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Albert Schweitzer
Etching by Arthur William Heintzelman
Etching by Arthur William Heintzelman
Born January 14, 1875(1875-01-14)
Kaysersberg, Alsace-Lorraine
Died September 4, 1965 (aged 90)
Lambaréné, Gabon
Nationality 1875–1918 German
1918–1965 French
Fields Medicine, music, philosophy, theology
Notable awards Goethe Prize (1928)
Nobel Peace Prize (1952)

Albert Schweitzer, M.D., OM, (January 14, 1875 – September 4, 1965) was an Alsatian theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kaysersberg (Kaisersberg is a small town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département, in Alsace, France. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Lambaréné is the capital of the political district Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The Goethe Prize of Frankfurt-am-Main ( Goethepreis der Stadt Frankfurt) is a German Literary award of high prestige (not restricted to writers though The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health He was born in Kaisersberg in Alsace-Lorraine, a bilingual Romano-Germanic region which Germany returned to France after World War I. Kaysersberg (Kaisersberg is a small town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département, in Alsace, France. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 The term Romano-Germanic describes the conflation of Roman culture with that of various Germanic peoples under the rule of the Roman Empire. Deutsches Reich was the name for Germany from 1871 to 1945 in the German language. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Schweitzer challenged both the secular view of historical Jesus current at his time and the traditional Christian view, depicting a Jesus who expected the imminent end of the world. The historical Jesus is Jesus of Nazareth as reconstructed by historians using Historical methods These historical methods use critical He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his philosophy of "reverence for life",[1] expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding and sustaining the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Lambaréné, now in Gabon, west central Africa (then French Equatorial Africa) . Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Medical Research Unit of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital was established in order to study major causes of disease burden in the local population Lambaréné is the capital of the political district Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic

Contents

Education

Albert Schweitzer's birthplace, Kaisersberg.
Albert Schweitzer's birthplace, Kaisersberg.

Born in Kaisersberg, Schweitzer spent his childhood in the village of Günsbach, Alsace, where his father, the local Lutheran pastor, taught him how to play music. Munster (Münster im Elsass is a commune in the Haut-Rhin département, Alsace, France, located in a valley of the Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern [2] At the time the region was under the control of Germany; it is now part of France, and the tiny village, now spelled Gunsbach, is home to the Association Internationale Albert Schweitzer (AIAS). Munster (Münster im Elsass is a commune in the Haut-Rhin département, Alsace, France, located in a valley of the [3] Gunsbach parish church was of a special Protestant-Catholic kind found particularly in Alsace: it was shared by the two congregations, which held their prayers in different areas of the same church at different times on Sundays. Schweitzer, the pastor's son, grew up in this exceptional environment of religious tolerance, and developed the belief that true Christianity should always work towards a unity of faith and purpose. [4]

Schweitzer's home languages were Alsatian (a local Germanic dialect) and French. Alsatian ( Elsässerditsch; Alsacien Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a region The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people He learned standard German at school. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. At Mühlhausen high school he got his "Abitur" (the German certificate at the end of secondary education), in 1893. Mulhouse (Mulhouse myluz Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced; Mülhausen i Abitur (from Latin abire = go away go off is a designation used in Germany and Finland for final exams that young adults take at the end of Australia See also Education Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He studied organ there 1885-1893 with Eugène Munch, organist of the Protestant Temple, who infected Schweitzer with his profound enthusiasm for Richard Wagner's music. [5] In 1893 he played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Bach's organ-music contained a mystic sense of the eternal. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or Orchestra, or accompany Charles-Marie Jean Albert Widor (February 21 1844 &ndash March 12 1937 was a French organist, Composer and teacher Saint-Sulpice (/sɛ̃ sylpis/ is a famous Parisian church on the east side of the Place Saint-Sulpice, in the Luxembourg Quarter of the VIe arrondissement Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to teach Schweitzer without fee, and a great and influential friendship was begun. [6]

From 1893 he studied Protestant theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm Universität of Strasbourg in his native Alsace. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région There he also received instruction in piano and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely with Ernest Munch (the brother of his former teacher), organist of St William church, who was also a passionate admirer of Bach's music. [7] He had a year's service in 1894 as a soldier. Schweitzer saw many Wagner operas at Strasbourg (under Otto Lohse), but in 1896 he scraped together funds to visit Bayreuth to see Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, and was deeply affected. Otto Lohse ( September 21, 1859 - May 5, 1925) was a German conductor and composer The Bayreuth Festival is a music festival held annually in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of Operas by the 19th century German composer Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic Music dramas by the German composer Parsifal is an Opera, or Music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner. Soon afterwards he visited the new organ in the Liederhalle at Stuttgart, and, appalled by its lack of clarity, experienced another great realization. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. In 1898 he went back to Paris to write a Ph.D. dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant at the Sorbonne, and to study in earnest with Widor. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Here he often met with the elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. Aristide Cavaillé-Coll ( 4 February 1811 &ndash 13 October 1899) was a French Organ builder. He completed his theology degree in 1899 and published his Ph. D. at the University of Tübingen in 1899. Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen ( German: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, sometimes called the "Eberhardina Carolina" is a public university [8]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as a musical scholar and organist, dedicated also to the rescue, restoration and study of historic pipe organs. The pipe organ is a Musical instrument that produces sound when pressurized air (wind is driven through a series of pipes, controlled by a keyboard With theological insight, he interpreted the use of pictorial and symbolical representation in J. S. Bach's religious music. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" In 1899 he astonished Widor by explaining figures and motifs in Bach's Chorale Preludes as painter-like tonal and rhythmic imagery illustrating themes from the words of the hymns on which they were based. They were works of devotional contemplation in which the musical design corresponded to literary ideas, conceived visually. (Widor had not grown up with knowledge of the old Lutheran hymns. )[9]

