Albert Camus

Albert Camus (IPA: [albɛʁ kamy]) (November 7, 1913 – January 4, 1960) was an Algerian-born French author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize in 1957. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Herman Melville (August 1 1819 &ndash September 28 1891 was an American novelist Short story writer Essayist and poet Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Simone Weil (simɔn vɛj February 3, 1909 in Paris, France &ndash August 24, 1943 in Ashford Kent, Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Pascal Pia, born Pierre Durand ( August 15 1903 - September 27 1979) was a French writer journalist illustrator and scholar Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Thomas Merton ( 31 January 1915 – 10 December 1968) was one of the most influential Catholic writers of the 20th century See also Jacques-Louis Monod, French-born composer and cousin of Jacques Monod Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative Mohsin Hamid (born 1971 is a Pakistani British Author. Biography Hamid spent part of his childhood in the United States where Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature He is often associated with existentialism, but Camus refused this label. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence On the other hand, as he wrote in his essay The Rebel, his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose On the subject of his belief or not in God, he writes in the third volume of his notebooks: "I do not believe in God and I am not an atheist. Arguments for and against the existence of God have been proposed by philosophers theologians and others God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Atheism "

In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons in the Revolutionary Union Movement, according to the book Albert Camus, une vie by Olivier Todd, a group opposed to the atheist and communistic tendencies of the surrealistic movement of André Breton. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Camus was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (after Rudyard Kipling) when he became the first African-born writer to receive the award, in 1957. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) He is also the shortest-lived of any literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident only three years after receiving the award.

Camus preferred to be known as a man and a thinker, rather than as a member of a school or ideology. He preferred persons over ideas. In an interview in 1945, Camus rejected any ideological associations: “No, I am not an existentialist. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked…”^[1]

Early years

Albert Camus was born on November 7, 1913 in Mondovi, Algeria to a French-Algerian (pied-noir) settler family. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Dréan ( Arabic الدرعان is a small coastal town in Algeria, 25 km south of Annaba, in El Taref Province. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Pied-Noir ("Black-Foot" plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced /pje His mother was of Spanish extraction and was half-deaf. His father, Lucien, died in the Battle of the Marne in 1914 during the First World War, while serving as a member of the Zouave infantry regiment. The First Battle of the Marne (also known as the Miracle of the Marne) was a World War I battle fought from 5 September to 12 September 1914 World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Zouave was the title given to certain Infantry regiments in the French Army, normally serving in French North Africa between 1831 and 1962 Camus lived in poor conditions during his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest In 1923, he was accepted into the lycée and eventually to the University of Algiers. The University of Algiers Benyoucef Benkhedda ( Arabic:جــامــــــعة الجـــــــزائر - بن يوسف بن خـدة) is a However, he contracted tuberculosis in 1930, which put an end to his football activities (he had been a goalkeeper for the university team) and forced him to make his studies a part-time pursuit. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered In many team Sports a goalkeeper (termed goaltender netminder, goalie, or keeper in some sports He took odd jobs including private tutor, car parts clerk and work for the Meteorological Institute. He completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1935; in May of 1936, he successfully presented his thesis on Plotinus, Néo-Platonisme et Pensée Chrétienne, for his diplôme d'études supérieures (roughly equivalent to an M.A. by thesis). Plotinus ( Greek:) (ca AD 204–270 was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism (along with his A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large

Camus joined the French Communist Party in the Spring of 1935 seeing it as a way to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria," he did not suggest he was a Marxist or that he had read Das Kapital, but did write that "[w]e might see communism as a springboard and ascetism that prepares the ground for more spiritual activities". This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 Contemporary French literature is French literature roughly from the 1990s to Today. Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of ^[2] In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Party (PCA) was founded. The Algerian Communist Party' (in French: Parti Communiste Algérien) was a Communist party in Algeria. Camus joined the activities of the Algerian People's Party (Le Parti du Peuple Algérien), which got him into trouble with his Communist party comrades. The Algerian People's Party (in french, Parti du Peuple Algerien PPA) was a successor organization of the North African Star ( Étoile Nord-Africaine As a result, he was denounced as a Trotskyite and expelled from the party in 1937. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Camus went on to be associated with the French anarchist movement. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i The anarchist Andre Prudhommeaux first introduced him at a meeting in 1948 of the Cercle des Etudiants Anarchistes (Anarchist Student Circle) as a sympathiser who was familiar with anarchist thought. Andre Prudhommeaux (1902&ndash1968 was a French anarchist bookstore owner whose shop in Paris specialized in social history and was a place for many debates and discussions Camus went on to write for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire, La révolution Proletarienne and Solidaridad Obrera (the organ of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT). Solidaridad Obrera (trans "Workers' Solidarity is a newspaper published by the Catalonian / Balearic regional section of the anarchist Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English Camus also stood with the anarchists when they expressed support for the uprising of 1953 in East Germany. The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June 1953 A strike by Berlin construction workers on June 16 He again stood with the anarchists in 1956, first with the workers’ uprising in Poznan, Poland, and then later in the year with the Hungarian Revolution. Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of

