| al-Qaeda القاعدة |
|
|---|---|
| Operational | 1988 – present |
| Led by | Osama bin Laden Ayman al-Zawahiri |
| Active region(s) | Afghanistan, Algeria, Iraq, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia |
| Ideology | Islamism Sunni Islam Pan-Islamism |
| Status | Designated as Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. State Department[1] Designated as Proscribed Group by the UK Home Office[2] Designated as terrorist group by EU Common Foreign and Security Policy[3] |
Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa'ida or al-Qa'idah, (Arabic: القاعدة; transliteration: al-qā‘idah; translation: The Base) is an international Sunni Islamic terrorist organization, or alliance of such organizations, founded in 1988[4] by Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (later replaced by Osama Bin Laden) and other veteran "Afghan Arabs" after the Soviet War in Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Pan-Islamism ( اتّحاد الاسلام) is a Political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state or a Caliphate " Foreign Terrorist Organization " is a designation of non- United States -based organizations declared terrorist by the United States Secretary of State The Terrorism Act 2000 is a current United Kingdom Act of Parliament, described as "an Act to make provision about Terrorism; and to make temporary The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for security and order The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This article deals with the workings of European Union foreign policy Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh British Mandate of Palestine – November 24 1989 Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) were Arab and other Muslim fighters who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet-Afghan War to The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving Al-Qaeda has attacked civilian and military targets in various countries, the most notable being the September 11 attacks in 2001. Al-Qaeda attacks began on December 29, 1992, when bombs at two hotels in Aden, Yemen, killed two Austrian tourists These actions were followed by the US government launching a military and intelligence campaign against al-Qaeda called the War on Terror. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U
Characteristic techniques include use of suicide attacks and simultaneous bombings of different targets. [5] Activities ascribed to it may involve members of the organization, who have taken a pledge of loyalty to bin Laden, or the much more numerous "al-Qaeda-linked" individuals who have undergone training in one of its camps in Afghanistan or Sudan but not taken any pledge. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. [6] Al-Qaeda's objectives include the end of foreign influence in Muslim countries and the creation of a new Islamic caliphate. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Reported beliefs include that a Christian-Jewish alliance is conspiring to destroy Islam,[7] and that the killing of bystanders and civilians is Islamically justified in jihad. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. [8] Its management philosophy has been described as "centralization of decision and decentralization of execution. "[9] Following 9/11 and the launching of the War on Terrorism, it is thought al-Qaeda's leadership has "become geographically isolated", leading to the "emergence of decentralized leadership" of regional groups using the al-Qaeda "brand name. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U "[10][11]
Al-Qaeda has been labeled a terrorist organization by the United Nations Security Council,[12] the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Secretary General,[13][14] the Commission of the European Communities of the European Union,[15] the United States Department of State,[16] the Australian Government,[17] Public Safety Canada,[18] the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs,[19] Japan's Diplomatic Bluebook,[20] South Korean Foreign Ministry,[21] the Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service,[22] the United Kingdom Home Office,[23] Pakistan, Russia,[24] the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs,[25] and the Swiss Government. Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international The Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO) is the chair of the North Atlantic Council, the supreme decision-making organisation of the The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. This article describes the federal government of Australia See Australian governments for other jurisdictions Public Safety Canada, formerly known as Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, legally incorporated as the federal Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness The State of Israel joined the United Nations on May 11, 1949. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade is in charge of diplomacy for South Korea, as well as handling external trade and matters related to overseas Korean Militaire Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst ( MIVD) is the Military Intelligence and Security Service of the The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for security and order Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Utrikesdepartementet is responsible for Swedish foreign policy The Swiss Federal Council (Schweizerischer Bundesrat Conseil fédéral suisse Consiglio federale svizzero Cussegl federal [26]
Due to its secrecy and structure of semi-autonomous cells, al-Qaeda's size and degree of responsibility for particular attacks are difficult to establish.
Etymology
In Arabic, al-Qaeda has four syllables. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language However, since two of the Arabic consonants in the name (the voiceless uvular plosive [q] and the voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]) are not phones found in the English language, the closest naturalized English pronunciation is IPA: /ælˈkɑːiːdə//. The voiceless uvular plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages It is pronounced like, except that the tongue makes contact not The voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Within Phonetics, a phone is a speech sound or gesture considered a physical event without regard to its place in the Phonology of a Language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States English phonology is the study of the Phonology (ie the sound system of the English language. More commonly, /ælˈkaɪdə/ and /ælˈkeɪdə/ are heard. Al-Qaeda's name can also be transliterated as al-Qaida, al-Qa'ida, el-Qaida, or al Qaeda. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice [27]
The name of the organization comes from the Arabic noun qā'idah, which means foundation or basis and can also refer to a military base. The initial al- is the Arabic definite article the, hence the base.
