Albanians in Serbia - Citizendia

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The Albanians are the largest minority in Serbia. } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language Education See also Education in Albania The education system in Albania is secular Albania, part of the ancient Illyrian territories a cross-road of civilizations and geopolitical interests during the barbarian onslaughts and later on a province of the Eastern Albania, a country of southeastern Europe has a unique culture from that of other European countries Albania is a Southeast European nation that was ruled by Enver Hoxha 's communist government for much of the later part of the 20th century it is now a democratic The cuisine of Albania, as with most Mediterranean and Balkan nations is strongly influenced by its long history This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Albanians are the largest ethnic group in Kosovo. According to the 1991 Serbian census boycotted by Albanians there were 2596072 Albanians in Kosovo Albanians ( Albanian: Shqiptarë, Macedonian: Албанци Albanci) are the largest ethnic minority in the Republic Albanians in Montenegro constitute 503% of the county's total population. The Albanians ( Shqiptarë in Albanian, Albanezi in Romanian) are an ethnic minority in Romania. Albanian Americans are Citizens of the United States who are of Albanian ancestry Cham Albanians, or Chams ( Albanian: Çamë Greek: Τσάμηδες Tsámidhes) are a group of ethnic Albanians who originally resided Arbëreshë are an ethnic community living in Italy, especially the regions of Calabria and Sicily. Mandritsa (Мандрица "small dairy" Mandrica or Mandricë Μανδρίτσα is a village in southernmost Bulgaria, part of Ivaylovgrad Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Gheg (or Geg) is one of the two major dialects of the Albanian language. Tosk is the southern dialect of the Albanian language. The line of demarcation between Tosk and Gheg (the northern dialect is the Shkumbin River. Arvanitika or Arvanitic ( Albanian: Arbërisht, Greek: αρβανίτικα arvanitika) is the variety of Albanian Arbëresh, Arbërisht or Arbërishte is the dialect of the Albanian language spoken by the Arbëreshë; the Albanian-speaking minorities in Italy During the Ottoman occupation according to Ottoman data the majority of Albanians were of Muslim affiliation ( Sunni and Bektashi) The Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania ( Albanian: Kisha Orthodhokse Autoqefale e Shqipërisë) is one of the newest autocephalous Eastern The Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church is an autonomous Byzantine Rite Particular Church in communion with Rome, whose members live in Albania The information in this article is from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica and applies to Albania as it stood at the time of writing Albania has a total Population of 3563112 inhabitants from which 8191 are Protestants. The origin of the Albanians has been for some time a matter of dispute among historians The History of Albania began over two millennia ago with tribes of uncertain origin populating the area Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly Albanian exodus is term used to refer to the deportation or mass migration of Albanians from their homes The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Albanians are the majority in Serbian cities like Presevo and Bujanovac (cities in southern Central Serbia) and a significant minority in Medvedja. Preševo (Прешево; Preshevë or Presheva) also known as Presevo and Preshevo, is a town and municipality in Pčinja District of Bujanovac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бујановац Albanian: Bujanoci) is a town and municipality in Pčinja District of Serbia Political status The region of Central Serbia is not an administrative division of Serbia as such it is under the direct jurisdiction of the republic authorities Medveđa ( Serbian Cyrillic: Медвећа; Medvegja is a town and municipality in Jablanica District of Serbia, bordering Kosovo. According to the 1991 census, boycotted by Albanians, there were 1,596,072 ethnic Albanians in Serbian province of Kosovo or 81. 6% of the population. It is estimated that in the year 2000, there were between 1,584,000 and 1,733,600 Albanians in Kosovo or 88% of population.

According to the 2002. census, Albanians make up 89. 1% of population of Presevo. According to the 1991 census they also were a majority in Bujanovac forming 60. 09% of its population, but in 2002 the number of Albanians in Bujanovac fell to 54. 69%. In Medvedja, Albanians are a significant minority forming 26. 17% of its population.