In 1934, he married Simone Hie, a morphine addict, but the marriage ended as a consequence of infidelitiers on both sides. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in In 1935, he founded Théâtre du Travail — "Worker's Theatre" — (renamed Théâtre de l'Equipe ("Team's Theatre") in 1937), which survived until 1939. From 1937 to 1939 he wrote for a socialist paper, Alger-Républicain, and his work included an account of the peasants who lived in Kabylie in poor conditions, which apparently cost him his job. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution This article focuses on the region in Algeria For the ethnic group see Kabyle people. From 1939 to 1940, he briefly wrote for a similar paper, Soir-Republicain. He was rejected by the French army because of his tuberculosis.

In 1940, Camus married Francine Faure, a pianist and mathematician. Francine Faure, a noted Pianist and Mathematician, is perhaps best known as the second wife of Albert Camus. Although he loved Francine, he had argued passionately against the institution of marriage, dismissing it as unnatural. Even after Francine gave birth to twins, Catherine and Jean, on September 5, 1945, he continued to joke wearily to friends that he was not cut out for marriage. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Camus conducted numerous affairs, particularly an irregular and eventually public affair with the Spanish-born actress Maria Casares. María Casares, born Maria Victoria Casares Quiroga, ( 21 November 1922 - 22 November 1996) was a French actress of In the same year Camus began to work for Paris-Soir magazine. Paris-Soir was a large-circulation daily Newspaper in Paris, France from 1923-1944 In the first stage of World War II, the so-called Phony War stage, Camus was a pacifist. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Phoney War, also called the Twilight War by Winston Churchill, der Sitzkrieg in German ("the sitting war" a However, he was in Paris to witness how the Wehrmacht took over. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 On December 15, 1941, Camus witnessed the execution of Gabriel Péri, an event that Camus later said crystallized his revolt against the Germans. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gabriel Péri (Peri (1902 Toulon &mdash December 15 1941, Fort Mont-Valérien) was a prominent French Communist journalist Afterwards he moved to Bordeaux alongside the rest of the staff of Paris-Soir. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate In the same year he finished his first books, The Stranger and The Myth of Sisyphus. The Stranger, or The Outsider, (from the French L’Étranger, 1942 is a Novel by Albert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. He returned briefly to Oran, Algeria in 1942. Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán.

Literary career

During the war Camus joined the French Resistance cell Combat, which published an underground newspaper of the same name. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Combat (French for "fight" was a French Newspaper created during the Second World War. This group worked against the Nazis, and in it Camus assumed the nom de guerre "Beauchard". A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Camus became the paper's editor in 1943, and when the Allies liberated Paris, Camus reported on the last of the fighting. He was, however, one of the few French editors to publicly express opposition to the use of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima soon after the event on August 8, 1945. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar He eventually resigned from Combat in 1947, when it became a commercial paper. It was then that Camus became acquainted with Jean-Paul Sartre. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French

After the war, Camus began frequenting the Café de Flore on the Boulevard Saint-Germain in Paris with Sartre. Café de Flore sits on the corner of the Boulevard Saint-Germain and the Rue St The Boulevard Saint-Germain is a major street in Paris on the Left Bank (south side of the Seine river Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Camus also toured the United States to lecture about French thinking. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Although he leaned left politically, his strong criticisms of Communist doctrine did not win him any friends in the Communist parties and eventually also alienated Sartre. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of

In 1949 his tuberculosis returned and he lived in seclusion for two years. In 1951 he published The Rebel, a philosophical analysis of rebellion and revolution which made clear his rejection of communism. The book upset many of his colleagues and contemporaries in France and led to the final split with Sartre. The dour reception depressed him and he began instead to translate plays.

Camus' first significant contribution to philosophy was his idea of the absurd, the result of our desire for clarity and meaning within a world and condition that offers neither, which he explained in The Myth of Sisyphus and incorporated into many of his other works, such as The Stranger and The Plague. The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. The Stranger, or The Outsider, (from the French L’Étranger, 1942 is a Novel by Albert Camus The Plague ( Fr. La Peste) is a Novel by Albert Camus, published in 1947, that tells the story Despite the split from his “study partner,” Sartre, some still argue that Camus falls into the existentialist camp. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence However, he rejected that label himself in his essay Enigma and elsewhere (see: The Lyrical and Critical Essays of Albert Camus). The current confusion may still arise as many recent applications of existentialism have much in common with many of Camus' practical ideas (see: Resistance, Rebellion, and Death). However, the personal understanding he had of the world (e. g. "a benign indifference," in The Stranger), and every vision he had for its progress (i. The Stranger, or The Outsider, (from the French L’Étranger, 1942 is a Novel by Albert Camus e. vanquishing the "adolescent furies" of history and society, in The Rebel) undoubtedly sets him apart.

