Functional group of an alcohol molecule. The carbon atom is bound to hydrogen atoms and may bind to other carbon atom(s) to form a carbon chain. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Methanol, an alcohol with a single carbon atom, is pictured. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Ethanol, which is drinking alcohol, has two carbon atoms.

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 An alkyl is a Univalent radical consisting of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain The general formula for a simple acyclic alcohol is C_nH_2n+1OH. In Organic chemistry, compounds composed of Carbon and Hydrogen are divided into two classes Aromatic compounds which contain Benzene rings

The word alcohol was introduced into the English language circa 1543 from the Arabic: الغول‎, "al-ġuḥl". English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In layman's terms, it usually refers to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol or (older) spirits of wine, or to any alcoholic beverage. The term " layman " originated from the use of the term Laity, but over the centuries changed definition to mean a person who is a non-expert in a given field of Ethanol is a colorless, volatile liquid with a mild odor which can be obtained by the fermentation of sugars. Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates using an endogenous electron acceptor which is (Industrially, it is more commonly obtained by ethylene hydration—the reaction of ethylene with water in the presence of phosphoric acid. Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula ^[1]) Ethanol is the most widely used depressant in the world, and has been for thousands of years. Depressant is a chemical agent that diminishes the function or activity of a specific part of the body (see also Sedative) This sense underlies the term alcoholism (addiction to alcohol). Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as

Other alcohols are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol) or wood alcohol (methyl alcohol, or methanol). Isopropyl alcohol (also isopropanol, iso, isopro, Rubbing alcohol, or the abbreviation IPA) is a common name for Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound The suffix -ol appears in the "official" IUPAC chemical name of all alcohols. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization

There are three major subsets of alcohols: primary (1°), secondary (2°) and tertiary (3°), based upon the number of carbon atoms the C-OH group's carbon (shown in red) is bonded to. Ethanol is a simple 'primary' alcohol. The simplest secondary alcohol is isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol), and a simple tertiary alcohol is tert-butyl alcohol (2-methylpropan-2-ol). Isopropyl alcohol (also isopropanol, iso, isopro, Rubbing alcohol, or the abbreviation IPA) is a common name for tert -Butanol, or 2-methyl-2-propanol (colourless liquid or white solid depending on the ambient temperature is the simplest Tertiary alcohol.

The phenols with parent compound phenol have a hydroxyl group (attached to a benzene ring) just like alcohols, but differ sufficiently in properties as to warrant a separate treatment. In Organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of Chemical compounds consisting of a Hydroxyl group (- Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6

Carbohydrates (sugars) and sugar alcohols are an important class of compounds containing multiple alcohol functional groups. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most A sugar alcohol (also known as a Polyol, polyhydric alcohol, or polyalcohol) is a hydrogenated form of Carbohydrate, whose For example, sucrose (common sugar) contains eight hydroxyl groups per molecule and sorbitol has six. Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a Sugar alcohol that the body metabolises slowly Most of the attributes of these polyols, from nomenclature, to occurrence, use and toxicity, are sufficiently different from simple aliphatic alcohols as to require a separate treatment. The name polyols refers to Alcohols containing multiple Hydroxyl groups

Simple alcohols

The simplest and most commonly used alcohols are methanol and ethanol. Methanol was formerly obtained by the distillation of wood and called "wood alcohol. " It is now a cheap commodity, the chemical product of carbon monoxide reacting with hydrogen under high pressure. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Methanol is intoxicating but not directly poisonous. Intoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. It is toxic by its breakdown (toxication) by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver by forming formic acid and formaldehyde which cause permanent blindness by destruction of the optic nerve. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Toxication is the process of Metabolism in which the metabolite of a compound is more toxic than the parent drug or Chemical. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH is an enzyme discovered in the mid-1960s in Drosophila melanogaster. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve II, is the Nerve that transmits visual information from the Retina to the Brain. ^[2]