1 Albanians in Kosovo
2 Albanians in Central Serbia
3 External links
4 See also
5 References

Albanians in Kosovo

The Albanians are the largest ethnic group in Kosovo, a Serbian province currently under UN administration. } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security According to the 1991 census, boycotted by Albanians, there were 1,596,072 ethnic Albanians in Kosovo or 81. 6% of population. By the estimation in year 2000, there were between 1,584,000 and 1,733,600 Albanians in Kosovo or 88% of population.

Geography

According to the 1991 census, Albanians were a majority in 23 of the 29 present municipalities of Kosovo (in the remaining 6 municipalities, the majority was Serb or Gorani). Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Goran or Gorani are a Balkan Ethnic group characterised by their adherence to Islam and by their dwelling in the border region between Albania

History

Albanians in Kosovo in 2005 according to the OSCE. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The region of Kosovo has been inhabited by Illyrian tribes since the Bronze Age. Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for In ancient times the area was known as Dardania and was settled by a tribe with the same name. The Dardani ( Ancient Greek Δαρδάνιοι were a Thraco-Illyrian tribe The south of Kosovo was ruled by Macedonia after Alexander the Great's reign in the 4th century BC. Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The local Dardani were of Illyrian stock. The Dardani ( Ancient Greek Δαρδάνιοι were a Thraco-Illyrian tribe The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in former times by groups identified as

Illyrians organized resistance against the Greeks and Romans for centuries but after the long wars of Illyrian tribes against intruders, the region was later occupied by the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was When the Roman Empire split in A.D. 395, the area of Kosovo became part of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire. Events By Place Roman Empire After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Empire is re-divided into an eastern and a western half Dardania gave numerous leaders to both Rome and Constantinopolis. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Justinian the Great was among them. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or

The Slavic settlers of the Balkan peninsula reached the far end of the Peloponnesus as early as in the 7th century, but due to its remote position as a plateau surrounded by high mountains, Kosovo didn't come to have a Slavic majority until the 9th century. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The original Illyrian, more or less Romanized population who had sought refuge in the highlands gave birth to the Albanian and the Romanian languages there, in a region centered around Kosovo in the 10th century. Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The thesis according to which the Albanians might be the descendants of a Thracian tribe, put forward by the Austrian albanologist Gustav Weigand in the 19th century, has now been refuted. Gustav Weigand ( 1 February 1860 &ndash 8 July 1930) was a German linguist and specialist for Balkan languages especially The contemporary Albanians and Vlachs in the Western Balkans - the invading Slavs called Vlah whomever spoke a Latin or Latin-influenced language - are the descendants of their first inhabitants. Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Starting in the late 12th century, the Serb kingdom of Rascia began incorporating Kosovo part by part from the Byzantine Empire - which had itself wrested them from the Bulgarian kingdom of Macedonia in the 11th century, and the Eastern Christian Slavs in Kosovo who acknowledged the authority of the newly established Serb Patriarch began calling themselves "Serbs". Raška ( alternative spellings have included Raschka, Rascia and Rassa) was the central and most successful Medieval Serbian Local sources reveal a long history of coexistence between the Slavic invaders and the native Albanian population. The Serbian Empire at the center of which Kosovo found itself in the 14th century was multi-national and political allegiance there did not depend upon ethnicity. The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler

Year	Albanians	Serbs^{(1. )}	Others
Ethnic groups in Kosovo
1948	68. 48 %	27. 5 %	8 %
1953	65 %	27. 4 %	8 %
1961	67. 1 %	27. 4 %	8 %
1971	73. 7 %	20. 9 %	8 %
1981	77. 42 %	14. 9 %	9 %
1991	81. 6 %	10. 94 %	5 %
2000/2003^{(2. )}	88 %	7 %	5 %
2007^{(2. )}	92 %	5. 3% %	2. 7% %
(1. ) including Montenegrins (2. Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro ) estimated data Ref: Statistical Office of Kosovo, World Bank (2000), OSCE (2005)