The exposition of this, encouraged by Widor and Munch, became Schweitzer's next task, and appeared in the masterly study (J. S. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète) written in French and published in 1905. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people During its preparation he became a friend of Cosima Wagner (then in Strasbourg), with whom he had many theological and musical conversations, exploring his view of Bach's descriptive music, and playing the major Chorale Preludes for her at the Temple Neuf. Cosima Francesca Gaetana Wagner ( née de Flavigny, since 1844 Liszt; December 24, 1837 April 1, 1930) was [10] There was a great demand for a German edition, but instead he rewrote it[11] in two volumes (J. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. S. Bach) in German, which was published in 1908 and in an English translation by Ernest Newman in 1911. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Ernest Newman ( Everton Liverpool, November 30, 1868 – Tadworth, Surrey, July 7, 1959) was an English [12] Schweitzer's interpretative approach greatly influenced the modern understanding of Bach's music. He became a welcome guest at the Villa Wahnfried. Wahnfried was the name given by Richard Wagner to his villa in Bayreuth.

The Choir Organ at St Thomas's Church, Strasbourg, designed in 1905 on principles defined by Albert Schweitzer.
The Choir Organ at St Thomas's Church, Strasbourg, designed in 1905 on principles defined by Albert Schweitzer.

His pamphlet "The Art of Organ Building and Organ Playing in Germany and France" (1906,[13] republished with an appendix on the state of the organ-building industry in 1927) effectively launched the twentieth-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away from romantic extremes and rediscovered baroque principles — although this sweeping reform movement in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer himself had intended. In 1909 he addressed the Third Congress of the International Society of Music at Vienna on the subject. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Having circulated a questionnaire among players and organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a very considered report. [14] This provided the basis for the International Regulations for Organ Building. He envisaged instruments in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound should work integrally with the English and German romantic reed pipes, and with the classical Alsace Silbermann organ resources and baroque flue pipes, all in registers regulated (by stops) to access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint capable of combination without loss of distinctness: different voices singing together in the same music. A reed pipe (also referred to as a lingual pipe is an Organ pipe that is sounded by a vibrating Brass strip known as a reed. Gottfried Silbermann ( January 14, 1683 - August 4, 1753) was an influential German constructor of keyboard instruments A flue pipe (also referred to as a labial pipe is an Organ pipe that produces sound through the vibration of air molecules in the same manner as a Recorder An organ stop (or just stop) is a component of a Pipe organ which admits pressurized air (known as wind) to a set of Organ pipes Its name In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony

In 1905 Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded the Paris Bach Society, a choir dedicated to performing Bach's music, for whose concerts Schweitzer took the organ part regularly until 1913. He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts of the Orféo Català at Barcelona and often travelled there for the purpose. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia [9] He and Widor collaborated on a new edition of Bach's organ works, with detailed analysis of each work in three languages (English, French, German). There are over 1000 known compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach. Schweitzer, who insisted that the score should show Bach's notation with no additional markings, wrote the commentaries for the Preludes and Fugues, and Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published in 1912-14. Three more, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were to be worked on in Africa: but these were never completed, perhaps because for him they were inseparable from his evolving theological thought. [15]

On departure for Lambaréné in 1913 he was presented with a piano with pedal attachments (to operate like an organ pedal-keyboard). [16] Built especially for the tropics, it was delivered by river in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in a zinc-lined case. At first he regarded his new life as a renunciation of his art, and fell out of practise: but after some time he resolved to study and learn by heart the works of Bach, Mendelssohn, Widor, César Franck, and Max Reger systematically. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Charles-Marie Jean Albert Widor (February 21 1844 &ndash March 12 1937 was a French organist, Composer and teacher César Franck (December 10 1822 – November 8 1890 a Composer, Organist and music teacher of Belgian and German origin who lived in France Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger ( March 19 1873 &ndash May 11 1916) was a German Composer, conductor [17] It became his custom to play during the lunch hour and on Sunday afternoons. Schweitzer's piano-organ was still in use at Lambaréné in 1946. [18]

