2002, examined the rates of return to problem drinking in 2004-2005. The major conclusion made by the authors of this NIAAA study was "Abstinence represents the most stable form of remission for most recovering alcoholics". [56]

Other notable criticism

Literature

See also

References

  1. ^ What is Aa? Defining "Alcoholics Anonymous". The history of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA has been documented in books movies and AA literature from its founding in 1935 as a solution for alcoholism by Bill Wilson (known as Bill Addiction recovery groups are voluntary associations of people who share a common desire to overcome drug addiction Al-Anon and Alateen are international organizations jointly known as Al-Anon Family Groups with a membership of over half a million men women and teens providing Drunkenness or inebriation is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of Alcoholic beverages to a degree that mental and physical faculties are noticeably Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Self-help groups for mental health are voluntary associations of people who share a common desire to overcome Mental illness or otherwise increase their level of cognitive or Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of twelve-step programs based on the set of guiding A twelve-step program is a set of guiding principles for recovery from Addiction, compulsion, or other behavioral problems Substance abuse is the overindulgence in and dependence of a Drug or other chemical leading to effects that are detrimental to the individual's physical and mental health The Recovery Model is an approach to Mental disorder or Substance dependence (and/or from being labeled in those terms that emphasizes and supports each The General Service Board of Alcoholics Anonymous (Great Britain). Retrieved on 2006-11-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  2. ^ AA Preamble
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  12. ^ Once Upon A Time... Mitchel K. 04/08/98
  13. ^ [2]AA Fact File p 17
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External links

Dictionary

Alcoholics Anonymous

-proper noun

  1. An organization which aims to help alcoholics to remain sober
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