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Alan Hovhaness with an Indonesian rebab
Alan Hovhaness with an Indonesian rebab

Alan Hovhaness (Armenian: Ալան Հովհանես) (March 8, 1911 – June 21, 2000) was an American composer of Armenian and Scottish ancestry, but the inspiration for his mature work was as much Eastern as Western. The rebab ( Arabic الرباب or رباب; also rebap, rabab, rebeb, The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance An Armenian-American is an American whose ancestors hail either wholly or partly from Armenia. Scottish Americans or Scots Americans are Citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates in Scotland. [1]

His music is accessible to the lay listener and often evokes a mood of mystery or contemplation. The Boston Globe music critic Richard Buell wrote: "Although he has been stereotyped as a self-consciously Armenian composer (rather as Ernest Bloch is seen as a Jewish composer), his output assimilates the music of many cultures. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, A music critic is someone who reviews Music (including printed music performances and recorded music and publishes writing on them in books or journals (or on the internet Ernest Bloch (July 24 1880 &ndash July 15 1959 was a Swiss -born American Composer. What may be most American about all of it is the way it turns its materials into a kind of exoticism. The atmosphere is hushed, reverential, mystical, nostalgic. "

He was among the most prolific of 20th century composers, his official catalog comprising 67 numbered symphonies (surviving manuscripts indicate over 70) and 434 opus numbers. [1] [2] However, the true tally is well over 500 surviving works since many opus numbers comprise two or more distinct works.

Contents

Early life

He was born as Alan Vaness Chakmakjian in Somerville, Massachusetts to Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian (an Armenian chemistry professor at Tufts College who had been born in Adana, Turkey) and Madeleine Scott (an American woman of Scottish descent who had graduated from Wellesley College). Somerville (pronunciation ˈsʌmərvɪl is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, just north of Boston. Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian (b Adana, Turkey, October 20, 1878; d The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Adana (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Wellesley College is a women's liberal arts college, in Wellesley Massachusetts, that opened in 1875 founded by Henry Fowle Durant At the age of five, the family moved from Somerville to Arlington, Massachusetts. Arlington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, six miles (10 km northwest of Boston. Alan Hovhaness himself explained that his mother had insisted on the move from Somerville because of the discrimination against the Armenians there. Upon his mother's death (October 3, 1930), he began to use the surname "Hovaness" in honor of his paternal grandfather, and changed it to "Hovhaness" around 1944. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The name change reflected increased pride in his Armenian heritage, something that had earlier been discouraged by his mother. Alan was interested in music from a very early age, writing his first composition at the age of four after being inspired by hearing a song of Franz Schubert. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. This first attempt at composition, a cantata in the early Italian style, was poorly received by his family, so he decided at this time to pursue astronomy, another of his early loves. [2] He did, however, study piano, first with Adelaide Proctor and then with Heinrich Gebhard. Heinrich Gebhard (b July 25, 1878, Sobernheim, Germany – d May 5, 1963, North Arlington New Jersey) was

By age 14, Hovhaness decided to devote himself to composition. Among his first and most important influences were the recordings of Gomidas Vartabed, a great Armenian composer who had lived through the Armenian Genocide. Biography Soghomon (Gevorki Soghomonyan was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. He composed two operas during his teenage years, which were performed at Arlington High School, and the composer Roger Sessions took an interest in his music during this time. Roger Huntington Sessions ( 28 December 1896 &ndash 16 March 1985) was an American Composer, critic and teacher of music Following his graduation from high school in 1929, he studied with Leo Rich Lewis at Tufts and then the New England Conservatory of Music, under Frederick Converse. Leo Rich Lewis (1864 or 1865-1945 was an American composer He graduated from Tufts College in Massachusetts in 1887 and later served as Fletcher Professor Frederick Shepherd Converse ( January 5, 1871 &ndash June 8, 1940) was an American Composer of classical music In 1932 he won the Conservatory's Samuel Endicott prize for composition, for a symphonic work entitled Sunset Symphony (elsewhere entitled Sunset Saga). In July 1934, with his first wife, Martha Mott Davis, he traveled to Finland to meet the composer Jean Sibelius, whose music he had greatly admired since childhood. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The two remained in correspondence for the next twenty years.