Sir Donald Tovey dedicated his conjectural completion of Bach's Die Kunst der Fuge (Art of the Fugue) to Schweitzer. Sir Donald Francis Tovey (17 July 1875 &ndash 10 July 1940 was a British musical analyst, musicologist, writer on Music, Composer The Art of Fugue or The Art of the Fugue (original German Die Kunst der Fuge) BWV 1080 is an incomplete masterpiece

Theology

Saint-Nicolas, Strasbourg
Saint-Nicolas, Strasbourg

In 1899 Schweitzer became a deacon at the church Saint-Nicolas of Strasbourg. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région In 1900, with the completion of his licentiate in theology in 1900, he was ordained as curate, and that year he witnessed the Oberammergau Passion Play. Oberammergau Passion Play is a Passion play performed since 1634 as a tradition by the inhabitants of the village of Oberammergau in Bavaria Germany In the next year he became provisional Principal of the Theological College of Saint Thomas (from which he had just graduated), and in 1903 his appointment was made permanent. [19]

Since the mid-1890s Schweitzer had formed the inner resolve that it was needful for him as a Christian to repay to the world something for the happiness which it had given to him, and he determined that he would pursue his younger interests until the age of thirty and then give himself to the work of Christ. As a young theologian he published The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1906), by which he gained a great reputation. In this book, he interpreted the life of Jesus in the light of Jesus' own eschatological convictions. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Eschatology (from the Greek, Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of" is a part of Theology Schweitzer demonstrated that 19th century "liberal lives of Jesus" produced by those who sought to reimage Jesus through historical study were reflections of the authors' own historical and social contexts. This work effectively ended for decades the Quest for the Historical Jesus as a subdiscipline of New Testament studies, until the development of the so-called "Second Quest," among whose notable exponents was Rudolf Bultmann's student Ernst Käsemann. This article is about the history of academic Jesus research For the book "The Quest of the Historical Jesus A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede" Rudolf Karl Bultmann ( August 20, 1884 – July 30, 1976) was a German theologian of Lutheran background who Ernst Käsemann, ( Bochum, 12 July 1906 &ndash 17 February 1998 in Tübingen) was a Lutheran Theologian The original edition was translated into English by William Montgomery and published in 1910. Rev William Montgomery was a Presbyterian minister and a British Codebreaker who worked in Room 40 during World War I. A second German edition was published in 1913, containing theologically significant revisions and expansions. This revised edition did not appear in English until 2001.

At the age of 30, in 1905, he answered the call of "The Society Of The Evangelist Missions of Paris" who were looking for a Medical Doctor. Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral However, the committee of this (Roman Catholic) French Missionary Society was not ready to accept his offer, considering that his Lutheran theology was "incorrect". [20] He could easily have obtained a place in a German Evangelical mission, but wished to follow the original call despite the doctrinal difficulties. Amid a hail of protests from his friends, family and colleagues, he resigned his post and re-entered the University as a student in a punishing seven-year course towards the degree of a Doctorate in Medicine, a subject in which he had little knowledge or previous aptitude. He planned to spread the Gospel by the example of his Christian labour of healing, instead of through the verbal process of preaching, and believed that this service should be acceptable within any branch of Christian teaching.

Schweitzer established his reputation further as a New Testament scholar with other theological studies including his medical degree dissertation, The Psychiatric Study of Jesus (1911). The same period saw his first (of several) published study of the chosen apostle Paul, Paul and his Interpreters, thoughts which reached maturity in The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle (1930). Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and This examined the eschatological beliefs of Paul and (through this) the message of the New Testament. Even in his study of medicine, and through his clinical course, Schweitzer pursued the ideal of the philosopher-scientist. By extreme application and hard work he completed his studies successfully at the end of 1911. In June 1912 he married Helene Bresslau, daughter of the Jewish pan-Germanist historian Harry Bresslau. Harry Bresslau (b 22 March 1848; d Heidelberg, 27 October 1926 was a German Historian and Scholar of state papers and of historical and literary

Schweitzer's theology leans towards the kind of theology espoused in Liberal Christianity. For liberal political views within Christianity see Christian left. [21] He wrote that Jesus and his followers expected the imminent end of the world. [22]

“The only ones among you who will be really happy are those who will have sought and found how to serve. ”

— Albert Schweitzer

Medicine

In 1912, Schweitzer made a definite proposal to go as a medical doctor to work at his own expense in the Paris Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on the Ogooué river, in what is now the Gabon, in Africa (then a French colony). Lambaréné is the capital of the political district Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. The Ogooué (or Ogowe) some 1200km long is the principal River of Gabon in west central Africa. Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic He refused to attend a committee to inquire into his doctrine, but met each committee member personally and was at last accepted. By concerts and other fund-raising he was ready to equip a small hospital, taking satisfaction that Bach himself had assisted in the enterprise. [23] In Spring 1913 he and his wife set off to establish a hospital near an already existing mission post. The site was nearly 200 miles (14 days by raft[24]) upstream from the mouth of the Ogooé at Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and so accessible to external communications), but downstream of most tributaries, so that internal communications within Gabon converged towards Lambaréné. Port-Gentil (1993 est pop 80000 is the second-largest City of Gabon and a leading Seaport. Cape Lopez is a 55 km-long Peninsula on the coast of west central Africa, in the country of Gabon.