Osama bin Laden explained the origin of the term in a videotaped interview with Al Jazeera journalist Tayseer Alouni in October 2001:
The name 'al-Qaeda' was established a long time ago by mere chance. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Tayseer Allouni (تيسير علوني (also Taysir Tayseer (also Alluni Aluni Alony is a journalist from the Al Jazeera news channel The late Abu Ebeida El-Banashiri established the training camps for our mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (أبو عبيدة البنشير May 1950— May 23, 1996) was the Nom de guerre of Ali Amin al-Rashidi (علي A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or We used to call the training camp al-Qaeda. The name stayed. [28]
Saad Al-Faqih, a Saudi expert in al-Qaida, has stated that the name al-Qaida ". Sa'ad Rashed Mohammad al-Faqih (سعد راشد محمد الفقيه (born January 2, 1957 in Az Zubayr, Iraq) also known as Sa'ad Al-Fagih . . originated from a documentation system in the Bait al-Ansar guesthouse back in the 1980s. The Al Ansar guest house is a name Joint Task Force Guantanamo Counter-terrorism analysts have applied to several guest houses they consider suspicious "[29]
Claims of an American invention
What exactly al-Qaeda is, or was, remains in dispute. In the BBC documentary The Power of Nightmares, writer and journalist Adam Curtis contends that the idea of al-Qaeda as a formal organization is primarily an American invention. The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, is a BBC Documentary film series written and produced by Adam Curtis (born 1955 is a British Television documentary maker who has during the course of his television career worked as a writer producer Curtis contends the name "al-Qaeda" was first brought to the attention of the public in the 2001 trial of Osama bin Laden and the four men accused of the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa. In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States As a matter of law, the U.S. Department of Justice needed to show that Osama bin Laden was the leader of a criminal organization in order to charge him in absentia under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, also known as the RICO statutes. For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department In absentia is Latin for "in the absence" In legal use it usually pertains to a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (commonly referred to as RICO Act or RICO) is a United States federal law that provides for extended The name of the organization and details of its structure were provided in the testimony of Jamal al-Fadl, who claimed to be a founding member of the organization and a former employee of Osama bin Laden. [30] To quote the documentary directly:
The reality was that bin Laden and Ayman Zawahiri had become the focus of a loose association of disillusioned Islamist militants who were attracted by the new strategy. But there was no organization. These were militants who mostly planned their own operations and looked to bin Laden for funding and assistance. He was not their commander. There is also no evidence that bin Laden used the term "al-Qaeda" to refer to the name of a group until after September the 11th, when he realized that this was the term the Americans had given it. [31]
Questions about the reliability of al-Fadl's testimony have been raised by a number of sources because of his history of dishonesty and because he was delivering it as part of a plea bargain agreement after being convicted of conspiring to attack U. S. military establishments. [32][33] Sam Schmidt, a defense lawyer from the trial, had the following to say about al-Fadl's testimony:
There were selective portions of al-Fadl's testimony that I believe was false, to help support the picture that he helped the Americans join together. I think he lied in a number of specific testimony about a unified image of what this organization was. It made al-Qaeda the new Mafia or the new Communists. It made them identifiable as a group and therefore made it easier to prosecute any person associated with al-Qaeda for any acts or statements made by bin Laden. [34]
Claims to be an actual organization
There is at least one public reference to the name "al-Qaeda" that pre-dates the 2001 trial. The name appears with the spelling "al-Qaida" in an executive order issued by President Bill Clinton in 1998, less than two weeks after the bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. executive order in the United States is a Directive issued by the President, the head of the executive branch of the federal government The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States Executive Order 13099, issued on August 20, 1998, lists the organization as one of several associated with Osama bin Laden, the others being the Islamic Army, Islamic Salvation Foundation, the Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Places, The World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, and The Group for the Preservation of the Holy Sites. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March The Islamic Army in Iraq (IAI ( Arabic: الجيش الإسلامي في العراق,al jaysh al islāmi fī'l-`irāq) is one of a number of underground Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The World Islamic Front is the organization that issued the World Islamic Front Statement of 23 February 1998, "Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders", listing Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [35] The name "al-Qaida" could have been introduced to U.S. intelligence by Jamal al-Fadl, who had been providing the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with intelligence about bin Laden since 1996, before ultimately appearing as a witness in the February 2001 trial of those accused of the 1998 United States embassy bombings. The United States Intelligence Community (IC is a cooperative federation of 16 separate United States government agencies that work together to conduct intelligence near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States