The Ottomans conquered Kosovo in the 15th century and Islamization began in the Balkans, particularly in the towns, and later the Viyalet of Kosovo -with borders different from the present ones, which were established in 1945 - was also created as one of the Ottoman territorial entities. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Islamization (also spelt Islamisation, see Spelling differences) or Islamification means the process of a society's conversion to the religion of Islam The Province of Kosovo (Vilayet of Kosovo (Vilajeti i Kosovës Macedonian: Покраина на Косово Pokraina na Kosovo; Serbian: Косовски

Kosovo was taken once by the Austrian forces of Eneo Piccolomini during the Great War of 1683-1699 with help of 5,000 Albanians and their leader, Catholic Archibishop Pjetër Bogdani. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers then joined into a Holy League A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Pjetër Bogdani (ca 1630 - 1689 known in Italian as Pietro Bogdano, is the most original writer of early literature in Albania. The archbishop, like Piccolomini, died from the plague at the end of 1698, and as the Ottomans re-conquered the region they had his grave reopened and his body quartered and given to the dogs because of his role in the rebellion.

As the Serbs opposed Ottoman domination and ultimately gained their autonomy in the Region of Belgrade, Serbs moved away from Kosovo while the Muslim Albanians remained in Kosovo. This changed the demographic make-up of the region, increasing the proportion of native Albanians. By the mid-19th century, the Albanians had become an absolute majority in Kosovo.

As the Serbs expelled a large number of Albanians from the regions of Niš, Pirot, Leskovac and Vranje in southern Serbia, which the Congress of Berlin of 1878 had given to the Belgrade Principality, a large number of them settled in Kosovo, where they are known as muhaxher (meaning the exiled, from the Arabic muhajir) and whose descendants often bear the surname Muhaxheri. See also Berlin Conference (1884-85 re Africa and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Muhajir (or Mohajir, from Arabic Muhajir, Albanian spelling Muhaxhir or Muhaxher) in Albanian-populated regions including Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

Albanians in Kosovo in 1991.

As a reaction against the Congress of Berlin, which had given Albanian territories to Serbia and Montenegro, Albanians, mostly from Kosovo, formed the League of Prizren in Prizren in June 1878. The League of Prizren (Lidhja e Prizrenit was an Albanian political organization founded on June 10, 1878 in Prizren, Vilayet of Kosovo Prizren ( Albanian: Prizren or Prizreni, Serbian Cyrillic: Призрен is a historical city located in southern Kosovo. Hundreds of Albanian leaders gathered in Prizren and fought back the Serbian and Montenegrin pretensions. Serbia complained to the Western Powers that the promised territories were not being held because the Ottomans were hesitating to do that. Western Powers put pressure to the Ottomans and in 1881, the Ottoman Army started the fighting against Albanians. The Prizren League created a Provisional Government with a President, Prime Minister (Ymer Prizreni) and Ministries of War (Sylejman Vokshi) and Foreign Ministry (Abdyl Frashëri). After three years of war, the Albanians were defeated. Many of the leaders were executed and imprisoned. In 1910, an Albanian uprising spread from Priština and lasted until the Ottoman Sultan's visit to Kosovo in June 1911. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Aim of the League of Prizren was to unite the four Albanian-inhabited Vilayets by merging the majority of Albanian inhabitants within the Ottoman Empire into one Albanian autonomous region. However at that time Serbs were about 40% of the whole Vilayet of Kosovo's overall population and were opposing the Albanian aims along with Turks and other Slavs in Kosovo, which prevented the Albanian movements from establishing their rule over Kosovo.