In the 1950s Camus devoted his efforts to human rights. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled In 1952 he resigned from his work for UNESCO when the UN accepted Spain as a member under the leadership of General Franco. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid In 1953 he criticized Soviet methods to crush a workers' strike in East Berlin. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 East Berlin was the name given to the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 In 1956 he protested against similar methods in Poland (protests in Poznań) and the Soviet repression of the Hungarian revolution in October. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland

The monument to Camus built in the small town of Villeblevin, France where he died in an automobile accident on January 4, 1960

He maintained his pacifism and resistance to capital punishment anywhere in the world. Villeblevin is a small French town and commune located in the Yonne département and the Bourgogne région Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. One of his most significant contributions to the movement against capital punishment was an essay collaboration with Arthur Koestler, the writer, intellectual and founder of the League Against Capital Punishment. Arthur Koestler CBE ( September 5, 1905, Budapest &ndash March 3, 1983, London) was a

The bronze plaque on the monument to Camus, built in the small town of Villeblevin, France. Villeblevin is a small French town and commune located in the Yonne département and the Bourgogne région The plaque reads: "From the Yonne area's local council, in tribute to the writer Albert Camus who was watched over in the Villeblevin town hall in the night of January 4 – 5 January 1960. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "

When the Algerian War began in 1954 it presented a moral dilemma for Camus. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from He identified with pied-noirs, and defended the French government on the grounds that the revolt in Algeria was really an integral part of the 'new Arab imperialism' led by Egypt and an 'anti-Western' offensive orchestrated by Russia to 'encircle Europe' and 'isolate the United States'. Pied-Noir ("Black-Foot" plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced /pje ^[3] Although favouring greater Algerian autonomy or even federation, though not full-scale independence, he believed that the pied-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" During the war he advocated civil truce that would spare the civilians, which was rejected by both sides who regarded it as foolish. Behind the scenes, he began to work for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death penalty.

From 1955 to 1956 Camus wrote for L'Express. L'Express ( is France 's first weekly news Magazine. When founded in 1953 during the First Indochina War, it was modelled on the In 1957 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred ", officially not for his novel The Fall, published the previous year, but for his writings against capital punishment in the essay Réflexions sur la Guillotine. The Fall ( La Chute) is a Philosophical novel written by Albert Camus. When he spoke to students at the University of Stockholm, he defended his apparent inactivity in the Algerian question and stated that he was worried about what might happen to his mother, who still lived in Algeria. Stockholm University ( Stockholms universitet) is a state University in Stockholm, Sweden. This led to further ostracism by French left-wing intellectuals.

The Revolutionary Union Movement and the European Union

In 1949 Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons in the Revolutionary Union Movement. ^[2] With George Orwell, he opposed totalitarian regimes in the East and the West. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer

As he wrote in L'Homme révolté (in the chapter about "The Thought on Midday") he was a follower of the ancient Greek 'Solar Tradition' (la pensée solaire). So, not only he was the leader of the French resistance movement “Combat” but he also set up in 1947-8 the Revolutionary Union Movement (Groupes de liaison internationale - GLI) which was formed in 1949 and can be described as a trade union movement in the context of revolutionary syndicalism (Syndicalisme révolutionnaire). For more, see the book : Alfred Rosmer et le mouvement révolutionnaire internationale by Christian Gras).

His colleagues were Nicolas Lazarévitch, Louis Mercier, Roger Lapeyre, Paul Chauvet, Auguste Largentier, Jean de Boë (see the article: "Nicolas Lazarévitch, Itinéraire d'un syndicaliste révolutionnaire" by Sylvain Boulouque in the review Communisme, n° 61, 2000). His main aim was to express the positive side of Surrealism and Existentialism, rejecting the negativity and the nihilism of Andre Breton and Jean-Paul Sartre. André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French

In 1944 Camus founded the “French Committee for the European Federation" (Comité Français pour la Féderation Européene -CFFE) declaring that Europe “can only evolve along the path of economic progress, democracy and peace if the nation states become a federation”.