In 1936 Hovhaness attended a performance in Boston by the Indian dance troupe of Uday Shankar (with orchestra led by Vishnudas Shirali), which began the composer's lifelong interest in the music of India. Uday Shankar ( December 8, 1900 – September 26, 1977) (উদয় শংকর was a world renowned classical dancer and [3] During the 1930s (until 1939) he was employed by the WPA's Federal Music Project. The Works Progress Administration (renamed in 1939 the Work Projects Administration; WPA) was the largest New Deal agency employing millions of people The Federal Music Project (FMP part of the Federal government of the United States New Deal program Federal One, employed musicians conductors and

Destruction of early works

During the 1930s and 1940s, Hovhaness famously destroyed many of his early works. He later claimed that he had burned at least 1000 different pieces, a process that took at least two weeks;[4] elsewhere he claimed that he had destroyed approximately 500 works, up to 1000 pages in total (Gagne 1993, 121). In an interview with Richard Howard, he stated that the decision was based primarily on Roger Sessions' criticism of his works of that period, and that he wished to have a new start in his composing. [5]

Compositional career

"Armenian Period"

Hovhaness became interested in Armenian culture and music in 1940, as the organist for the St. An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or Orchestra, or accompany James Armenian Apostolic Church in Watertown, Massachusetts, remaining in this position for approximately ten years. The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan The Town of Watertown is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. In 1942 he won a scholarship at Tanglewood to study in Bohuslav Martinů's master class. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tanglewood is an estate and Music venue in Lenox and Stockbridge Massachusetts and is the home of the annual summer Tanglewood Music Festival Bohuslav Martinů ( (December 8 1890 – August 28 1959 was a prolific Bohemian Czech Composer, who wrote six symphonies, 15 Operas Master Class is a play by Terrence McNally, with incidental music by Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, and Vincenzo Bellini. However, Martinů had a serious fall in the early summer which made it impossible for him to teach. Instead, the composer's seminar which Hovhaness attended was led by Aaron Copland and Leonard Bernstein. Aaron Copland (November 14 1900 &ndash December 2 1990 was an American Composer of concert and film music as well as an accomplished Pianist. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes While a recording of Hovhaness's first symphony was being played, Copland talked loudly in Spanish to the Latin American composers in the room, and when the recording finished, Bernstein went to the piano, played a melodic minor scale, and remarked, "I can't stand this cheap ghetto music. " Hovhaness was angered and distraught by his experience at Tanglewood, and quit early despite being on scholarship. Following this experience, he again destroyed a number of his works.

The next year he devoted himself to Armenian subject matter, in particular using modes distinctive to Armenian music, and continued for several years, achieving some renown and the support of other musicians, including John Cage and Martha Graham, all while continuing as church organist. In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr See also Martha Graham ( May 11, 1894 &ndash April 1, 1991) was an American Dancer and Choreographer

Beginning in the mid-1940s, Hovhaness and two artist friends, Hyman Bloom and Hermon di Giovanno, met frequently to discuss spiritual and musical matters. Hyman Bloom (b Brunavišķi, Latvia, March 29, 1913) is a painter Hermon di Giovanno (born Hermolaus Ionides, Greek: Ερμόλαος All three had a strong interest in Indian classical music, and brought many well known Indian musicians to Boston to perform. The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of Scriptures part of the Hindu tradition the Vedas. During this period, Hovhaness learned to play the sitar, studying with amateur Indian musicians living in the Boston area. The sitar ( Hindi: सितार Urdu: ستار Persian: سی تار) is a Plucked stringed instrument. Around 1942, Bloom introduced Hovhaness to Yenovk Der Hagopian, a fine singer of Armenian and Kurdish troubadour songs, whose singing served as an inspiration to Hovhaness.