In this trial, Jamal al-Fadl testified[36] that al-Qaeda was established in either late 1989 or early 1990 to continue the jihad after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, He claimed that during the war against the Soviets, bin Laden had been funding a group called Maktab al-Khadamat, which was led by Abdallah Azzam. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh British Mandate of Palestine – November 24 1989 Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام This organization was based in Pakistan and provided training, money and other support for Muslims who would cross the border into Afghanistan to fight. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and According to al-Fadl, the Maktab al-Khadamat was disbanded following the Soviet withdrawal, but bin Laden wanted to establish a new group to continue the jihadist cause on other fronts. The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Al-Fadl testified that al-Qaeda's leader was initially Abu Ayoub al-Iraqi, who was later replaced by Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri, but that both of these leaders nevertheless "reported to" bin-Laden. Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (أبو عبيدة البنشير May 1950— May 23, 1996) was the Nom de guerre of Ali Amin al-Rashidi (علي Al-Fadl claims the group initially went by two different names "al-Qaeda" and "Islamic Army", before eventually settling on the former. A meeting was apparently held in Khost, Afghanistan to establish the new group, which al-Fadl claims to have attended. Al-Fadl's recollection was that this occurred in either late 1989 or early 1990.
Others such as CNN journalist Peter Bergen and author Lawrence Wright dispute Burke's contention. Peter Bergen (born December 12, 1962) is a print and television journalist and author who appears as a terrorism analyst on CNN. Lawrence Wright, born August 2 1947 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American author screenwriter staff writer for The New Yorker magazine and fellow at Bergen argues that two documents seized from the Sarajevo office of the Illinois-based Benevolence International Foundation show that the organization was established in August, 1988. TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The Benevolence International Foundation ( BIF) was a purported nonprofit Charitable trust based in Saudi Arabia. Both of these documents contain minutes of meetings held to establish a new military group and contain the term "al-qaeda". [37]
Author Lawrence Wright also quotes this document (an exhibit from the "Tareek Osama" document presented in United States v. Enaam M. Arnaout[38]), in his book The Looming Tower. The Looming Tower Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 is a historical look at the way in which Al-Qaeda came into being the background for various terrorist attacks and Notes of a meeting of bin Laden and others on August 20, 1988 indicate "the military base" ("al-qaeda al-askariya"), was a formal group: `basically an organized Islamic faction, its goal is to lift the word of God, to make His religion victorious. ` A list of requirements for membership itemized "listening and obedient . . . good manners" and making a pledge (bayat) to obey superiors. [4] According to Wright, "[t]he name al-Qaeda was not used," in public pronouncements like the 1998 fatwa to kill Americans and their allies[39] because "its existence was still a closely held secret. "[40] Wright writes that Al-Qaeda was formed at a August 11, 1988 meeting of "with several senior leaders" of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, (Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif, Ayman Al-Zawahiri, and others), Abdullah Azzam, and Osama bin Laden, where it was agreed to join bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and continue jihad elsewhere after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد Sayyed Imam Al- Sharif, (سيد إمام الشريف aka "Dr Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh British Mandate of Palestine – November 24 1989 Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, [41]
Merger with EIJ
In April 2002, the group assumed the name Qa'idat al-Jihad, which means "the base of Jihad". According to Diaa Rashwan, this was ". . . apparently as a result of the merger of the overseas branch of Egypt's al-Jihad (EIJ) group, led by Ayman El-Zawahiri, with the groups Bin Laden brought under his control after his return to Afghanistan in the mid-1990s. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد "[42]
History
Background
Qutbism
The radical Islamist movement in general and al-Qaeda in particular developed during the Islamic revival and Islamist movement of the last three decades of the 20th century along with less extreme movements. Qutbism (also Kotebism Qutbiyya or Qutbiyyah is the radical strain of Islamist ideology and activism based on the thought and writings of Sayyid Qutb, an Islamist Islamic revival refers to a revival of the Islamic religion throughout the Islamic world, that began roughly sometime in 1970s and is manifested in greater religious Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only
Some have argued that "without the writings" of Islamic author and thinker Sayyid Qutb "al-Qaeda would not have existed. Sayyid Qutb (ˈsaɪjɪd ˈqʊtˁb (also Saïd Syed Seyyid Sayid or Sayed last name also Koteb (rather common Qutub Kotb or Kutb (سيد قطب October 9, 1906 "[43] Qutb preached that because of the lack of sharia law the Muslim world was no longer Muslim, having reverted to pre-Islamic ignorance known as jahiliyyah. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Jahiliyyah, al-Jahiliyah or jahalia ( Arabic: جاهلية) is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the To restore Islam, a vanguard movement of righteous Muslims was needed to implement Sharia and rid the Muslim world of any non-Muslim influences, such as concepts like socialism or nationalism. Enemies of Islam included "treacherous Orientalists!" [44] and "world Jewry", who plotted "conspiracies" and "wicked[ly]" opposed Islam.