Apart from its familiar role in alcoholic beverages, ethanol is also used as a highly controlled industrial solvent and raw material. To avoid the high taxes on ethanol for consumption, additives are added to make it unpalatable (such as denatonium benzoate—"Bitrex") or poisonous (such as methanol). Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (under Trade names such as Bitrex or Aversion) and as denatonium Ethanol in this form is known generally as denatured alcohol; when methanol is used, it may be referred to as methylated spirits ("Meths") or "surgical spirits". Denatured alcohol is Ethanol which has been rendered toxic or otherwise undrinkable and in some cases dyed Denatured alcohol is Ethanol which has been rendered toxic or otherwise undrinkable and in some cases dyed

Two other alcohols whose uses are relatively widespread (though not so much as those of methanol and ethanol) are propanol and butanol. Butanol or butyl alcohol (sometimes also called biobutanol when produced biologically is a Primary alcohol with a 4 Carbon structure and the Molecular Like ethanol, they can be produced by fermentation processes. (However, the fermenting agent is a bacterium, Clostridium acetobutylicum, that feeds on cellulose, not sugars like the Saccharomyces yeast that produces ethanol. Clostridium acetobutylicum, included in the genus Clostridium, is a commercially valuable Bacterium. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 )

Nomenclature

Systematic names

In the IUPAC system, the name of the alkane chain loses the terminal "e" and adds "ol", e. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general g. "methanol" and "ethanol". ^[3] When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by a number between the alkane name and the "ol": propan-1-ol for CH₃CH₂CH₂OH, propan-2-ol for CH₃CH(OH)CH₃. Propan-1-ol is a primary Alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH Isopropyl alcohol (also isopropanol, iso, isopro, Rubbing alcohol, or the abbreviation IPA) is a common name for Sometimes, the position number is written before the IUPAC name: 1-propanol and 2-propanol. If a higher priority group is present (such as an aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid), then it is necessary to use the prefix "hydroxy",^[3] for example: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH₃COCH₂OH). An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H

Some examples of simple alcohols and how to name them:

Examples of alcohols & their names

Common names for alcohols usually takes name of the corresponding alkyl group and add the word "alcohol", e. An alkyl is a Univalent radical consisting of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain g. methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or tert-butyl alcohol. In Chemistry, a methyl group is a Hydrophobic Alkyl Functional group named after Methane (4 In Chemistry, an ethyl group is an Alkyl Functional group derived from Ethane ( C 2 H 6 In Organic chemistry, butyl is a four- Carbon Alkyl substituent with Chemical formula -C4H9. Propyl alcohol may be n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol depending on whether the hydroxyl group is bonded to the 1st or 2nd carbon on the propane chain. In Organic chemistry, propyl is a three- Carbon Alkyl substituent with Chemical formula - C 3 H 7 Isopropyl alcohol is also occasionally called sec-propyl alcohol.

As mentioned above alcohols are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°) or tertiary (3°), and common names often indicate this in the alkyl group prefix. For example (CH₃)₃COH is a tertiary alcohol is commonly known as tert-butyl alcohol. This would be named 2-methylpropan-2-ol under IUPAC rules, indicating a propane chain with methyl and hydroxyl groups both attached to the middle (#2) carbon.

Primary alcohol (1°)- Have general formulas RCH₂OH Secondary alcohol (2°)- Have general formulas RR'CHOH Tertiary alcohol (3°)- Have general formulas RR'RCOH Hydrogen bond strength order: 1°>2°>3° Boiling point order: 1°>2°>3° Acidity order: 1°>2°>3°

Etymology

The word alcohol appears in English in the 16th century, loaned via French from medical Latin, ultimately from the Arabic al-kuḥl. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language al is Arabic for the definitive article, the in English. kuḥl was the name given to the very fine powder, produced by the sublimation of the natural mineral stibnite to form antimony sulfide Sb₂S₃ (hence the essence or "spirit" of the substance), which was used as an antiseptic and eyeliner. Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage Stibnite, sometimes called antimonite, is a Sulfide Mineral with the formula Sb 2 S 3 Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial Kohl is a mixture of Soot and other ingredients used predominantly by Middle Eastern North African Sub-Saharan African and South Asian