From 1943, Albert Camus had correspondence with Altiero Spinelli who founded the European Federalist Movement in Milan (see Ventotene Manifesto and the book “Unire l'Europa, superare gli stati”, Altiero Spinelli nel Partito d'Azione del Nord Italia e in Francia dal 1944 al 1945-annexed a letter by Altiero Spinelli to Albert Camus). Altiero Spinelli ( 31 August 1907 &mdash 23 May 1986) was an Italian citizen and advocate of European federalism; sometimes The European Federalist Movement ( Movimento Federalista Europeo, MFE was founded in Milan in 1943 by a group of activists led by Altiero Spinelli. The Ventotene Manifesto was written by Altiero Spinelli and by Ernesto Rossi while they were prisoners on the Italian island of Ventotene during World

In 22-25 March, 1945, the first conference of the European Federalist Movement was organised in Paris with the participation of Albert Camus, George Orwell, Emmanuel Mounier, Lewis Mumford, André Philip, Daniel Mayer, François Bondy and Altiero Spinelli (see the book “The Biography of Europe” by Pan Drakopoulos). The European Federalist Movement ( Movimento Federalista Europeo, MFE was founded in Milan in 1943 by a group of activists led by Altiero Spinelli. Emmanuel Mounier (1905&ndash1950 was a French philosopher Mounier was the guiding spirit in the French Personalist movement and founder and director of Esprit Lewis Mumford ( October 19, 1895 &ndash January 26, 1990) was an American Historian of Technology and Science Daniel Mayer (1909-1996 was a member of the SFIO French Socialist party president of the Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH Human Rights League François Bondy (born in Berlin, January 1 1915, died in Zurich on May 27 2003) was a Swiss journalist and novelist Altiero Spinelli ( 31 August 1907 &mdash 23 May 1986) was an Italian citizen and advocate of European federalism; sometimes This specific branch of the European Federalist Movement disintegrated in 1957 after the domination of Winston Churchill's ideas about the European integration. The European Federalist Movement ( Movimento Federalista Europeo, MFE was founded in Milan in 1943 by a group of activists led by Altiero Spinelli. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874

Camus and Orwell

Three essays by Dr. Miho Takashima in the International Journal of Humanities (“Revolt and Equilibrium: A Comparative Study of Nineteen Eighty-Four and L'Homme Révolté, the Views and Struggles of Orwell and Camus”, “Art and Representation: A Comparative Study of George Orwell and Albert Camus on their Literary Works”, and “George Orwell and Albert Camus: A Comparative Study – Their Views and Dilemmas in the Politics of the 1930s and 40s”) explore the relation between the work of the French writer Albert Camus and the English writer George Orwell. Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984) by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair) is a 1949 English Novel Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer

Takashima argues that Orwell—perhaps intentionally, in order to warn the intellectual elite—compromised with “Big Brother”, while Camus confronted with The Plague. Big Brother is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the The Plague ( Fr. La Peste) is a Novel by Albert Camus, published in 1947, that tells the story This is observed not only in the comparison between Nineteen Eighty-Four and The Rebel but, especially, in Camus' play The State of Siege. Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984) by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair) is a 1949 English Novel The State of Siege (L'État de siège is the fourth play by Albert Camus. ^[4] This theatrical play was written together with the novel The Plague and the essay The Rebel. It is the work which—according to Camus himself—represents him best and is a response to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. The hero, Diego, opposes the totalitarian dictator named Plague, and dies in order to set a Spanish town free from the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain

The State of Siege is a work against totalitarianism, written in the same epoch when Camus' idol, George Orwell, wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four. The play includes an allegorical reference to the end of Orwell's novel.

The original title of The State of Siege was The Holy Inquisition in Cadix. In the French edition of the book, Camus has included an essay under the title "Why Spain?". In this polemical text, he answers his Catholic friend Gabriel Marcel who criticized him for setting the plot in Spain. Gabriel Honoré Marcel ( 7 December 1889, Paris – 8 October 1973, Paris) was a French Philosopher Here Camus expresses his opposition to the totalitarian regimes of the West, and to the behavior of the Vatican and the Pope during World War II. The History of the Catholic Church from apostolic times covers a period of nearly 2000 years making it the world's oldest and largest institution Pope The most important phrase of this essay is "Why Guernica, Gabriel Marcel?". The bombing of Guernica ( April 26, 1937) was an aerial attack on the Basque town of Guernica, causing widespread destruction and

Albert Camus' Death

Camus died on January 4, 1960 in an automobile accident near Sens, in a place named "Le Grand Fossard" in the small town of Villeblevin. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History Caesar mentions Agedincum in the territory of the Senones several times in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, and the city retains In his coat pocket lay an unused train ticket. It is possible that he had planned to travel by train, but decided to go by car instead. ^[5]

Albert Camus' gravestone

The driver of the Facel Vega car, Michel Gallimard — his publisher and close friend — also perished in the accident. Facel Vega was a French builder of luxury cars. Their advertising slogan "For the Few Who Own the Finest" Camus was interred in the Lourmarin Cemetery, Lourmarin, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France. Lourmarin is a town and commune of the Vaucluse département, in southern France. The Vaucluse ( Provençal Occitan: Vauclusa in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm is a department in the southeast of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA ( Provençal Occitan: Provença-Aups-Còsta d'Azur in classical norm or Prouvènço-Aup-Costo d'Azur in Mistralian This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

He was survived by his twin children, Catherine and Jean, who hold the copyrights to his work.