The watershed of the Ogooé occupies most of Gabon. Lambaréné is marked.
The watershed of the Ogooé occupies most of Gabon. Lambaréné is marked. Lambaréné is the capital of the political district Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon.

In the first nine months he and his wife had about 2,000 patients to examine, some travelling many days and hundreds of kilometers to reach him. In addition to injuries he was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw sores (washing with mercuric chloride), framboesia (using arseno-benzol injections), tropical eating sores (cleaning and potassium permanganate), heart disease (treated with digitalin), tropical dysentery (emetine (syrup of ipecac) and arseno-benzol), tropical malaria (quinine and Arrhenal (arsenic)), sleeping sickness then treated with atoxyl, leprosy (chaulmoogra oil), fevers, strangulated hernias (surgery), necrosis, abdominal tumours and chronic constipation and nicotine poisoning, while also attempting to deal with deliberate poisonings, fetishism and fear of cannibalism among the Mbahouin. Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or Genus of flying biting Blood-sucking Dipteran encountered in sandy areas Mercury(II chloride or mercuric chloride (formerly corrosive sublimate) is the Chemical compound with the formula HgCl sub>2 Yaws (also Pétasse tropica, thymosis, polypapilloma tropicum, pian or parangi) is a tropical Infection Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Ulcers are healing wounds that develop on the skin mucous membranes or eye Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood Emetine is a drug used as both an Anti-protozoal and to induce Vomiting. Syrup of ipecac commonly referred to as simply Ipecac is derived from the dried Rhizome and Roots of the Ipecacuanha plant and is a well-known Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Quinine (ˈkwaɪnaɪn kwɪˈniːn ˈkwiːniːn is a natural white Crystalline Alkaloid having Antipyretic (fever-reducing antimalarial, Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Sleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis is a Parasitic Disease of people and animals caused by Protozoa of species Atoxyl is the name of a drug consisting of p -aminophenylarsenic acid Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium A hernia is a protrusion of a tissue, structure or part of an organ through the muscular tissue or the membrane by which it is normally contained Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Constipation, costiveness, or irregularity, is a condition of the Digestive system in which a person (or animal experiences hard Feces that Historically most cases of nicotine poisoning have been the result of its use as an Insecticide; however such use is less frequent now than previously This article concerns the concept of fetishism in Anthropology. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος

Frau Schweitzer was anaesthetist for surgical operations, using chloroform and omnipon, a synthesized morphine derivative. Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in After briefly occupying a shed formerly used as a chicken-hut, in autumn 1913 they built their first hospital of corrugated iron, with two 13 foot rooms (consulting room and operating theatre) and with dispensary and sterilising room in spaces below the broad eaves. Waiting room, and dormitory (42 by 20 feet), were built like native huts of unhewn logs along a 30 yard path leading from the hospital to the landing-place. The Schweitzers had their own bungalow, and employed as their assistant Joseph, a French-speaking Galoa (Mpongwe) who first came as a patient. The Mpongwe are an Ethnic group in Gabon, notable as the earliest known dwellers around The Estuary, where Libreville is now located [25]

When World War I broke out in summer of 1914, Schweitzer and his wife, Germans in a French colony, were put under supervision at Lambaréné (where work continued) by the French military. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [26] In 1917, exhausted by over four years' work and by tropical anaemia, they were taken to Bordeaux and interned first in Garaison, and then from March 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Monléon-Magnoac is a commune of the Hautes-Pyrénées département in southwestern France. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Sant Romieg de Provença in classical and Sant Roumié de Prouvènço in Mistralian norms In July 1918, after having been transferred via Switzerland to his home in the Alsace, he was a free man again. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation At this time Schweitzer, born a German citizen, obtained French nationality. Then, working as medical assistant and assistant-pastor in Strasbourg, he advanced his project on The Philosophy of Civilization, which had occupied his mind since 1900. By 1920, his health recovering, he was giving organ recitals and other fund-raising work to repay borrowings and raise funds for returning to Gabon. In 1922 he delivered the Dale Memorial Lectures in Oxford University, and from these in the following year appeared Volumes I and II of his great work, The Decay and Restoration of Civilization and Civilization and Ethics. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The two remaining volumes, on The World-View of Reverence for Life and a fourth on the Civilized State, were never completed.

In 1924 he returned without Frau Schweitzer but with an Oxford undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, as assistant. Everything was heavily decayed and building and doctoring progressed together for months. He now had salvarsan for treating syphilitic ulcers and framboesia. Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and 606, is a drug that was used to treat Syphilis and trypanosomiasis. Additional medical staff, nurse Frl. Kottmann and Dr. Victor Nessmann, joined him in 1924, and Dr Mark Lauterberg in 1925; the growing hospital was manned by native orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg and Hans Muggenstorm joined them. Joseph also returned. In 1925-6 new hospital buildings were constructed, and also a ward for white patients, so that the site became like a village. The onset of famine and a dysentery epidemic created fresh problems. Much of the building work was carried out with the help of local people and patients. Drug advances for sleeping sickness included Germanin and tryparsamide. Suramin is a drug developed by Oskar Dressel and Richard Kothe of Bayer, Germany in 1916 and is still sold by Bayer under the Dr Trensz conducted experiments showing that the non-amoebic strain of dysentery was caused by a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobic bacteria). The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have With the new hospital built and the medical team established, Schweitzer returned to Europe in 1927, this time leaving a functioning hospital at work.