In the words of Mohammed Jamal Khalia, a close college friend of Osama bin Laden: Islam is different from any other religion; it's a way of life. We [Khalia and bin Laden] were trying to understand what Islam has to say about how we eat, who we marry, how we talk. We read Sayyid Qutb. He was the one who most affected our generation. [45]
Qutb had an even greater influence on Osama bin Laden's mentor and another leading member of al-Qaeda,[46] Ayman al-Zawahiri. Zawahiri's uncle and maternal family patriarch, Mafouz Azzam, was Qutb's student, then protégé, then personal lawyer and finally executor of his estate - one of the last people to see Qutb before his execution. "Young Ayman al-Zawahiri heard again and again from his beloved uncle Mahfouz about the purity of Qutb's character and the torment he had endured in prison. "[47] Zawahiri paid homage to Qutb in his work Knights under the Prophet's Banner. [48]
One of the most powerful effects of Qutb's ideas was the idea that many who said they were Muslims were not, i. e. they were apostates. These included leaders of Muslims countries since they failed to enforce sharia law. [49]
Jihad in Afghanistan
The origins of the group can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) were Arab and other Muslim fighters who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet-Afghan War to The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving The United States viewed the conflict in Afghanistan, with the Afghan Marxists and allied Soviet troops on one side and the native Afghan mujahedeen on the other, as a blatant case of Soviet expansionism and aggression. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The U. S. channelled funds through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency to the native Afghan mujahedeen fighting the Soviet occupation in a CIA program called Operation Cyclone. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency program to arm the Afghan Mujahideen during the [50][51]
At the same time, a growing number of foreign Arab mujahedeen (also called Afghan Arabs) joined the jihad against the Afghan Marxist regime, facilitated by international Muslim organizations, particularly the Maktab al-Khidamat,[52] whose funds came from some of the $600 million a year donated to the jihad by the Saudi Arabia government and individual Muslims - particularly wealthy Saudis who were approached by Osama bin Laden. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) were Arab and other Muslim fighters who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet-Afghan War to The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a Soviet -backed government in Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992. The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK [53] Maktab al-Khidamat was established by Abdullah Azzam and Bin Laden in Peshawar, Pakistan, in 1984. Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh British Mandate of Palestine – November 24 1989 Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and From 1986 it began to set set up a network of recruiting offices in the US, the hub of which was the Al Kifah Refugee Center at the Farouq Mosque in Brooklyn's Atlantic Avenue. The Al Kifah Refugee Center is a charity that was active in the United States. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. This was a "place of pivotal importance for Operation Cyclone". Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency program to arm the Afghan Mujahideen during the [54] Among notable figures at the Brooklyn center were "double agent" Ali Mohamed, whom FBI special agent Jack Cloonan called "bin Laden's first trainer";[55] and "Blind Sheikh" Omar Abdel-Rahman, a leading recruiter of mujahideen for Afghanistan, who obtained US entry visas with CIA help in 1987 and 1990. Ali Abdul Saoud Mohamed, ( Ali Abdelsoud Mohammed) also known as Ali Mohammed (born 1952 (sometimes called "al-Amriki" the American fits the profile Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman (عمر عبد الرحمن (born May 3, 1938) is a blind Egyptian Muslim leader who is currently serving A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or [56][57] Al-Kifah had a training camp in Connecticut, where "Recruits received brief paramilitary training and weapons induction, according to evidence in [subsequent terrorist] trials". Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Several former members of the "active service" of the CIA were employed there as "expert consultants". [58][59]
The Afghan Mujahedeen of the 1980s have been alleged to be the inspiration for terrorist groups in nations such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Chechnya, and the former Yugoslavia. [60] According to Russian sources, the perpetrators of the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993 allegedly used a manual allegedly written by the CIA for the Mujihadeen fighters in Afghanistan on how to make explosives. The 1993 World Trade Center bombing occurred on February 26, 1993, when a Car bomb was detonated below Tower One of the World Trade Center [61]