In 1912 during the Balkan Wars, most of Eastern Kosovo was taken by the Kingdom of Serbia, while the Kingdom of Montenegro took Western Kosovo, which a majority of its inhabitants call "The Plateau of Duke John" (Rrafsh i Dukagjinit) and the Serbs call Metohija (Метохија), a Greek word meant for the landed dependencies of a monastery. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler The Kingdom of Montenegro ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Црнa Горa or Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a kingdom in southeastern Europe Metohija (Rrafshi i Dukagjinit Serbian: sr-Cyrl Метохија transliterated sr-Latn ''Metohija'' or infrequently sr-Latn ''Metohia'' is a large Colonist Serb families moved into Kosovo, while the Albanian population was slightly decreased. As a result, the proportion of Albanians in Kosovo declined from 60 percent at the time of the invasion to slightly more than 50 percent by 1941.

The 1918-1929 period under the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was a time of persecution of the Kosovar Albanians. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Kosovo was split into four counties - three being a part of official Serbia: Zvečan, Kosovo and southern Metohija; and one in Montenegro: northern Metohija. However, the new administration system since 26 April 1922 split Kosovo among three Regions in the Kingdom: Kosovo, Rascia and Zeta. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Raška ( alternative spellings have included Raschka, Rascia and Rassa) was the central and most successful Medieval Serbian See also Principality of Zeta Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; Ζήτα Zita is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet.

In 1929 the Kingdom was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The territories of Kosovo were split among the Banate of Zeta, the Banate of Morava and the Banate of Vardar. The Zeta Banovina or Zeta Banate ( Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian: Зетска бановина/ Zetska banovina) was a province ( The Morava Banovina or Morava Banate ( Serbian: Моравска бановина/ Moravska banovina) was a province ( banovina) of the The Vardar Banovina or Vardar Banate or in Serbo-Croat: Вардарска бановина in Cyrillic; Vardarska banovina in Latinic The Kingdom lasted until the World War II Axis invasion of April 1941. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries

After the Axis invasion, the greater part of Kosovo became a part of Italian-controlled Fascist Albania, and a smaller, Eastern part by the Nazi-Fascist Tsardom of Bulgaria and Nazi-German-occupied Kingdom of Serbia. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The term Greater Albania or Great Albania refers to land which is outside the borders of the Republic of Albania that Albanian nationalists claim as their own because Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Greater Bulgaria is term to identify the territory associated with a historical national state and a modern Bulgarian Irredentist Nationalist movement which Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Since the Albanian Fascist political leadership had decided in the Conference of Bujan that Kosovo would remain a part of Albania they started expelling the Serbian and Montenegrin population. Prior to the surrender of Fascist Italy in 1943, the German forces took over direct control of the region. Italy, united in 1861, has significantly contributed to the cultural and social development of the entire Mediterranean area Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After numerous Serbian and Yugoslav Partisans uprisings, Kosovo was liberated after 1944 with the help of the Albanian partisans of the Comintern, and became a province of Serbia within the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian:

The Province of Kosovo was formed in 1945 as an autonomous region to protect its regional Albanian majority within the People's Republic of Serbia as a member of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the leadership of the former Partisan leader, Josip Broz Tito, but with no factual autonomy. One of the first Serbian states Raška, was founded in the first half of the 7th century on Byzantine territory by the Unknown The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: After the Yugoslavia's name changed to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia's to the Socialist Republic of Serbia in 1953, the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and gained inner autonomy in the 1960s. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: One of the first Serbian states Raška, was founded in the first half of the 7th century on Byzantine territory by the Unknown Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In the 1974 constitution, the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo's government received higher powers, including the highest governmental titles - President and Premier and a seat in the Federal Presidency which made it a de facto Socialist Republic within the Federation, but remaining as a Socialist Autonomous Region within the Socialist Republic of Serbia. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Serbian (called Serbo-Croatian at the time) and Albanian were defined official on the Provincial level marking the two largest linguistic Kosovan groups: Serbs and Albanians. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco -

In the 1970s, an Albanian nationalist movement pursued full recognition of the Province of Kosovo as another Republic within the Federation, while the most extreme elements aimed for full-scale independence. Tito's arbitrary regime dealt with the situation swiftly, but only giving it a temporary solution.