He was there again from 1929-1932. Gradually his opinions and concepts became acknowledged, not only in Europe, but worldwide. There was a further period of work in 1935. In January 1937 he returned again to Lambaréné, and continued working there throughout the Second War.

Philosophy

Schweitzer's worldview was based on his idea of Reverence for Life ("Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben"), which he believed to be his greatest single contribution to humankind. His view was that Western civilization was in decay because of gradually abandoning its ethical foundations — those of affirmation of life. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life

In the Preface to Civilization and Ethics (1923) he outlines the proposition that Western philosophy from Descartes to Kant set out to define the objective and material world in the optimistic expectation of discovering a real and significant meaning for the goal of man and humanity within it. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg The rationalist life-affirmation of the Enlightenment, however, foundered because no proof of that meaning was forthcoming. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Instead, scientific materialism revealed an objective world-process which was devoid of ethics, entirely an expression of the will-to-live. Then occurred a divorce between this world-view, as knowledge, and the life-view, as volition (Will) expressed in the pessimist philosophies from Schopenhauer on. Pessimism, from the Latin pessimus (worst is the decision to evaluate perceive and view life in a generally negative light Schweitzer stated that mankind had to accept this stark (post-Darwinian) material reality, and, in a rebirth of spiritual rationalism (a new Renaissance or Enlightenment) to affirm it by giving priority to volition, to ethical will as life-view, in order to define and build the structures of civilization. Mankind must choose to create the moral structures of civilization: the world-view must derive from the life-view, not vice-versa. Because the world is an expression of will-to-life, respect for life has to become the highest principle. [27]

In a similar exaltation of life to that of Friedrich Nietzsche (a recently influential philosopher), Schweitzer followed the same line as that of the Russian Leo Tolstoy. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Some compared his teaching to Francis of Assisi, a comparison he did not contest. For the opera by Olivier Messiaen see Saint-François d'Assise. He wrote:

"True philosophy must start from the most immediate and comprehensive fact of consciousness, and this may be formulated as follows: 'I am life which wills to live, and I exist in the midst of life which wills to live'. "[28]

Life and love in his view are based on, and follow out of the same principle: respect for every manifestation of life, and a personal, spiritual relationship towards the universe. Ethics, according to Schweitzer, consists in the compulsion to show toward the will-to-live of each and every being the same reverence as one does to one's own. Circumstances where we apparently fail to satisfy this compulsion should not lead us to defeatism, since the will-to-live renews itself again and again, as an outcome of an evolutionary necessity and a phenomenon with a spiritual dimension.

However, as Schweitzer himself pointed out, it is neither impossible nor difficult to spend one's life and not follow it: the history of world philosophies and religions shows many instances of denial of the principle of reverence for life. He points to the prevailing philosophy in the European Middle Ages, and the Indian Brahminic philosophy as examples. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Nevertheless, he contends that this kind of attitude lacks genuineness.

The will to live is naturally both parasitic and antagonistic towards other forms of life. Only in the thinking being has the will to live become conscious of other wills to live, and desirous of solidarity with it. This solidarity, however, cannot be brought about, because human life does not escape the puzzling and horrible circumstance that it must live at the cost of other life. But as an ethical being one strives to escape whenever possible from this necessity, and to put a stop to this disunion of the Will to live, so far as it is within one's power.

Schweitzer advocated the concept of reverence for life widely throughout his entire life. The historical Enlightenment waned and corrupted itself, Schweitzer held, because it has not been well enough grounded in thought, but compulsively followed the ethical will-to-live. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Hence, he looked forward to a renewed and more profound Renaissance and Enlightenment, "in the course of which humanity will discover that the ethical impulse is the highest truth and the highest purposiveness. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere . . "[29] Albert Schweitzer nourished hope in a humankind that is more profoundly aware of its position in the Universe. His optimism was based in "belief in truth". "The spirit generated by [conceiving of] truth is greater than the force of circumstances. " He persistently emphasized the necessity to think, rather than merely acting on basis of passing impulses or by following the most widespread opinions.

"Never for a moment do we lay aside our mistrust of the ideals established by society, and of the convictions which are kept by it in circulation. We always know that society is full of folly and will deceive us in the matter of humanity. […] humanity meaning consideration for the existence and the happiness of individual human beings.

Respect for life, resulting from contemplation on one's own conscious will to live, leads the individual to live in the service of other people and of every living creature. Schweitzer was much respected for putting his theory into practice in his own life. He was, for instance, a well-known cat lover, who, although left-handed, would write with his right hand rather than disturb the cat who would sleep on his left arm. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic He was also a strict vegetarian.