The introduction of the word to European terminology in alchemy dates to the 12th century, by Latin translations of works of Rhazes (865-925), who described the art of distillation. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Bartholomew Traheron in his 1543 translation of John of Vigo introduces the word as a term used by "barbarous" (Moorish) authors for "fine powder":

the barbarous auctours use alcohol, or (as I fynde it sometymes wryten) alcofoll, for moost fine poudre. John of Vigo (Giovanni de Vigo Joannes de Vigo Jean de Vigo Juan de Vigo, ca The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent

William Johnson in his 1657 Lexicon Chymicum glosses the word as antimonium sive stibium. William Johnson may be;Arts and Entertainment William Gary Johnson (1879–1949 called Bunk Johnson, American jazz musician William H By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including "alcohol of wine", the distilled essence of wine. Libavius in Alchymia (1594) has vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum. Andreas Libavius (1555 &ndash July 25, 1616) was a German doctor and Chemist. Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat. The word's meaning became restricted to "spirit of wine" (ethanol) in the 18th century, and was again extended to the family of substances so called in modern chemistry from 1850.

The current Arabic name for alcohol is الكحول al-kuḥūl, re-introduced from western usage, while the Classical Arabic word is الغول al-ġawl (e. Classical Arabic (CA also known as Qur'anic or Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts from Umayyad g. sura 37:47), literally "spirit" (the word al-ġawl is also the origin of the English word "ghoul", and the name of the star Algol). Surat As-Saaffat (سورة الصافات (Those Who Set The Ranks Drawn Up In Ranks is the 37th sura of the Qur'an with 182 Ayat. The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A ghoul is a Monster from ancient Arabian folklore that dwells in burial grounds and other uninhabited places Algol (β Per / Beta Persei known colloquially as the Demon Star, is a bright Star in the Constellation Perseus.

Physical and chemical properties

The hydroxyl group generally makes the alcohol molecule polar. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to other compounds. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen This hydrogen bonding means that alcohols can be used as protic solvents. In Chemistry a protic solvent is a Solvent that has a Hydrogen atom bound to an Oxygen as in a Hydroxyl group or a Nitrogen Two opposing solubility trends in alcohols are: the tendency of the polar OH to promote solubility in water, and of the carbon chain to resist it. Thus, methanol, ethanol, and propanol are miscible in water because the hydroxyl group wins out over the short carbon chain. Butanol, with a four-carbon chain, is moderately soluble because of a balance between the two trends. Butanol or butyl alcohol (sometimes also called biobutanol when produced biologically is a Primary alcohol with a 4 Carbon structure and the Molecular Alcohols of five or more carbons (Pentanol and higher) are effectively insoluble in water because of the hydrocarbon chain's dominance. Amyl alcohol is an Organic compound with the formula C5H11OH All eight Isomers of Amyl Alcohol are known All simple alcohols are miscible in organic solvents.

Because of hydrogen bonding, alcohols tend to have higher boiling points than comparable hydrocarbons and ethers. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Ether is a class of Organic compounds which contain an ether group — an Oxygen Atom connected to two (substituted Alkyl The boiling point of the alcohol ethanol is 78. 29 °C, compared to 69 °C for the hydrocarbon Hexane (a common constituent of gasoline), and 34. Hexane is an Alkane Hydrocarbon with the Chemical formula CH3(CH24CH3 or C6H14 6 °C for Diethyl ether. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a

Alcohols, like water, can show either acidic or basic properties at the O-H group. With a pK_a of around 16-19 they are generally slightly weaker acids than water, but they are still able to react with strong bases such as sodium hydride or reactive metals such as sodium. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Sodium hydride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaH It is primarily used as a strong base in Organic synthesis. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 The salts that result are called alkoxides, with the general formula RO^- M⁺. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants An alkoxide is the Conjugate base of an Alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged Oxygen atom An alkyl is a Univalent radical consisting of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across

Meanwhile the oxygen atom has lone pairs of nonbonded electrons that render it weakly basic in the presence of strong acids such as sulfuric acid. lone pair is a (valence electron pair without bonding or sharing with other Atoms They are found in the outermost Electron shell of an atom so lone pairs In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. For example, with methanol:

Alcohols can also undergo oxidation to give aldehydes, ketones or carboxylic acids, or they can be dehydrated to alkenes. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon They can react to form ester compounds, and they can (if activated first) undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least In organic and Inorganic chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of Substitution reaction in which an "electron rich" The lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of the hydroxyl group also makes alcohols nucleophiles. For more details see the reactions of alcohols section below. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon

Applications

Alcohols can be used as a beverage (ethanol only), as fuel and for many scientific, medical, and industrial utilities. Ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages has been consumed by humans since pre-historic times. A 50% v/v solution of ethylene glycol in water is commonly used as an antifreeze. Ethylene glycol ( monoethylene glycol ( MEG) 12-ethanediol, IUPAC name: ethane-12-diol) is an Alcohol with two -OH Antifreeze is a Cryoprotectant used in Internal combustion engines and for many other heat transfer applications such as electronics cooling and Chillers

Some alcohols, mainly ethanol and methanol, can be used as an Alcohol fuel. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Although Fossil fuels have become the dominant Energy resource for the modern world Alcohol has been used as a fuel throughout history Fuel performance can be increased in forced induction internal combustion engines by injecting alcohol into the air intake after the turbocharger or supercharger has pressurized the air. Forced induction is a term used to describe Internal combustion engines that are not naturally aspirated. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine. This cools the pressurized air, providing a denser air charge, which allows for more fuel, and therefore more power.

Alcohols have applications in industry and science as reagents or solvents. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Because of its low toxicity and ability to dissolve non-polar substances, ethanol can be used as a solvent in medical drugs, perfumes, and vegetable essences such as vanilla. "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. In organic synthesis, alcohols serve as versatile intermediates. Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic

Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to disinfect the skin before injections are given, often along with iodine. Ethanol-based soaps are becoming common in restaurants and are convenient because they do not require drying due to the volatility of the compound. Alcohol is also used as a preservative for specimens. A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods pharmaceuticals paints biological samples wood etc Specimen are a British band formed in the 1980s Their music has been described as being comprised of many different genres of music including Glam, Goth

Production

Industrially alcohols are produced in several ways:

• By fermentation using glucose produced from sugar from the hydrolysis of starch, in the presence of yeast and temperature of less than 37°C to produce ethanol. Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates using an endogenous electron acceptor which is Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide For instance the conversion of invertase to glucose and fructose or the conversion of glucose to zymase and ethanol. Invertase ( (systematic name beta-fructofuranosidase is a Sucrase enzyme Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Fructose (also levulose or laevulose) is a simple reducing Sugar ( Monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Zymase is an Enzyme complex ("mixture" that catalyzes Glycolysis, the fermentation of Sugar into Ethanol and Carbon
• By direct hydration using ethylene (ethylene hydration^[1] or other alkenes from cracking of fractions of distilled crude oil. In Organic chemistry, a hydration reaction is a Chemical reaction in which a Hydroxyl group (OH- and a Hydrogen Cation Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. In Petroleum geology and Chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic Molecules such as Kerogens or heavy Hydrocarbons Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit It usually uses a catalyst of phosphoric acid under high temperature and pressure of 50-120. Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula
• Methanol is produced from synthesis gas, where carbon monoxide and 2 equivalents of hydrogen gas are combined to produce methanol using a copper, zinc oxide and aluminium oxide catalyst at 250°C and a pressure of 50-100 atm. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Syngas (from syn thesis gas) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs

Endogenous

It is inevitable that all humans always have some amount of alcohol in their bodies at all times, even if they never drink alcoholic beverages in their lives. This is because of a process called endogenous ethanol production. Many of the bacteria in the intestines use alcohol fermentation as a form of respiration. Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in Organisms cells to convert biochemical energy from This metabolic method produces alcohol as a waste product, in the same way that metabolism results in the formation of carbon dioxide and water. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Thus, human bodies always contain some quantity of alcohol produced by these benign bacteria.