In 1981 the Kosovar Albanian students organized protests seeking that Kosovo becomes a Republic within Yugoslavia. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Those protests were harshly contained by the centralist Yugoslav and Serbian governments. In 1986, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) was working on a document, which later would be known as the SANU Memorandum. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts ( Serbian: Српска академија наука и уметности / Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti; САНУ The Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts was a draft document produced by a committee of the Serbian Academy from 1985 to 1986 An unfinished edition was filtered to the press. In the essay, SANU portrayed the Serbian people as a victim and called for the revival of Serb nationalism, using both true and greatly exaggerated facts for propaganda. During this time, Slobodan Milošević's rise to power started in the League of the Socialists of Serbia. Milošević used the discontent reflected in the SANU memorandum for his political goals.

Soon afterwards, as approved by the Assembly in 1990, the autonomy of Kosovo was revoked back to the old status. Milošević, however, did not removed Kosovo's seat from the Federal Presidency, installing in it his own supporters to seize more power in the Federal government. After Slovenia's secession from Yugoslavia in 1991, Milošević used the seat to attain dominance over the Federal government, outvoting his opponents. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west

Many Albanians organized a peaceful active resistance movement, following the job losses suffered by some of them. Albanian schools and the medical care system were shut down.

On July 2, 1990 an unconstitutional Kosovo parliament declared Kosovo an independent country, although this was not recognized by the Government. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) In September of that year, the parliament, meeting in secrecy in the town of Kačanik, adopted the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo. Kačanik or Kaçanik (Kaçanik or Kaçaniku Качаник Kačanik) is a town and municipality in southern Kosovo. Two years later, in 1992, the Parliament organized a referendum which was observed by international organizations but was not recognized internationally. With an 80% turnout, 98% voted for Kosovo to be independent. In the early nineties, Albanians organized a parallel state system which managed the non-violent resistance movement and organized a parallel system of education and healthcare, among other things. With the events in Bosnia and Croatia coming to an end, the Serb government started relocating Serbian refugees from Croatia and Bosnia to Kosovo. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between In a number of cases, Albanian families were expelled from their apartments to make space for the refugees.

After the Dayton Agreement in 1995, Albanians organized into the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol The Kosovo Liberation Army or KLA ( Albanian: Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës or UÇK) was a Kosovar Albanian guerilla group which sought Yugoslav forces allegedly committed war crimes in Kosovo, although the Serbian government claims that the army was only going after suspected Albanian "terrorists". This triggered a 78-day NATO campaign in 1999. The North Atlantic Treaty Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) During the conflict, some 12,000 Kosovars were killed, of whom 9,000-10,000 were Albanians and up to 700,000 Albanians expelled. Some 3,000 Albanians are still missing. According to OSCE numbers and Kosovar Albanian sources on population size and distribution, an estimated 45. 7% of the Albanian population had fled Kosovo during the bombings (i. e. from 23 March to 9 June 1999). Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits

International negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo, as envisaged under UN Security Council Resolution 1244 which ended the Kosovo conflict of 1999. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 authorised an international civil and military presence in Kosovo, then part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 Whilst Serbia's continued sovereignty over Kosovo is recognized by the international community, a clear majority of the province's population would prefer independence. The UN-backed talks, lead by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari, began in February 2006. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari ( pronounced) (born on June 23 1937 is a former President of Finland (1994–2000 2008 Nobel Peace Prize winner and Whilst progress was made on technical matters, both parties remained diametrically opposed on the question of status itself. ^[1] In February 2007, Ahtisaari delivered a draft status settlement proposal to leaders in Belgrade and Pristina, the basis for a draft UN Security Council Resolution which proposes 'supervised independence' for the province. As of early July 2007 the draft resolution, which is backed by the United States, United Kingdom and other European members of the Security Council, had been rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty [1]. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Russia, which holds a veto in the Security Council as one of five permanent members, has stated that it will not support any resolution which is not acceptable to both Belgrade and Pristina [2].