Controversy in Africa

Schweitzer considered his work as a medical missionary in Africa to be his response to Jesus' call to become "fishers of men" but also as a small recompense for the historic guilt of European colonizers:[30]

“Who can describe the injustice and cruelties that in the course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] have suffered at the hands of Europeans? … If a record could be compiled of all that has happened between the white and the coloured races, it would make a book containing numbers of pages which the reader would have to turn over unread because their contents would be too horrible. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism

Rather than being a supporter of colonialism, Schweitzer was one of its harshest critics. In a sermon that he preached on January 6, 1905, before he had told anyone of his plans to dedicate the rest of his life to work as a doctor in Africa, he said:[31]

"Our culture divides people into two classes: civilized men, a title bestowed on the persons who do the classifying; and others, who have only the human form, who may perish or go to the dogs for all the "civilized men" care. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

“Oh, this "noble" culture of ours! It speaks so piously of human dignity and human rights and then disregards this dignity and these rights of countless millions and treads them underfoot, only because they live overseas or because their skins are of different color or because they cannot help themselves. This culture does not know how hollow and miserable and full of glib talk it is, how common it looks to those who follow it across the seas and see what it has done there, and this culture has no right to speak of personal dignity and human rights…

“I will not enumerate all the crimes that have been committed under the pretext of justice. People robbed native inhabitants of their land, made slaves of them, let loose the scum of mankind upon them. Think of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon people made subservient to us, how systematically we have ruined them with our alcoholic "gifts," and everything else we have done…We decimate them, and then, by the stroke of a pen, we take their land so they have nothing left at all…

“If all this oppression and all this sin and shame are perpetrated under the eye of the German God, or the American God, or the British God, and if our states do not feel obliged first to lay aside their claim to be "Christian" — then the name of Jesus is blasphemed and made a mockery. And the Christianity of our states is blasphemed and made a mockery before those poor people. The name of Jesus has become a curse, and our Christianity — yours and mine — has become a falsehood and a disgrace, if the crimes are not atoned for in the very place where they were instigated. For every person who committed an atrocity in Jesus' name, someone must step in to help in Jesus' name; for every person who robbed, someone must bring a replacement; for everyone who cursed, someone must bless.

“And now, when you speak about missions, let this be your message: We must make atonement for all the ter­rible crimes we read of in the newspapers. We must make atonement for the still worse ones, which we do not read about in the papers, crimes that are shrouded in the silence of the jungle night…”

Schweitzer was nonetheless still sometimes accused of being paternalistic or colonialist in his attitude towards Africans, and in some ways his views did differ from many liberals of the 1960s. For instance, he thought Gabonese independence came too early, without adequate education or accommodation to local circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer speaking these lines in 1960:[32]

"No society can go from the primeval directly to an industrial state without losing the leavening that time and an agricultural period allow.

Chinua Achebe has quoted Schweitzer as saying: "The African is indeed my brother but my junior brother,"[33] which Achebe criticized him for, though Achebe seems to acknowledge that Schweitzer's use of the word "brother" at all was, for a European of the early 20th century, an unusual expression of human solidarity between whites and blacks. Later in his life, Schweitzer was quoted as saying: "The time for speaking of older and younger brothers has passed. "[34]

The journalist James Cameron visited Lambaréné in 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) and found significant flaws in the practices and attitudes of Schweitzer and his staff. Mark James Cameron ( 17 June 1911 – 26 January, 1985) was a prominent British Journalist, in whose memory the annual James Cameron The hospital suffered from squalor, was without modern amenities and Schweitzer had little contact with the local people. [35] Cameron did not make public what he had seen at the time: according to a recent BBC dramatisation,[36] he made the unusual journalistic decision to withhold the story, and resisted the expressed wish of his employers to publish an exposé aimed at debunking Schweitzer.

Later life

The Schweitzer house and Museum at Königsfeld in the Black Forest.
The Schweitzer house and Museum at Königsfeld in the Black Forest.

After the birth of their daughter, Mme Helene Schweitzer was no longer able to live in Lambaréné owing to her health. A house was maintained at Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, and this house is now maintained as a Schweitzer Museum. Köngisfeld im Schwarzwald is a town in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states ( Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Albert Schweitzer's house at Gunsbach, now a museum and archive.
Albert Schweitzer's house at Gunsbach, now a museum and archive.