After his death, two of Camus' works were published posthumously. The first, entitled A Happy Death published in 1970, featured a character named Meursault, as in The Stranger, but there is some debate as to the relationship between the two stories. A Happy Death (original title La mort heureuse) was the first novel by French writer-philosopher Albert Camus. The Stranger, or The Outsider, (from the French L’Étranger, 1942 is a Novel by Albert Camus The second posthumous publication was an unfinished novel, The First Man, that Camus was writing before he died. The First Man ( French title Le Premier homme) is Albert Camus ' unfinished final Novel. The novel was an autobiographical work about his childhood in Algeria and was published in 1995. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's

Summary of Absurdism

Many writers have written on the Absurd, each with his or her own interpretation of what the Absurd actually is and their own ideas on the importance of the Absurd. For example, Sartre recognizes the absurdity of individual experience, while Kierkegaard explains that the absurdity of certain religious truths prevent us from reaching God rationally. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Camus was not the originator of Absurdism and regretted the continued reference to him as a philosopher of the absurd. Absurdism is a Philosophy stating that the efforts of humanity to find meaning in the Universe ultimately fail (and hence are absurd because no such He shows less and less interest in the Absurd shortly after publishing Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus). The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. To distinguish Camus' ideas of the Absurd from those of other philosophers, people sometimes refer to the Paradox of the Absurd, when referring to Camus' Absurd.

His early thoughts on the Absurd appeared in his first collection of essays, L'Envers et l'endroit (The Two Sides Of The Coin) in 1937. Absurd themes appeared with more sophistication in his second collection of essays, Noces (Nuptials), in 1938. In these essays Camus does not offer a philosophical account of the Absurd, or even a definition; rather he reflects on the experience of the Absurd. In 1942 he published the story of a man living an Absurd life as L'Étranger (The Stranger), and in the same year released Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), a literary essay on the Absurd. The Stranger, or The Outsider, (from the French L’Étranger, 1942 is a Novel by Albert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. He had also written a play about a Roman Emperor, Caligula, pursuing an Absurd logic. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor However, the play was not performed until 1945. The turning point in Camus' attitude to the Absurd occurs in a collection of four letters to an anonymous German friend, written between July 1943 and July 1944. The first was published in the Revue Libre in 1943, the second in the Cahiers de Libération in 1944, and the third in the newspaper Libertés, in 1945. All four letters have been published as Lettres à un ami allemand (Letters to a German Friend) in 1945, and have appeared in the collection Resistance, Rebellion, and Death. Resistance Rebellion and Death is a 1960 collection of Essays written by Albert Camus and selected by the author prior to his death

Camus' ideas on the Absurd

In his essays Camus presented the reader with dualisms: happiness and sadness, dark and light, life and death, etc. His aim was to emphasize the fact that happiness is fleeting and that the human condition is one of mortality. He did this not to be morbid, but to reflect a greater appreciation for life and happiness. In Le Mythe, this dualism becomes a paradox: We value our lives and existence so greatly, but at the same time we know we will eventually die, and ultimately our endeavours are meaningless. While we can live with a dualism (I can accept periods of unhappiness, because I know I will also experience happiness to come), we cannot live with the paradox (I think my life is of great importance, but I also think it is meaningless). In Le Mythe, Camus was interested in how we experience the Absurd and how we live with it. Our life must have meaning for us to value it. If we accept that life has no meaning and therefore no value, should we kill ourselves?

Meursault, the Absurdist hero of L'Étranger, is a murderer who is executed for his crime. Caligula ends up admitting his Absurd logic was wrong and is killed by an assassination he has deliberately brought about. However, while Camus possibly suggests that Caligula's Absurd reasoning is wrong, the play's anti-hero does get the last word, as the author similarly exalts Meursault's final moments.

Camus' understanding of the Absurd promotes public debate; his various offerings entice us to think about the Absurd and offer our own contribution. Concepts such as cooperation, joint effort and solidarity are of key importance to Camus.

Camus made a significant contribution to a viewpoint of the Absurd, and always rejected nihilism as a valid response. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose

"If nothing had any meaning, you would be right. But there is something that still has a meaning. " Second Letter to a German Friend, December 1943.