See also: Kosovo status process

Culture

Kosovo Albanian ethnic costume/dance. During and after the breakup of Yugoslavia there were increasing ethnic and regional conflicts culminating in the Kosovo War of 1999

Kosovo Albanian ethnic room.

Culture-wise Albanians in Kosovo are very closely related to Albanians in Albania. Traditions and customs differ even from a town to town in Kosovo itself. The spoken dialect is Gheg, typical of northern Albanians. Gheg (or Geg) is one of the two major dialects of the Albanian language. The education, books, media, newspapers, and official language of the institutions in the standard dialect of Albanian, which is closer to Tosk dialect.

Education is provided for all levels, primary, secondary, and university degrees. University of Priština is the public university of Kosovo, with several faculties and majors. The University of Prishtina as well as the University of Pristina (Universiteti i Prishtinës Serbian: Универзитет у Приштини Univerzitet The National Library (Alb: Bibloteka Kombëtare) is the main and the largest library in Kosovo, located in the centre of Priština. There are many other private universities, among them American University in Kosovo (AUK), etc, and many secondary schools and colleges such as Mehmet Akif College. The American University in Kosovo is located in the Germia district of Pristina, Kosovo.

The most widespread religion among Albanians in Kosovo is Islam (mostly Sunni but with significant number of Bektashis). For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Bektashism (Bektaşilik is an Islamic Sufi order ( Tariqat) considered to be a distinct branch of Shi'a Islam The other religion Kosovar Albanians practice is Roman Catholicism. There used to be a small Albanian Orthodox community, but their status is uncertain.

Kosovafilmi is the film industry, which releases movies in Albanian, created by Kosovo Albanian movie-makers.

The National Theatre of Kosovo (Alb: Teatri Kombëtar i Kosovës) is the main theatre where plays are shown regularly by Albanian and international artists.

Music

Music has always been part of the Albanian culture. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Although in Kosovo music is diverse (as it got mixed with the cultures of different regimes dominating in Kosovo), the Albanian authentic music (see World Music) does still exist. The term world music includes Traditional music (sometimes called Folk music or roots music of any culture that are created and played by indigenous musicians It is characterized by use of çiftelia (an authentic Albanian instrument), mandolina, mandola and percussion. The çiftelia (chiftelia is an Albanian wooden largely acoustic String instrument, with only two strings

In Kosovo, except the modern music, the folk music is very popular. See also Folk (disambiguation, Volk (disambiguation Folk is one of the Germanic roots that mean "(of the people" or "our There are many folk singers and ensembles.

The classical music is very knowable in Kosovo. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music There are many classical instrumentalists, ensembles etc.

The modern music in Kosovo has its origin from the western countries. The main modern genres include: Pop, Hip Hop/Rap, Rock and Jazz. Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States The most notable rock bands are: Gjurmët, Troja, Votra, Diadema, Humus, Asgjë sikur Dielli, Kthjellu, Gillespie, Cute Babulja, Babilon etc. Babilon was formed in 1986 in Priština, Kosovo, by Uran Bajrami - Bass Guitar (1968 - 1989 Besim Hajdini - Lead Guitar, Ilir Bajri is a notable jazz and electronic musician. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production

There are some notable music festivals in Kosovo:

Rock për Rock - contains rock and metal music
Polifest - contains all kinds of genres (usually hip hop, commercial pop, and never rock or metal)
Showfest - contains all kinds of genres (usually hip hop, commercial pop, unusually rock and never metal)
Videofest - contains all kinds of genres
Kush Këndon Lutet Dy Herë - contains all kinds of genres which have Christian lyrics

Kosovo Radiotelevisions like RTK, 21 and KTV have their musical charts. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Lyrics (in singular form Lyric) are a set of words that accompany music either by speaking or singing Radio Television of Kosovo (Radio Televizioni i Kosovës Serbian: Радио Телевизија Косова transliterated, Radio Televizija Kosova