From 1939–48 he stayed in Lambaréné, unable to go back to Europe in war. Three years after the end of World War II, in 1948, he returned for the first time to Europe and kept traveling back and forth (and once to the USA) as long as he was able. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including During his return visits to his home village of Günsbach, Schweitzer continued to make use of the family house, which after his death became an Archive and Museum to his life and work. His life was portrayed in the 1952 movie Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay as Albert Schweitzer and Jeanne Moreau as his nurse Marie. Pierre Fresnay ( April 4, 1897 - January 9, 1975) was a French stage and film actor Jeanne Moreau (French ʒan mɔˈʁo born 23 January, 1928) is a BAFTA Awards -winning French Actress, Screenwriter Schweitzer inspired actor Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited in Africa. Hugh O'Brian (born April 19, 1925) is an American actor best known for his starring role as Wyatt Earp in the ABC Television O'Brian returned to the United States and founded the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY). Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership ( HOBY) is an Organization dedicated to Training and nurturing the young leaders of tomorrow

Albert Schweitzer Monument in Wagga Wagga, Australia
Albert Schweitzer Monument in Wagga Wagga, Australia

The Nobel Peace Prize of 1952 was awarded to Dr Albert Schweitzer. Wagga Wagga For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. His "The Problem of Peace" lecture is considered one of the best speeches ever given. From 1952 until his death he worked against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons with Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell. Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness yield and explosive capability of Nuclear weapons Throughout the twentieth century most nations A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian In 1957 and 1958 he broadcast four speeches over Radio Oslo which were published in Peace or Atomic War. In 1957, Schweitzer was one of the founders of The Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. On April 23, 1957, Dr. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Schweitzer made his "Declaration of Conscience" speech, it was broadcast to the world over Radio Oslo, pleading for the abolition of nuclear weapons. He ended his speech, saying:[37]

"The end of further experiments with atom bombs would be like the early sunrays of hope which suffering humanity is longing for. "

He was chevalier of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. This article concerns the former religious catholic-founded secular order of knighthood Schweitzer died on September 4, 1965 at his beloved hospital in Lambaréné, Gabon. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Lambaréné is the capital of the political district Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic His grave, on the banks of the Ogowe River, is marked by a cross he made himself.

His cousin Anne-Marie Schweitzer Sartre was the mother of Jean-Paul Sartre. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French

Recordings

Recordings of Schweitzer playing the music of Bach are available on CD. During 1934 and 1935 he was for some time in Britain, delivering the Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh, and those on Religion in Modern Civilization at Oxford and London. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He had originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV on the organ of the old Queen's Hall in London. Queen's Hall was a classical music Concert hall in Central London, England, opened in 1893 and was beloved by Londoners until its These records did not satisfy him, the instrument being too harsh. In mid-December 1935 he began to record for Columbia Records on the organ of All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower (London). Columbia Records is an American Record label founded in 1888 Columbia is the oldest surviving Brand name in pre-recorded sound being the first record company All Hallows-by-the-Tower, also previously dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, is an ancient Anglican church located in Byward Street in the City [38] Then at his suggestion the sessions were transferred to the church of Ste Aurélie in Strasbourg, on a mid-18th century organ by Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother of Gottfried), an organ-builder greatly revered by Bach, which had been restored by the Lorraine organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer shortly before the First World War. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Gottfried Silbermann ( January 14, 1683 - August 4, 1753) was an influential German constructor of keyboard instruments Lorraine (Lothringen is one of the 26 régions of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance Metz and Nancy These recordings were made in the course of a fortnight in October 1936. [39]

Columbia recordings

Altogether his early Columbia discs included 25 records of Bach and eight of César Franck. The Bach titles were mainly distributed as follows:

Gunsbach parish church, where the later recordings were made
Gunsbach parish church, where the later recordings were made