Alleged CIA involvement
Whether or not the al-Qaeda attacks were "blowback" from the American CIA's "Operation Cyclone" program to help the Afghan mujahideen is a matter of some debate. Claims have been made that the American government, and in particular the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA are responsible for enabling " Afghan Arabs," Robin Cook, former British Foreign Secretary from 1997-2001, has written that al-Qaeda and Bin Laden were "a product of a monumental miscalculation by western security agencies," and that the mujahideen that formed al-Qaeda were "originally . Robert Finlayson Cook (28 February 1946 &ndash 6 August 2005 better known as " Robin Cook " was a Politician in the British Labour . . recruited and trained with help from the CIA". [62]
A variety of sources - CNN journalist Peter Bergen, Pakistani ISI Brigadier Mohammad Yousaf, and CIA operatives involved in the afghan program such as Vincent Cannistraro and Milton Bearden - deny that the CIA or other American officials, had contact with the Afghan Arabs (foreign mujahideen) or Bin Laden, let alone armed, trained, coached or indoctrinated them. These sources argue that there was no need to recruit foreigners unfamiliar with the local language, customs or lay of the land since there were a quarter of a million local Afghans willing to fight[63]; that Arab Afghans themselves would have no need for American funds since they received several hundred million dollars a year from non-American, Muslim sources; that Americans could not train mujahideen because Pakistani officials would not allow more than a handful of them to operate in Pakistan and none in Afghanistan; and that the Afghan Arabs were almost invariably militant Islamists reflexively hostile to Westerners uninterested in the fact that some Westerners were helping the mujahideen.
According to Peter Bergen, known for conducting the first television interview with Osama bin Laden in 1997, the idea that "the CIA funded bin Laden or trained bin Laden . Peter Bergen (born December 12, 1962) is a print and television journalist and author who appears as a terrorism analyst on CNN. . . a folk myth. There's no evidence of this. . . . Bin Laden had his own money, he was anti-American and he was operating secretly and independently. . . . The real story here is the CIA didn't really have a clue about who this guy was until 1996 when they set up a unit to really start tracking him. "[64] But as Bergen himself admitted, in one "strange incident" the CIA did appear to give visa help to mujahideen-recruiter Omar Abdel-Rahman. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman (عمر عبد الرحمن (born May 3, 1938) is a blind Egyptian Muslim leader who is currently serving [65]
Origins in Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK)
Al-Qaeda evolved from the Maktab al-Khadamat (Services Office), a Muslim organization founded in 1980 to raise and channel funds and recruit foreign mujahadeen for the war against the Soviets in Afghanistan. The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or It was founded by Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, a Palestinian Islamic scholar and member of the Muslim Brotherhood. Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh British Mandate of Palestine – November 24 1989 Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام Maktab al-Khadamat organized guest houses in Peshawar, in Pakistan, near the Afghan border, and paramilitary training camps in Afghanistan to prepare international non-Afghan recruits for the Afghan war front. Azzam persuaded Bin Laden to join MAK, to use his own money and use his connections with "the Saudi royal family and the petro-billionaires of the Gulf" to raise more to help the mujahideen. [66] The role played by MAK and foreign Muslim volunteers, or "Afghan Arabs", in the war was not a major one. While 250,000 Afghan Mujahideen fought the Soviets and Marxist Afghan government, it is estimated that were never more than 2000 foreign mujahideen in the field at any one time. [67] Nonetheless, foreign mujahedeen volunteers came from 43 countries and the number that participated in the Afghan movement between 1982 and 1992 is reported to have been 35,000. [68]
The Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 To the surprise of many, Mohammed Najibullah's Marxist Afghan government hung on for three more years before being overrun by elements of the mujahedeen. Najibullah ( Pashto: نجيب الله; born August 1947 killed September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the With mujahedeen leaders unable to agree on a structure for governance, chaos ensued, with constantly reorganizing alliances fighting for control of ill-defined territories, leaving the country devastated.