See also: Kosovo's and Albania's musicians

Prominent individuals

Before 1950

Gjon Buzuku, born in the 16th century a Catholic priest, born in Has, a region close to Prizren, the writer of one of the earliest books in Albanian, Meshari. This is a list of historical and living Albanians (of Albania or the Albanian Diaspora) who are famous or notable sorted by occupation and name Artists Gjon Buzuku (16th century was an Albanian Catholic Clergyman who wrote the first known printed book in Albanian. Prizren ( Albanian: Prizren or Prizreni, Serbian Cyrillic: Призрен is a historical city located in southern Kosovo. Meshari ( Albanian for "Prayer Book" is the first Book written in Albanian language.

Pjetër Bogdani, (1630-1689) born in Has, a Catholic bishop and author of the old Albanian literature as well as an eminent fighter against the Ottoman Empire

Isa Boletini, born in 1864, in Boletin, a village close to Kosovska Mitrovica, one of the main commanders of Albanian troops who fought against Ottoman, Bulgarian, Serbian Empire troops in the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Pjetër Bogdani (ca 1630 - 1689 known in Italian as Pietro Bogdano, is the most original writer of early literature in Albania. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Isa Boletini (1864-1916 Hero of Kosovo, was a prominent Albanian patriot strategist military leader visionary and Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Hasan Prishtina (1873 - 1933) born in Vučitrn, an Albanian intellectual, and organizer of Albanian movements against Ottomans and other regimes installed in Kosovo, during the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Hasan Prishtina (1873 in Vushtrri, Kosovo Province, Ottoman Empire - 1933 was an Albanian national leader and briefly Prime Minister of Albania Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vučitrn or Vushtrri ( Albanian: Vushtrri or Vushtrria; Latin: Vicianum Serbian: Вучитрн Vučitrn The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Bajram Curri a freedom fighter, and nationalist, born in Đakovica in 1862. This page is about the Albanian national hero - for the town named after him see Bajram Curri (town. Đakovica, Djakovica or Gjakova ( Albanian: Gjakova or Gjakovë; Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday

Sulejman Vokshi (1815 - 1890) born in Đakovica, one of the main commanders, and leaders of the armed forces organized by the League of Prizren. Sulejman Vokshi (1815 - 1890 was born in Đakovica, in the Rumelia Province of the Ottoman Empire. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Đakovica, Djakovica or Gjakova ( Albanian: Gjakova or Gjakovë; The League of Prizren (Lidhja e Prizrenit was an Albanian political organization founded on June 10, 1878 in Prizren, Vilayet of Kosovo

Valbona Gusija, born in 1968 in Priština, is one of the pioneers of the Albanian social service movement in Canada.

Current

Nexhmije Pagarusha, born in May 7, 1933, singer and actress

Ibrahim Rugova former President of Kosovo and founder and head of LDK and organizer of the peaceful resistance of Kosovo Albanians from 1990 - 1999 (died of lung cancer on Jan 21, 2006). Nexhmije Pagarusha ( Serbo-Croat: Nedžmije Paraguša; born 7 May, 1933) is an ethnic Albanian Singer and Actress Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Prof Dr Ibrahim Rugova ( December 2, 1944 – January 21, 2006) was a politician of Albanian descent who was the first The President of the Republic of Kosovo (Kryetari i Kosovës or Serbian: sr-Cyrl председник Косова is Head of State of the Republic The Democratic League of Kosovo ( Albanian: Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës, LDK is the 2nd largest Political party in Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Adem Jashari, (1955-1998), born in Prekaz, a distinguished commander of the Kosovo Liberation Army, killed during the 1999 Kosovo War. Adem Jashari ( November 28, 1955 – March 7, 1998) was born in Pristina, Kosovo. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The Kosovo Liberation Army or KLA ( Albanian: Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës or UÇK) was a Kosovar Albanian guerilla group which sought The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999

Veton Surroi former publicist of Koha Ditore, currently the political leader of the ORA reformist party. Veton Surroi (born July 17, 1961) is a popular Kosovo Albanian publicist and politician Koha Ditore (English Daily Time is the leading daily Newspaper from Kosovo. Partia Reformiste ORA (Reformist Party ORA is a Social liberal Centre-left Political party in Kosovo.