What still had meaning for Camus is that despite humans being subjects in an indifferent and "absurd" universe, in which meaning is challenged by the fact that we all die, meaning can be created, however provisionally and unstably, by our own decisions and interpretations. Absurdism is a Philosophy stating that the efforts of humanity to find meaning in the Universe ultimately fail (and hence are absurd because no such

Opposition to totalitarianism

Throughout his life, Camus spoke out against and actively opposed totalitarianism in its many forms. ^[6] Early on, Camus was active within the French Resistance to the German occupation of France during World War II, even directing the famous Resistance journal, Combat. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German On the French collaboration with Nazi occupiers he wrote:

Now the only moral value is courage, which is useful here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak in the name of the people ^[7]

Camus' well-known falling out with Sartre is linked to this opposition to totalitarianism. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Camus detected a reflexive totalitarianism in the mass politics espoused by Sartre in the name of radical Marxism. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Mass politics is a Political order resting on the emergence of mass political parties. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. This was apparent in his work L'Homme Révolté (The Rebel) which not only was an assault on the Soviet police state, but also questioned the very nature of mass revolutionary politics. Camus continued to speak out against the atrocities of the Soviet Union, a sentiment captured in his 1957 speech, The Blood of the Hungarians, commemorating the anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, an uprising crushed in a bloody assault by the Red Army. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Blood of the Hungarians is an Open letter to pay tribute to the fallen of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 on its first anniversary published by The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of

Camus and solidarity

Solidarity in The Stranger

In The Stranger, Albert Camus characterizes his justification of the absurd through the experiences of a protagonist who simply does not conform to the system. His inherent honesty disturbs the status quo; Meursault's inability to lie cannot seamlessly integrate him within society and in turn threatens the simple fabrics of human mannerisms expected of a structurally ordered society. Consequently, the punishment for his crime is not decided on the basis of murder, but rather for the startling indifference towards his mother’s recent demise. Even after a conflicting spiritual discussion with a pastor inciting Meursault to consider a possible path towards redemption, the latter still refuses to take upon salvation and symbolizes his ultimatum by embracing the "gentle indifference of the world"; an act which only furthers his solidarity with a society incapable of realizing his seemingly inhumane and misanthropic behavior.

Solidarity in The Plague

The plague is an undeniable part of life. As posited in The Plague, it is omnipresent, just like death was always an impeding factor in The Stranger. Albert Camus once again questions the meaning of the moral concepts justifying humanity and human suffering within a religious framework. For Camus, the rationale behind Christian doctrine is useless; as mortal beings, we cannot successfully rationalize the impending and inescapable death sentence forced upon every human. The plague, which befalls upon Oran, is a concrete and tangible facilitator of death. Ultimately, the plague enables people to understand that their individual suffering is meaningless. As the epidemic "evolves" within the seasons, so do the citizens of Oran, who instead of willfully giving up to a disease they have no control over, decide to fight against their impending death, thus unwillingly creating optimism in the midst of hopelessness. This is where Camus channels his thoughts behind the importance of solidarity: although the plague is still primarily an agent of death, it provides the uncanny opportunity for people to realize that individual suffering is absurd. In the midst of complete suffering, the challenging response adopted by the majority of the citizens of Oran demonstrates an inexplicable humanistic connection between distraught and distant characters. Only by taking the choice to fight an irreversible epidemic are people able to create the ever-lacking meaning to a life destined for execution the moment of its creation.

Camus and football

Camus was once asked by his friend Charles Poncet which he preferred, football or the theatre. Camus is said to have replied, "Football, without hesitation. "^[8]

Camus played as goalkeeper for Racing Universitaire Algerios (RUA won both the North African Champions Cup and the North African Cup twice each in the 1930s) junior team from 1928–30. The North African Champions Cup was a football competition involving the then French territories of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. The North African Cup was a football competition involving the then French territories of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia from 1930 to 1956 ^[9] The sense of team spirit, fraternity, and common purpose appealed to Camus enormously. ^[10] In match reports Camus would often attract positive comment for playing with passion and courage. Any aspirations in football disappeared at age 17, upon contracting tuberculosis—then incurable, Camus was bedridden for long and painful periods.

When Camus was asked in the 1950s by an alumni sports magazine for a few words regarding his time with the RUA, his response included the following:

After many years during which I saw many things, what I know most surely about morality and the duty of man I owe to sport and learned it in the RUA. ^[8]

Camus was referring to a sort of simplistic morality he wrote about in his early essays, the principle of sticking up for your friends, of valuing bravery and fair-play. Camus' belief was that political and religious authorities try to confuse us with over-complicated moral systems to make things appear more complex than they really are, potentially to serve their own needs.