Laboratory synthesis

Several methods exist for the preparation of alcohols in the laboratory.

• Primary alkyl halides react with aqueous NaOH or KOH mainly to primary alcohols in nucleophilic aliphatic substitution. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] In organic and Inorganic chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of Substitution reaction in which an "electron rich" (Secondary and especially tertiary alkyl halides will give the elimination (alkene) product instead).
• Aldehydes or ketones are reduced with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride (after an acidic workup). An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydroborate, has the Chemical formula Na[[boron B]] H 4 Lithium aluminium hydride ( Li[[Aluminium Al]] H4) commonly abbreviated to LAH, is a Reducing agent used in Organic synthesis Another reduction by aluminiumisopropylates is the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction. The Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction in Organic chemistry is the reduction of Ketones to secondary Alcohols with aluminumisopropylate catalysis
• Alkenes engage in an acid catalysed hydration reaction using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst which gives usually secondary or tertiary alcohols. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Organic chemistry, a hydration reaction is a Chemical reaction in which a Hydroxyl group (OH- and a Hydrogen Cation Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The hydroboration-oxidation and oxymercuration-reduction of alkenes are more reliable in organic synthesis. In Organic chemistry, the hydroboration-oxidation reaction is a two-step organic chemical reaction that converts an Alkene into a neutral Alcohol The oxymercuration reaction is an Electrophilic addition Organic reaction that transforms an Alkene into a neutral Alcohol. Alkenes react with NBS and water in halohydrin formation reaction
• Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups to secondary and tertiary alcohols. The halohydrin formation reaction is a Chemical reaction in which a Halogen is added to an Alkene in Aqueous solution to form a Halohydrin The Grignard reaction, named for the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard, is an organometallic Chemical reaction in which Alkyl - In Organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a Functional group composed of a Carbon Atom double-bonded to an Oxygen Related reactions are the Barbier reaction and the Nozaki-Hiyama reaction. The Barbier reaction is an Organic reaction between an Alkyl halide and a Carbonyl group as an Electrophilic substrate in the presence of The Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction is a Nickel / Chromium Coupling reaction forming an Alcohol from reaction of an Aldehyde with a
• Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation is the asymmetric reduction of β-keto-esters
• Amines can be converted to diazonium salts which are then hydrolyzed. The Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation is a Chemical reaction described as an asymmetric reduction of β- keto - Esters Both Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of Organic compounds sharing a common Functional group with the characteristic structure of R-N2+

The formation of a secondary alcohol via reduction and hydration is shown:

Reactions

Deprotonation

Alcohols can behave as weak acids, undergoing deprotonation. Deprotonation is a Chemistry term that refers to the removal of a Proton ( Hydrogen Cation H+ from a Molecule, forming The deprotonation reaction to produce an alkoxide salt is either performed with a strong base such as sodium hydride or n-butyllithium, or with sodium or potassium metal. An alkoxide is the Conjugate base of an Alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged Oxygen atom Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Sodium hydride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaH It is primarily used as a strong base in Organic synthesis. n -Butyllithium (abbreviated BuLi is the most prominent Organolithium reagent.

2 R-OH + 2 NaH → 2 R-O^-Na⁺ + 2H₂↑

2 R-OH + 2Na → 2R-O⁻Na + H₂

E. Sodium hydride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaH It is primarily used as a strong base in Organic synthesis. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 g. 2 CH₃CH₂-OH + 2 Na → 2 CH₃-CH₂-O⁻Na + H₂

Water is similar in pK_a to many alcohols, so with sodium hydroxide there is an equilibrium set up which usually lies to the left:

R-OH + NaOH <=> R-O^-Na⁺ + H₂O (equilibrium to the left)

It should be noted, though, that the bases used to deprotonate alcohols are strong themselves. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature In a Chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the chemical activities or Concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature The bases used and the alkoxides created are both highly moisture sensitive chemical reagents.