Nexhat Daci Ph. Nexhat Daci ( Serbo-Croat: Nedžad Daci) (pronounced /ne'ʤat da D. in Chemistry, university professor, and former speaker of Assembly of Kosovo, member of the LDK. The Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo (Kuvendi i Kosovës Скупштина Косова Skupština Kosova) is an institution within the Provisional Institutions The Democratic League of Kosovo ( Albanian: Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës, LDK is the 2nd largest Political party in

Agim Çeku former Colonel of the Croatian Army, former military commander of KLA and later of the KPC, and currently Prime Minister of Kosovo. Agim Çeku ( Serbo-Croat: Agim Čeku) (born 29 October 1960 in the village of Ćuška near Pejë/Peć, in Kosovo The Kosovo Liberation Army or KLA ( Albanian: Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës or UÇK) was a Kosovar Albanian guerilla group which sought The Kosovo Protection Corps (Trupat e Mbrojtjes së Kosovës is a civilian emergency services organisation in Kosovo. The Prime Minister of Kosovo (Kryeministri i Kosovës Serbian: sr-Cyrl Премијер Косова ''Premijer Kosova'' is the Head of Government for Kosovo.

Rifat Kukaj (25 October 1938 – September 11, 2005) one of the most successful writers in Albanian literature for children. Rifat Kukaj ( 25 October, 1938 – September 11, 2005) was a Kosovar Albanian and the most successful writer in Albanian Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was born in Tërstenik, Drenica region of Kosovo.

Anton Çetta born in Đakovica, patriot, folklorist, academician, university professor. Anton Çetta was born in 1920 in Đakovica, Yugoslavia - died in 1995 in Priština, Yugoslavia) was a folklorist, Academician Folkloristics is the formal academic study of Folklore. What actually constitutes folklore is disputed even within the discipline but generally folklore focuses on the He was the founder of the Reconciliation Committee for erasing blood feuds in Kosovo (Alb: Komiteti per pajtimin e gjaqeve ne Kosovë). He is famous for having settled almost all of blood feuds among Albanians in Kosovo, in the 1990s.

Albin Kurti a former leader of the student protests during late 90s, currently the leader of the Vetëvendosja(Self-determination) movement, which fights for the right of Albanians in Kosovo for self-determination on the future of Kosovo. Albin Kurti (born 24 March 1975, in Pristina, Kosovo) is the leading activist behind VETËVENDOSJE!.

Xhevad Prekazi football player

Albanians in Central Serbia

According to the 2002 census, there are 61,647 Albanians in Serbia without Kosovo. Xhevat Prekazi, (Џевад Прекази (born August 18 1957 in Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia, Yugoslavia) is a retired Yugoslav } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Of those, 59,952 live in Central Serbia, chiefly in the Preševo Valley, at the far south of Serbia, on the Kosovo border. Political status The region of Central Serbia is not an administrative division of Serbia as such it is under the direct jurisdiction of the republic authorities The Preševo Valley Albanian: Lugina e Preshevës) ( Serbian: Прешевска Долина or Preševska Dolina; is a geographical region ^[2] They mainly live in the municipalities of Preševo (Albanian: Preshevë), and Bujanovac (Albanian: Bujanoc), as well as in the part of the municipality of Medveđa (Albanian: Medvegjë). Preševo (Прешево; Preshevë or Presheva) also known as Presevo and Preshevo, is a town and municipality in Pčinja District of Bujanovac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бујановац Albanian: Bujanoci) is a town and municipality in Pčinja District of Serbia Medveđa ( Serbian Cyrillic: Медвећа; Medvegja is a town and municipality in Jablanica District of Serbia, bordering Kosovo.