Bibliography

Novels

• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated as The Outsider) (1942)
• The Plague (La Peste) (1947)
• The Fall (La Chute) (1956)
• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse) (written 1936-1938, published posthumously 1971)
• The First Man (Le premier homme) (incomplete, published posthumously 1995)

Short stories

• Exile and the Kingdom (L'exil et le royaume) (collection) (1957)

Non-fiction

• Betwixt and Between (L'envers et l'endroit, also translated as The Wrong Side and the Right Side) (Collection, 1937)
• Nuptials (Noces) (1938)
• The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe) (1942)
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté) (1951)
• Notebooks 1935-1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942) (1962)
• Notebooks 1943-1951 (1965)

Essays

• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation) (1957)
• The Ancient Greek Tragedy (Parnassos lecture in Greece) (1956)
• The Crisis of Man (Lecture on Columbia University) (1946)
• Why Spain? (Essay for the theatrical play L' Etat de Siege) (1948)
• Reflections on the Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine) (Extended essay, 1957)
• Neither Victims Nor Executioners (Combat) (1946)

Plays

• Caligula (performed 1945, written 1938)
• Requiem for a Nun (Requiem pour une nonne, adapted from William Faulkner's novel by the same name) (1956)
• The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu) (1944)
• The State of Siege L' Etat de Siege (1948)
• The Just Assassins (Les Justes) (1949)
• The Possessed (Les Possédés, adapted from Dostoyevsky's novel by the same name) (1959)

Collections

• Resistance, Rebellion, and Death (1961) - a collection of essays selected by the author. The Stranger, or The Outsider, (from the French L’Étranger, 1942 is a Novel by Albert Camus The Plague ( Fr. La Peste) is a Novel by Albert Camus, published in 1947, that tells the story The Fall ( La Chute) is a Philosophical novel written by Albert Camus. A Happy Death (original title La mort heureuse) was the first novel by French writer-philosopher Albert Camus. The First Man ( French title Le Premier homme) is Albert Camus ' unfinished final Novel. Exile and the Kingdom ( L'Exil et le royaume) is a 1957 collection of six short stories by French - Algerian writer Albert Camus. Betwixt and Between ( L'Envers et l'endroit, also translated as The Wrong Side and the Right Side, Collection 1937 is a work of non-fiction by Albert The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. "Reflections on the Guillotine" is an extended essay written in 1957 by Albert Camus. Neither Victims Nor Executioners (Ni Victimes ni bourreaux was a series of essays by Albert Camus that were serialized in Combat, the daily Caligula (performed 1945 written 1938 is a play by Albert Camus. William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author Requiem for a Nun is a book written by William Faulkner in 1951. The Misunderstanding (French Le Malentendu) sometimes published as Cross Purpose, is a play written in 1943 in occupied Paris by The State of Siege (L'État de siège is the fourth play by Albert Camus. The Just Assassins (original French title Les Justes, a more literal translation would be The Just Ones) is a 1949 play The Possessed (in French Les Possédés) is a play written by Albert Camus in 1959 Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, The Possessed (In Russian: Бесы tr Besy) also translated as The Devils or Demons, is an 1872 Resistance Rebellion and Death is a 1960 collection of Essays written by Albert Camus and selected by the author prior to his death
• Lyrical and Critical Essays (1970)
• Youthful Writings (1976)
• Between Hell and Reason: Essays from the Resistance Newspaper "Combat", 1944-1947 (1991)
• Camus at "Combat": Writing 1944-1947 (2005)

Cultural influences

Film

Several of Camus' works have been adapted into movies. The Stranger has been adapted into an Italian 1967 movie by Luchino Visconti, and also to a 2001 Turkish adaptation titled Yazgi (Fate) by Zeki Demirkubuz. The Stranger ( Lo Straniero in its Original Italian) is a 1967 movie by Italian director Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo ( November 2, 1906 - March 17, 1976) was an Italian Zeki Demirkubuz (born October 1, 1964 in Isparta, Turkey) is a contemporary Turkish Film director, Screenwriter The Plague was adapted to a 1992 film titled La Peste by Luis Puenzo and set in modern day America. Luis Adalberto Puezo (born February 19, 1946 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is a Film director, producer and Screenplay