The acidity of alcohols is also affected by the overall stability of the alkoxide ion. Electron-withdrawing groups attached to the carbon containing the hydroxyl group will serve to stabilize the alkoxide when formed, thus resulting in greater acidity. The Polar effect or electronic effect in Chemistry is the effect exerted by a Substituent on modifying Electrostatic forces operating on a nearby On the other hand, the presence of electron-donating group will result in a less stable alkoxide ion formed. The Polar effect or electronic effect in Chemistry is the effect exerted by a Substituent on modifying Electrostatic forces operating on a nearby This will result in a scenario whereby the unstable alkoxide ion formed will tend to accept a proton to reform the original alcohol.

With alkyl halides alkoxides give rise to ethers in the Williamson ether synthesis. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Ether is a class of Organic compounds which contain an ether group — an Oxygen Atom connected to two (substituted Alkyl The Williamson ether synthesis was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850.

Nucleophilic substitution

The OH group is not a good leaving group in nucleophilic substitution reactions, so neutral alcohols do not react in such reactions. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. A leaving group is an Atom or group of atoms that detaches from a chemical substance In organic and Inorganic chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of Substitution reaction in which an "electron rich" However, if the oxygen is first protonated to give R−OH₂⁺, the leaving group (water) is much more stable, and the nucleophilic substitution can take place. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as For instance, tertiary alcohols react with hydrochloric acid to produce tertiary alkyl halides, where the hydroxyl group is replaced by a chlorine atom by unimolecular nucleophilic substitution. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and The SN1 reaction is a Substitution reaction in Organic chemistry. If primary or secondary alcohols are to be reacted with hydrochloric acid, an activator such as zinc chloride is needed. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Zinc chloride is the name of Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[chlorine Cl]]2 and its hydrates Alternatively the conversion may be performed directly using thionyl chloride. Thionyl chloride (or thionyl dichloride) is an Inorganic compound with the formula S[[Oxygen O]] Cl 2 ^[1]

Alcohols may likewise be converted to alkyl bromides using hydrobromic acid or phosphorus tribromide, for example:

3 R-OH + PBr₃ → 3 RBr + H₃PO₃

In the Barton-McCombie deoxygenation an alcohol is deoxygenated to an alkane with tributyltin hydride or a trimethylborane-water complex in a radical substitution reaction. Hydrobromic Acid is formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule Hydrogen bromide in water Phosphorus tribromide is a colourless liquid with the formula P[[Bromine Br]]3 The Barton-McCombie deoxygenation is an Organic reaction in which an Hydroxy Functional group in an Organic compound is replaced by a Hydride Alkanes, also known as Paraffins are Chemical compounds that consist only of the elements Carbon (C and Hydrogen (H (i Organotin compounds or stannanes are Chemical compounds based on Tin with Hydrocarbon substituents Organoborane or organoboron compounds are Chemical compounds that are organic derivatives of BH3 for example trialkyl boranes In Organic chemistry, a radical substitution reaction is a Substitution reaction involving free radicals as a Reactive intermediate.

Dehydration

Alcohols are themselves nucleophilic, so R−OH₂⁺ can react with ROH to produce ethers and water in a dehydration reaction, although this reaction is rarely used except in the manufacture of diethyl ether. Ether is a class of Organic compounds which contain an ether group — an Oxygen Atom connected to two (substituted Alkyl In Chemistry, a dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a

More useful is the E1 elimination reaction of alcohols to produce alkenes. An elimination reaction is a type of Organic reaction in which two Substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one or two-step mechanism. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon The reaction generally obeys Zaitsev's Rule, which states that the most stable (usually the most substituted) alkene is formed. In Chemistry, Zaitsev's rule, Saytzeff's rule or Saytsev's rule named after Alexander Mikhailovich Zaitsev (number of different spellings due Tertiary alcohols eliminate easily at just above room temperature, but primary alcohols require a higher temperature.