In one of many applications for a Guggenheim fellowship (1941), Hovhaness presented his credo:

"I propose to create an heroic, monumental style of composition simple enough to inspire all people, completely free from fads, artificial mannerisms and false sophistications, direct, forceful, sincere, always original but never unnatural. Music must be freed from decadence and stagnation. There has been too much emphasis on small things while the great truths have been overlooked. The superficial must be dispensed with. Music must become virile to express big things. It is not my purpose to supply a few pseudo intellectual musicians and critics with more food for brilliant argumentation, but rather to inspire all mankind with new heroism and spiritual nobility. This may appear to be sentimental and impossible to some, but it must be remembered that Palestrina, Handel, and Beethoven would not consider it either sentimental or impossible. In fact, the worthiest creative art has been motivated consciously or unconsciously by the desire for the regeneration of mankind. "

Lou Harrison reviewed a 1945 concert of Hovhaness' music which included his 1944 concerto for piano and strings, entitled Lousadzak:

"There is almost nothing occurring most of the time but unison melodies and very lengthy drone basses, which is all very Armenian. Lou Silver Harrison ( May 14, 1917 &ndash February 2, 2003) was an American Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It is also very modern indeed in its elegant simplicity and adamant modal integrity, being, in effect, as tight and strong in its way as a twelve-tone work of the Austrian type. There is no harmony either, and the brilliance and excitement of parts of the piano concerto were due entirely to vigor of idea. It really takes a sound musicality to invent a succession of stimulating ideas within the bounds of an unaltered mode and without shifting the home-tone. "

However, as before, there were also critics:

The serialists were all there. And so were the Americanists, both Aaron Copland's group and Virgil's. And here was something that had come out of Boston that none of us had ever heard of and was completely different from either. There was nearly a riot in the foyer [during intermission] — everybody shouting. A real whoop-dee-doo.
(Miller and Lieberman 1998)

Lousadzak was Hovhaness's first work to make use of an innovative technique he called the "spirit murmur" — an early example of aleatoric music that was inspired by a vision of Hermon di Giovanno. Aleatoric music (also aleatory music or chance music; from the Latin word alea, meaning " Dice " is Music [6] The technique involves instruments repeating phrases in uncoordinated fashion, producing a complex "cloud" or "carpet" of sounds. [7]

In the mid-1940s Hovhaness' stature in New York was helped considerably by members of the immigrant Armenian community who sponsored several high-profile concerts of his music. This organization, the Friends of Armenian Music Committee, was led by Hovhaness's friends Dr. Elizabeth A. Gregory, the Armenian American piano/violin duo Maro Ajemian and Anahid Ajemian, and later Anahid's husband, pioneering record producer and subsequent Columbia Records executive George Avakian. An Armenian-American is an American whose ancestors hail either wholly or partly from Armenia. Maro Ajemian ( July 9, 1921 - September 18, 1978) was an American pianist Anahid Ajemian (born January 26, 1924) is an American violinist George Avakian (Георг Авакиан born Armavir, Russian Federation, March 15, 1919) is an American Record producer Their help led directly to many recordings of Hovhaness' music appearing in the 1950s on MGM and Mercury records, placing him firmly on the American musical landscape.

In May and June of 1946, while staying with an Armenian family, Hovhaness composed Etchmiadzin, an opera on an Armenian theme, which was commissioned by a local Armenian church. In Art, a commission is the hiring and payment for the creation of a piece often on behalf of another

Conservatory years

In 1948 he joined the faculty of the Boston Conservatory, teaching there until 1951. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. BoCo is a nickname for the Boston Conservatory for other uses see Boco (disambiguation. His students there included the jazz musicians Sam Rivers and Gigi Gryce. Samuel Carthorne Rivers (born September 25, 1923, in El Reno Oklahoma) is an American Jazz musician and Composer. Gigi Gryce (born George General Grice Jr November 28, 1925 in Pensacola, Florida &mdash March 14, 1983 in

Relocation to New York

In 1951, Hovhaness moved to New York City, where he took up composing full-time. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The City of New York Also that year (beginning August 1), he worked at the Voice of America, first as a script writer for the Armenian Section, then as Director of Music, composer, and musical consultant for the Near East and Trans-Caucasian section. Voice of America ( VOA) is the official external radio and Television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. He eventually lost this job (along with much of the other staff) when Dwight D. Eisenhower succeeded Harry S. Truman as U. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general S. president in 1953. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Beginning at this time, Hovhaness branched out from Armenian music, adopting styles and material from a wide variety of sources. In 1953 and 1954 he received Guggenheim Fellowships in composition. 1953 US and Canadian Fellows Robert Kemp Adair Sterling Professor Emeritus of Physics Yale University 1953 Carl Benjamin Boyer, historian of science Alan Hovhaness, composer (also awarded a Fellowship in 1953) Guggenheim Fellowships are American grants that have been awarded annually since 1925 by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who In 1954 he wrote the score for the Broadway play The Flowering Peach by Clifford Odets, a ballet for Martha Graham (Ardent Song, 1954), and two scores for NBC documentaries on India and Southeast Asia (1955 and 1957). Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Clifford Odets ( July 18, 1906 - August 18, 1963) was an American Playwright, Screenwriter, Socialist The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Also during the 1950s, he composed for productions at The Living Theatre. The Living Theatre is an American Theatre company founded in 1947 and based in New York City.