Music

Quite a few musical artists refer to Camus and his work in their music. The post-punk band The Fall took their name from Camus' novel The Fall. Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s The Fall are an English Post-punk band formed in Prestwich, Greater Manchester in 1976 The Fall ( La Chute) is a Philosophical novel written by Albert Camus. These also include an album by Jeff Martin(Exile and the Kingdom, 2006) and songs by Gentle Giant ("A Cry for Everyone", 1972), The Cure ("Killing an Arab", 1978), Tuxedomoon ("The Stranger", 1979), The Magnetic Fields ("I Don't Want To Get Over You", 1999), The Manic Street Preachers ("The Masses Against The Classes", 2000), JJ72 ("Algeria", 2000), Suede ("Obsessions", 2002), Streetlight Manifesto ("Here's To Life", 2003), A Perfect Circle ("A Stranger" and "The Outsider", 2003), Angela McCluskey ("Know it All", 2004), Joanna Newsom ("This Side of the Blue", 2004), Tarkio ("Neapolitan Bridesmaid", 2006), The Independence, ("20-Ought-Almost-Talkin' Blues"), 2008. Jeffrey Scott Martin (born October 2, 1969 in Windsor Ontario) is a Canadian guitarist and singer-songwriter best known for fronting the Exile and the Kingdom (2006 is the debut solo album from Canadian singer/songwriter Jeff Martin. Gentle Giant was a British Progressive rock band, one of the most experimental of the 1970s Octopus is an album by British Progressive rock band Gentle Giant, released in 1972 The Cure are an English rock band that formed in Crawley, West Sussex in 1976 " Killing an Arab " was the first single by The Cure. Tuxedomoon is an experimental Post-punk / New Wave group formed in San Francisco, California consisting of core members Blaine The Magnetic Fields is a band led by New York City singer-songwriter Stephin Merritt. "I'm Sorry I Love You" redirects here For the Korean drama series see I'm Sorry I Love You. Manic Street Preachers (often known colloquially as the " Manics " or " MSP " are a Welsh rock band consisting of James " The Masses Against the Classes " is a song by Manic Street Preachers, released as a limited-edition single in November 1999 JJ72 were an Indie rock band from Dublin, Republic of Ireland. JJ72 is the self-titled debut album by Dublin indie-rock trio JJ72. Suede (or The London Suede in the United States) were an English rock band of the 1990s and the early 2000s that helped start the Britpop musical " Obsessions " is the second single off the album A New Morning by Suede, released on November 18 2002 on Columbia Records Streetlight Manifesto is an American ska band from East Brunswick Township New Jersey under the creative leadership of Tomas Kalnoky. Everything Goes Numb is the first full length album by musical group Streetlight Manifesto. A Perfect Circle ( APC) is an Alternative rock supergroup formed by guitarist Billy Howerdel and Tool frontman Maynard James Keenan Thirteenth Step is the second studio album by the American rock band A Perfect Circle. " The Outsider " is a song from A Perfect Circle 's second album Thirteenth Step. Joanna Newsom (born January 18 1982 is an American Harpist, Pianist, Harpsichordist, and Singer-songwriter from Nevada The Milk-Eyed Mender is the debut Album by American Singer-songwriter Joanna Newsom, released on March 23, 2004 Tarkio was the former band of Colin Meloy prior to his forming The Decemberists. Omnibus is a 2006 compilation of songs from the Montana band Tarkio.

Anti-folk singer-songwriter Jeffrey Lewis references Camus, as well as Bob Dylan and Allen Ginsberg, in a 2005 song, "Williamsburg Will Oldham Horror" in the line, "And I'm sure the thing is probably Dylan himself too, stayed up some nights wishing he was as good as Ginsberg or Camus. The music sub-genre known as anti-folk (or antifolk) takes the earnestness of politically charged 1960s music and subverts it into something else Singer-songwriter is a term that refers to Performers who write, compose and sing their own material including Lyrics Jeffrey Lewis (born November 20 1975 in New York City) is an American Anti-folk singer/songwriter and Comic book artist Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. "

Further reading

• Camus (1959) by Germaine Brée (ISBN 1-122-01570-4)
• Camus (1966) by Adele King (ISBN 0-050-01423-4)
• Camus: vida e obra (1970) by Vicente de Paulo Barretto.
• Albert Camus: A Biography (1997) by Herbert R. Lottman (ISBN 3-927258-06-7)
• Albert Camus and the Minister (2000) by Howard E. Mumma (ISBN 1-55725-246-7)
• Albert Camus, The Artist in the Arena (1965) by Emmett Parker (OCLC 342770)
• Albert Camus, A Study of His Work (1957) by Philip Malcolm Waller Thody (OCLC 342101)
• Albert Camus: A Life (2000) by Olivier Todd (ISBN 0-7867-0739-9)
• Albert Camus. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Kunst und Moral by Heiner Wittmann (ISBN 3-631-39525-6)
• Ethics and Creativity in the Political thought of Simone Weil and Albert Camus 2004 by Dr. John Randolph LeBlanc (ISBN 978-0-7734-6567-1)

References

External links

• (French) Audio book (mp3): The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
• Nobel Prize in Literature (1957) Link
• "Accidental Friends" the story of the Camus-Sartre friendship and very public breakup
• Interview with daughter Catherine - 3AM
• Another interview with daughter Catherine - Spike
• The Logic of Existential Meaning
• Albert Camus Society UK
• Lesjustes.co.uk : English synopsis of "Les Justes" for students
• Camus 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading.
• (French) Pierre Michel, Albert Camus et Octave MirbeauPDF (640 KiB)