This is a diagram of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to produce ethene:

A more controlled elimination reaction is the Chugaev elimination with carbon disulfide and iodomethane. Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. The Chugaev elimination is a chemical reaction that involves the elimination of water from primary Alcohols to produce terminal Alkenes The intermediate is a Xanthate

Esterification

To form an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid the reaction, known as Fischer esterification, is usually performed at reflux with a catalyst of concentrated sulfuric acid:

R-OH + R'-COOH → R'-COOR + H₂O

In order to drive the equilibrium to the right and produce a good yield of ester, water is usually removed, either by an excess of H₂SO₄ or by using a Dean-Stark apparatus. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Fischer esterification or Fischer-Speier esterification is a special type of Esterification and the process of forming an Ester by Refluxing a This article is about using reflux in chemical engineering and chemistry Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. In Chemistry, yield, also referred to as chemical yield and reaction yield, is the amount of product obtained in a Chemical reaction The Dean-Stark apparatus or Dean-Stark receiver or distilling trap is a piece of Laboratory glassware used in Synthetic chemistry to collect Esters may also be prepared by reaction of the alcohol with an acid chloride in the presence of a base such as pyridine. In Organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an Organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a Carboxylic acid. Pyridine is a Chemical compound with the formula C5[[Hydrogen H5]] N.

Other types of ester are prepared similarly- for example tosyl (tosylate) esters are made by reaction of the alcohol with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine. A tosyl group (abbreviated Ts or Tos) combines the Toluene and Sulfonyl Functional groups. A tosyl group (abbreviated Ts or Tos) combines the Toluene and Sulfonyl Functional groups.

Oxidation

Main article: Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids

Primary alcohols (R-CH₂-OH) can be oxidized either to aldehydes (R-CHO) or to carboxylic acids (R-CO₂H), while the oxidation of secondary alcohols (R¹R²CH-OH) normally terminates at the ketone (R¹R²C=O) stage. The oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids is an important oxidation reaction in Organic chemistry. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or Tertiary alcohols (R¹R²R³C-OH) are resistant to oxidation.

The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding aldehyde, which is transformed via an aldehyde hydrate (R-CH(OH)₂) by reaction with water before it can be further oxidized to the carboxylic acid.

Mechanism of oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids via aldehydes and aldehyde hydrates

Often it is possible to interrupt the oxidation of a primary alcohol at the aldehyde level by performing the reaction in absence of water, so that no aldehyde hydrate can be formed.

Reagents useful for the transformation of primary alcohols to aldehydes are normally also suitable for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones. These include:

• Chromium-based reagents, such as Collins reagent (CrO₃·Py₂), PDC or PCC. Collins reagent is the complex of chromium(VI oxide with Pyridine in Dichloromethane.
• Activated DMSO, resulting from reaction of DMSO with electrophiles, such as oxalyl chloride (Swern oxidation), a carbodiimide (Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidation) or the complex SO₃·Py (Parikh-Doering oxidation). In Chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron-lover) is a Reagent attracted to Electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting Oxalyl chloride is a Chemical compound with the formula (COCl2 The Swern oxidation, named after Daniel Swern, is a Chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary Alcohol is oxidized to an Aldehyde A carbodiimide is a Functional group consisting of the formula N=C=N The Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidation, sometimes referred to as simply the Moffatt oxidation, is a Chemical reaction which describes the oxidation of primary and
• Hypervalent iodine compounds, such as Dess-Martin periodinane or 2-Iodoxybenzoic acid. Dess-Martin periodinane is a Chemical reagent used to oxidize primary Alcohols to Aldehydes and secondary Alcohols to Ketones
• Catalytic TPAP in presence of excess of NMO (Ley oxidation). Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate ( TPAP or TPAPR) is the Chemical compound described by the formula N(C3H74RuO4 Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate ( TPAP or TPAPR) is the Chemical compound described by the formula N(C3H74RuO4
• Catalytic TEMPO in presence of excess bleach (NaOCl) (Anelli’s oxidation). 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Sodium hypochlorite is a Chemical compound with the formula NaClO

Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones

Allylic and benzylic alcohols can be oxidized in presence of other alcohols using certain selective oxidants such as manganese dioxide (MnO₂). Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide.