"Mysterious Mountain"

His biggest breakthrough to date came in 1955, when his Symphony No. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) 2, Mysterious Mountain, was premiered by Leopold Stokowski in his debut with the Houston Symphony. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leopold Stokowski (born Leopold Anthony Stokowski though on occasion The Houston Symphony Orchestra is a professional Orchestra based in Houston Texas. The idea that Mysterious Mountain was commissioned for the Houston Symphony is a common misconception [8]. That same year, MGM Records released recordings of a number of his works. MGM Records was a Record label started by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Film studio in 1946 Between 1956 and 1958, at the urging of Howard Hanson (who was an admirer of his music), he taught summers at the Eastman School of Music. Howard Harold Hanson ( October 28, 1896 &ndash February 26, 1981) was an American Composer, conductor, educator The Eastman School of Music (also known more simply as The Eastman School, Eastman, or ESM) is a music conservatory located in the

Trips to Asia

From 1959 through 1963, Hovhaness conducted a series of research trips to India, Hawaii, Japan, and South Korea, investigating the ancient traditional musics of these nations and eventually integrating elements of these into his own compositions. His study of Carnatic music in Madras, India (1959-60), during which he collected over 300 ragas, was sponsored by a Fulbright fellowship. Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India Rāga ( Sanskrit, lit "colour" or "mood" or rāgam in Carnatic music) refers to melodic modes used The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of grants for international educational exchange for scholars educators graduate While in Madras, he learned to play the veena and composed a work for Carnatic orchestra entitled Nagooran, inspired by a visit to the dargah at Nagore, which was performed by the South Indian Orchestra of All India Radio Madras and broadcast on All India Radio on February 3, 1960. Veena (also spelled 'vina' Kannada: ವೀಣ Malayalam: വീണ Tamil: வீணா Telugu: వీణ is a Plucked stringed A dargah ( درگه) is a Sufi Shrine built over the grave of a revered religious figure often a Sufi Saint. Nagore (sometimes spelled Nagoor) is a town in the Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی He compiled a large amount of material on Carnatic ragas in preparation for a book on the subject, but never completed it.

He studied Japanese gagaku music (learning the wind instruments hichiriki, shō, and ryūteki) in the spring of 1962 with Masatoshi Shamoto in Hawaii, and a Rockefeller Foundation grant allowed him to conduct further gagaku studies with Masataro Togi in Japan (1962-63). Gagaku (ja [[wiktionary雅 雅]][[wiktionary楽 楽]] literally "elegant music" is a type of Japanese classical music that has been performed at the Imperial court The is a Double reed Japanese Fue used as one of two main melodic instruments in Japanese Gagaku music the other being the Ryuteki. The is a Japanese free reed Musical instrument that was introduced from China during the Nara period. The is a Japanese transverse Fue made of Bamboo. It is used in Gagaku, the Shinto classical music associated with Japan's imperial court The Rockefeller Foundation (RF is a prominent Philanthropic organization and Private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue New York City. Also while in Japan, he studied and played the nagauta (kabuki) shamisen and the jōruri (bunraku) shamisen. literally "long song" is a kind of traditional Japanese music which accompanies the Kabuki theater is a form of traditional Japanese theatre. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate Make-up worn by some of its performers The shamisen or samisen ( Japanese: 三[[wiktionary 味|味]] 線, literally "three flavor strings" also called sangen (literally also known as Ningyō jōruri (ja 人形浄瑠璃 is a form of traditional Japanese Puppet theater founded in Osaka in 1684 In recognition of the musical styles he studied in Japan, he wrote his famous Fantasy on Japanese Woodprints, Op. 211 (1965), a concerto for xylophone and orchestra. Fantasy on Japanese Woodprints Op 211 (1965 is a Concerto in one Movement written for Xylophone and Orchestra by American The xylophone (from the Greek words ξύλον - xylon, "wood" + φωνή - phone, "voice" meaning "wooden