Philips records

Selected bibliography

Timeline

References

  1. ^ Nobel Peace Prize 1952 — Presentation Speech
  2. ^ Family tree
  3. ^ Association Internationale Albert Schweitzer
  4. ^ G. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Seaver, Albert Schweitzer - The Man and his Mind (A. & C. Black, London 1951), 3-9.
  5. ^ A. Schweitzer, Eugene Munch (J. Brinkmann, Mulhouse 1898).
  6. ^ Music in the Life of Albert Schweitzer, edited by Charles R. Joy (London, A. & C. Black 1953), 23-24.
  7. ^ C. R. Joy (Ed. ) 1953, 24.
  8. ^ C. R. Joy 1953, 24-25.
  9. ^ a b Seaver 1951, 20.
  10. ^ Schweitzer, in C. R. Joy (Ed. ) 1953, 53-57.
  11. ^ Schweitzer, My Life and Thought, pp 80-81; cf. Seaver 1951, 231-232.
  12. ^ C. R. Joy (Ed. ) 1953, 58-62.
  13. ^ Reproduced in C. R. Joy (Ed. ) 1953, 127-129, 129-165: cf. also Seaver 1951, 29-36.
  14. ^ C. R. Joy (Ed. ) 1953, 165-166: Text of 1909 Questionnaire and Report, 235-269.
  15. ^ Seaver 1951, 44.
  16. ^ Given by the Paris Bach Society, Seaver 1951, 63: but C. R. Joy 1953, 177, says it was given by the Paris Missionary Society.
  17. ^ Seaver 1951, 63-64.
  18. ^ C. R. Joy (Ed. ) 1953, Plate facing p. 177.
  19. ^ He officiated at the wedding of Theodor Heuss (later the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany) on April 11, 1908. Theodor Heuss ( 31 January 1884 &ndash 12 December 1963) was a German politician President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year
  20. ^ Seaver 1951, 40.
  21. ^ Albert Schweitzer. Worthy Lives. International Network on Personal Meaning (2007-01-05). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  22. ^ Review of "The Mystery of the Kingdom of God"
  23. ^ From the Primeval Forest, Chapter 1.
  24. ^ From the Primeval Forest Chapter 6.
  25. ^ From the Primeval Forest, Chapters 3-5.
  26. ^ Timeline
  27. ^ Civilization and Ethics, Preface and Chapter II, 'The Problem of the Optimistic World-View'.
  28. ^ Civilization and Ethics, Chapter 21, p. 253: reprinted as A. Schweitzer, The Philosophy of Civilization, (Prometheus Books, Buffalo 1987), Chapter 26. Prometheus Books is a publishing company founded in August 1969 by Paul Kurtz, who also founded the Council for Secular Humanism and co- founded Committee for
  29. ^ Civilization and Ethics 1923, Preface. See also Out of My Life and Thought, epilogue.
  30. ^ Schweitzer, Albert. On the Edge of the Primeval Forest. New York: Macmillan. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck 1931. p. 115. OCLC 2097590
  31. ^ Schweitzer, Albert, and James Brabazon. Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. 2005. pp. 76–80. ISBN 1570756023
  32. ^ Berman, Edgar. In Africa With Schweitzer. Far Hills, New Jersey: New Horizon Press. 1986. p. 139. ISBN 0882820257
  33. ^ Chinua Achebe. "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness." — the Massachusetts Review. 1977. (c/o North Carolina State University)
  34. ^ Source: Quoted by Lachlan Forrow in his Foreword to current (2002) edition of African Notebook. North Carolina State University at Raleigh is a public, Coeducational extensive Research University located in Raleigh North Carolina
  35. ^ James Cameron Point of Departure, 1966 [1978], Law Book Co of Australasia, p154-74. The bulk of this passage is online here.
  36. ^ On Monday 7th April 2008 ("The Walrus and the Terrier" - programme outline) BBC Radio 4 broadcast an Afternoon Play "The Walrus and the Terrier" by Christopher Ralling concerning Cameron's visit. The Afternoon Play is a long-running radio drama slot on BBC Radio 4.
  37. ^ Declaration of Conscience speech — at Tennessee Players
  38. ^ This fine 1909 Harrison and Harrison organ was blitzed in the War (cf W. Harrison & Harrison are a firm of Pipe organ builders in the UK, examples of whose work can also be found in many other countries Kent, The Lost Treasures of London (Phoenix House 1947), 94-95) but was rebuilt in 1957, see [1].
  39. ^ Seaver 1951, 139-152.
  40. ^ Schweitzer's Bach recordings are usually identified with reference to the Peters Edition of the Organ-works in 9 volumes, edited by Friedrich Conrad Griepenkerl and Ferdinand Roitzsch, in the form revised by Hermann Keller.
  41. ^ (78 rpm HMV C 1532 and C 1543), cf R. D. Darrell, The Gramophone Shop Encyclopedia of Recorded Music (New York 1936).
  42. ^ (78 rpm Columbia ROX 146–52), cf. Darrell 1936.
  43. ^ C. R. Joy, 1953, 226-230. The 78s were issued in albums, with a specially designed record label (Columbia ROX 8020-8023, 8032-8035, etc). Ste Aurélie recordings appeared also on LP as Columbia 33CX1249)
  44. ^ E. M. I. , A Complete List of EMI, Columbia, Parlophone and MGM Long Playing Records issued up to and including June 1955 (London 1955) for this and discographical details following.
  45. ^ Columbia LP 33CX1074
  46. ^ Columbia LP 33CX1084
  47. ^ Columbia LP 33CX1081
  48. ^ E. M. G. , The Art of Record Buying (London 1960), pp. 12–3. Philips ABL 3092, issued March 1956.
  49. ^ E. M. G. , op. cit. , Philips ABL 3134, issued September 1956. Other selections are on Philips GBL 5509.
  50. ^ Philips ABL 3221.

Further reading

External links


Persondata
NAME Schweitzer, Albert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION German theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician
DATE OF BIRTH January 14, 1875(1875-01-14)
PLACE OF BIRTH Kaysersberg, Elsass-Lothringen, Germany (now in Haut-Rhin, Alsace, France)
DATE OF DEATH September 4, 1965
PLACE OF DEATH Lambaréné, Gabon
Ava Helen Pauling ( December 24, 1903 – December 7, 1981) was an American Human rights activist and wife of Nobel The German National Library ( Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, abbreviated DNB) was established in 1990 during the German reunification by merging the Deutsche Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kaysersberg (Kaisersberg is a small town and commune in the Haut-Rhin département, in Alsace, France. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Haut-Rhin is a ''département'' of France named after the Rhine river Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Lambaréné is the capital of the political district Moyen-Ogooué in Gabon. Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic
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