The CIA was watching Osama bin Laden at least as early as 1995, due to the discovery of the Oplan Bojinka plot, which in part involved a suicide airplane attack on CIA Headquarters. The Bojinka Plot ( Arabic: بجنكة Tagalog: Planong Bojinka was a planned large-scale terrorist attack by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed
Expanding operations
Toward the end of the Soviet military mission in Afghanistan, some mujahedeen wanted to expand their operations to include Islamist struggles in other parts of the world, such as Israel and Kashmir. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya A number of overlapping and interrelated organizations were formed to further those aspirations.
One of these was the organization that would eventually be called al-Qaeda, formed by Osama bin Laden with an initial meeting held on August 11, 1988. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) [69] Bin Laden wished to establish nonmilitary operations in other parts of the world; Azzam, in contrast, wanted to remain focused on military campaigns. After Azzam was assassinated in 1989, the MAK split, with a significant number joining bin Laden's organization.
In November 1989, Ali Mohamed, a former special forces Sergeant stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, left military service and moved to Santa Clara, California. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Ali Abdul Saoud Mohamed, ( Ali Abdelsoud Mohammed) also known as Ali Mohammed (born 1952 (sometimes called "al-Amriki" the American fits the profile In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Santa Clara California (ˌsæntəˈklærə founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852 is a city in Santa Clara County, in the U He traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan and became "deeply involved with bin Laden's plans. "[70]. A year later, on November 8, 1990, the FBI raided the New Jersey home of Mohammed's associate El Sayyid Nosair, discovering a great deal of evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) El Sayyid Nosair (born November 16, 1955) is an Egyptian born American citizen and Terrorist, convicted of involvement in the [71] Nosair was eventually convicted in connection to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane on November 5, 1990. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The 1993 World Trade Center bombing occurred on February 26, 1993, when a Car bomb was detonated below Tower One of the World Trade Center Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Rabbi Meir David Kahane (מאיר דוד כהנא also known by the Pseudonyms Michael King and David Sinai, 1 August 1932 – In 1991, Ali Mohammed is said to have helped orchestrate Osama bin Laden's relocation to Sudan. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. [72]
Gulf War and the start of U. S. enmity
Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. Khalid Bandar Fahad Turki Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 had put the country of Saudi Arabia and its ruling House of Saud at risk as Saudi's most valuable oil fields (Hama) were within easy striking distance of Iraqi forces in Kuwait,[73] and Saddam's call to pan-Arab/Islamism could potentially rally internal dissent. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Invasion of Kuwait, also known as the Iraq-Kuwait War, was a major conflict between the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait which resulted The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. An oil field is a region with an abundance of Oil wells extracting Petroleum (crude oil from below ground In the face of a seemingly massive Iraqi military presence, Saudi Arabia's own forces were well armed but far outnumbered. Bin Laden offered the services of his mujahedeen to King Fahd to protect Saudi Arabia from the Iraqi army. King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, ( 1921 - August 1, 2005) was the King of the Kingdom The Saudi monarch refused bin Laden's offer, opting instead to allow U. S. and allied forces to deploy on Saudi territory[74].