In 1963 he composed his second ballet score for Martha Graham, entitled Circe. In 1965, as part of a U. S. government-sponsored delegation, he visited Russia, Georgia and Armenia (then under Soviet control), the only time during his life that he would visit his ancestral homeland. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Հայկական ՍովետականՍոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun While there, he donated his handwritten manuscripts of harmonized Armenian liturgical music to the Yeghishe Charents State Museum of Arts and Literature in Yerevan. Yeghishe Charents (Եղիշե Աբգարի Չարենց March 13, 1897 &ndash November 29, 1937) was an Armenian Poet Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan

World view

Perhaps also prophetic in worldly matters, Hovhaness stated in a 1971 interview in Ararat magazine:

"We are in a very dangerous period. We are in danger of destroying ourselves, and I have a great fear about this. . . The older generation is ruling ruthlessly. I feel that this is a terrible threat to our civilization. It's the greed of huge companies and huge organizations which control life in a kind of a brutal way. . . It's gotten worse and worse, somehow, because physical science has given us more and more terrible deadly weapons, and the human spirit has been destroyed in so many cases, so what's the use of having the most powerful country in the world if we have killed the soul. It's of no use" (Michaelyan 1971).

Later life

Hovhaness was inducted into the National Institute of Arts and Letters (1951), and received honorary D.Mus. degrees from the University of Rochester (1958), Bates College (1959), and the Boston Conservatory (1987). The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member organization whose goal is to "foster assist and sustain excellence" in American Literature, The Doctor of Music degree ( DMus, MusD or MusDoc) like other Doctorates, is an Academic degree of the highest level The University of Rochester ( U of R UR) is a private, nonsectarian Coeducational Research University located in Rochester Bates College is a private liberal arts college located in Lewiston Maine, in the United States. BoCo is a nickname for the Boston Conservatory for other uses see Boco (disambiguation. He moved to Seattle in the early 1970s, where he lived for the rest of his life. In 1973 he composed his third and final ballet score for Martha Graham: Myth of a Voyage, and over the next twenty years (between 1973 and 1992) he produced no fewer than 37 new symphonies.

Continuing his interest in composing for Asian instruments, in 1981, at the request of Lou Harrison, he composed two works for Indonesian gamelan orchestra, which were premiered by the gamelan of Lewis & Clark College, under the direction of Vincent McDermott. A gamelan is a musical ensemble of Indonesia typically featuring a variety of instruments such as metallophones xylophones drums and gongs bamboo flutes bowed and Lewis & Clark College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in Portland Oregon, United States. (Joseph Vincent McDermott (b Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States, September 5, 1933) is a classically trained American composer

Hovhaness is survived by his wife, the coloratura soprano Hinako Fujihara Hovhaness, who administers the Hovhaness-Fujihara music publishing company;[9] as well as a daughter, the harpsichordist Jean Nandi). Coloratura has several meanings The word derives from the Italian colorare (to Colour; to heighten to enliven or colorazione (colouring coloration A harpsichord is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard.

Research Centre

In 2004 plans were announced to establish an Alan Hovhaness International Research Centre in Yerevan, Armenia, to be part of that nation's State Museum of Arts and Literature. Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan The centre, intended as a world center for Hovhaness research, will house a comprehensive archive of materials related to Hovhaness. [10]

Significant compositions

Symphonies

Films

Films about Alan Hovhaness

Films with scores by Alan Hovhaness

Interesting facts

Notable students

References

Notes

  1. ^ "In Memoriam Alan Hovhaness", The Musical Times, Vol. 141, No. 1872. (Autumn, 2000), pp. 6-7.
  2. ^ The number of opus numbers was identifed as 434 by Kenneth Page in a review in Limelight magazine (Australia), May 2007, p. Limelight is a type of Stage lighting once used in Theatres and Music halls An intense illumination is created when an oxyhydrogen flame is directed 55

External links

Listening

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