Reagents useful for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones, but normally inefficient for oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes, include chromium trioxide (CrO₃) in a mixture of sulfuric acid and acetone (Jones oxidation) and certain ketones, such as cyclohexanone, in the presence of aluminium isopropoxide (Oppenauer oxidation). The acid Anhydride of Chromic acid, CrO3 is chromium trioxide or chromium(VI oxide; industrially this compound is sometimes sold as " Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable The Jones oxidation is a Chemical reaction described as the Chromic acid oxidation of primary and secondary Alcohols to Carboxylic acids Cyclohexanone is a six-carbon cyclic molecule with a Ketone functional group Aluminium isopropoxide is the Chemical compound usually described with the formula Al(O-i-Pr3 where i-Pr is the Isopropyl group (CH(CH32 Oppenauer oxidation, named after Rupert Viktor Oppenauer, is a gentle method for oxidizing secondary Alcohols to Ketones The

The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids can be carried out using:

• Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄). Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4
• Jones oxidation. The Jones oxidation is a Chemical reaction described as the Chromic acid oxidation of primary and secondary Alcohols to Carboxylic acids
• PDC in DMF. The Cornforth reagent ( pyridinium dichromate; PDC) is the complex of Chromium(VI oxide with aqueous Pyridine, with the chemical formula (C5H5NH2Cr2O7 A derivative of Furan, 25-Dimethylfuran is a Heterocyclic compound of the formula C6H8O
• Heyns oxidation.
• Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO₄). Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4 is a yellow diamagnetic tetrahedral Ruthenium compound
• TEMPO. 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO

Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids

Alcohols possessing two hydroxy groups located on adjacent carbons —that is, 1,2-diols— suffer oxidative breakage at a carbon-carbon bond with some oxidants such as sodium periodate (NaIO₄) or lead tetraacetate (Pb(OAc)₄), resulting in generation of two carbonyl groups. A diol or glycol is a Chemical compound containing two Hydroxyl groups (-OH groups Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups attached to adjacent atoms Sodium periodate can refer to two different chemical compounds which are essentially sodium salts of the two varieties of periodate ion Lead(IV acetate or lead tetraacetate is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula Pb(C2H3O24 and is a In Organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a Functional group composed of a Carbon Atom double-bonded to an Oxygen

Oxidative breakage of carbon-carbon bond in 1,2-diols

Toxicity

Main article: Effects of alcohol on the body

Alcohols often have an odor described as 'biting' that 'hangs' in the nasal passages. The short-term effects of alcohol on the human body can take several forms Ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages has been consumed by humans since pre-historic times, for a variety of hygienic, dietary, medicinal, religious, and recreational reasons. The consumption of large doses results in drunkenness or intoxication (which may lead to a hangover as the effect wears off) and, depending on the dose and regularity of use, can cause acute respiratory failure or death and with chronic use has medical repercussions. Drunkenness or inebriation is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of Alcoholic beverages to a degree that mental and physical faculties are noticeably A hangover ( veisalgia) describes the sum of unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of drugs particularly Alcoholic beverages The most commonly Because alcohol impairs judgment, it can often be a catalyst for reckless or irresponsible behavior. The LD₅₀ of ethanol in rats is 10,300 mg/kg. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a ^[4]

Other alcohols are substantially more poisonous than ethanol, partly because they take much longer to be metabolized, and often their metabolism produces even more toxic substances. Methanol, or wood alcohol, for instance, is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the liver to the poisonous formaldehyde, which can cause blindness or death. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH is an enzyme discovered in the mid-1960s in Drosophila melanogaster. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl ^[2]

An effective treatment to prevent formaldehyde toxicity after methanol ingestion is to administer ethanol. Alcohol dehydrogenase has a higher affinity for ethanol, thus preventing methanol from binding and acting as a substrate. Any remaining methanol will then have time to be excreted through the kidneys. Remaining formaldehyde will be converted to formic acid and excreted. Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid.

See also

• Alcohol fuel
• Alcoholic beverage
• Blood alcohol content
• Breathalyzer
• Fatty alcohol
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
• History of alcohol
• Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids
• Oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones
• Rubbing alcohol
• Sugar alcohol
• Transesterification

References

Bibliography