The deployment angered Bin Laden, as he believed the presence of foreign troops in the "land of the two mosques" (Mecca and Medina) profaned sacred soil. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as After speaking publicly against the Saudi government for harboring American troops, he was quickly forced into exile to Sudan and on April 9, 1994 his Saudi citizenship was revoked. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) [75] His family publicly disowned him. There is controversy over whether and to what extent he continued to garner support from members of his family and/or the Saudi government. [76]
Sudan
From approximately 1992 to 1996, al-Qaeda and bin Laden were located in Sudan, coming at the invitation of Islamist theoretician Hassan al Turabi following an Islamist coup d'état, and leaving after being expelled by the Sudanese government. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Dr Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi (الدكتور حسن عبد الله الترابي in Arabic) commonly called Hassan al-Turabi (sometimes transliterated During this time bin Laden assisted the Sudanese government, bought or set up various business enterprises, and established training camps where insurgents trained. But in Sudan bin Laden lost his Saudi passport and source of income in response to his verbal attacks on the Saudi king. [77]
Zawahiri and the EIJ, who served as the core of al-Qaeda but also engaged in separate operations against the Egyptian government, had even worse luck in Sudan. In 1993, a young schoolgirl was killed in an unsuccessful EIJ attempt on the life of the Egyptian Interior Minister, Hasan al-Alfi. Egyptian public opinion turned against Islamist bombings and [78] the police arrested 280 more of al-Jihad's members and executed six. In 1995 an even more ill-fated attempt to assassinate Egyptian president Mubarak led to the expulsion of EIJ and not long after of bin Laden by the Sudanese government. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد
Refuge in Afghanistan
After the Soviet withdrawal, Afghanistan was effectively ungoverned for seven years and plagued by constant infighting between former allies and various mujahedeen groups. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately
Throughout the 1990s, a new force began to emerge. The origins of the Taliban (literally "students") lay in the children of Afghanistan, many of them orphaned by the war, and many of whom had been educated in the rapidly expanding network of Islamic schools (madrassas) either in Kandahar or in the refugee camps on the Afghan-Pakistani border. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and
According to Ahmed Rashid, five leaders of the Taliban were graduates of a single madrassa, Darul Uloom Haqqania (also known as “the University of Jihad",)[79] in the small town of Akora Khattak near Peshawar, situated in Pakistan but largely attended by Afghan refugees. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the [80] This institution reflected Salafi beliefs in its teachings, and much of its funding came from private donations from wealthy Arabs, for whom bin Laden provided conduit. A further four leading figures (including the perceived Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar Mujahed) attended a similarly funded and influenced madrassa in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Mullah Mohammed Omar ( Pashto: ملا محمد عمر (born c
Many of the mujahedeen who later joined the Taliban fought alongside Afghan warlord Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi's Harkat i Inqilabi group at the time of the Russian invasion. Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi was an Afghan politician who served as Vice President of Afghanistan under the Mujahideen from 1992 to about 1996 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending This group also enjoyed the loyalty of most Afghan Arab fighters.
The continuing internecine strife between various factions, and accompanying lawlessness following the Soviet withdrawal, enabled the growing and well-disciplined Taliban to expand their control over territory in Afghanistan, and they came to establish an enclave which it called the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was the name given to the nation of Afghanistan by the Taliban during their rule from 1996 to 2001 In 1994, they captured the regional center of Kandahar, and after making rapid territorial gains thereafter, conquered the capital city Kabul in September 1996. For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with
After Sudan made it clear that bin Laden and his group were no longer welcome that year, Taliban-controlled Afghanistan—with previously established connections between the groups, a similar outlook on world affairs and largely isolated from American political influence and military power—provided a perfect location for al-Qaeda to establish its headquarters. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Al-Qaeda enjoyed the Taliban's protection and a measure of legitimacy as part of their Ministry of Defense, although only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi
Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and the Pakistani border regions are alleged to have trained militant Muslims from around the world. An Afghan training camp is a camp or facility used for military or Terrorist training located in Afghanistan. Despite the perception of some people, al-Qaeda members are ethnically diverse and connected by their radical version of Islam.
An ever-expanding network of supporters thus enjoyed a safe haven in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan until the Taliban were defeated by a combination of local forces and United States air power in 2001 (see section September 11, attacks and the United States response). The United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( UIF, Jabha-yi Muttahid-i Islami-yi Milli bara-yi Nijat-i Afghanistan) also known as the Northern In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to Osama bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders are still believed to be located in areas where the population is sympathetic to the Taliban in Afghanistan or the border Tribal Areas of Pakistan. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region
Militant operations pre-dating the September 11, 2001 attacks
The first terrorist attack
On December 29, 1992, al-Qaeda's first terrorist attack took place as two bombs were detonated in Aden, Yemen. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya The first target was the Movenpick Hotel and the second was the parking lot of the Goldmohur Hotel. The bombings were an attempt to eliminate American soldiers on their way to Somalia to take part in the international famine relief effort, Operation Restore Hope. Unified Task Force (UNITAF was a United States led United Nations sanctioned multinational force which operated in the Republic of Somalia from 9 Internally, al-Qaeda considered the bombing a victory that frightened the Americans away, but in the United States the attack was barely noticed. No Americans were killed because the soldiers were staying in a different hotel altogether, and they went on to Somalia as scheduled. However, little noticed, the attack was pivotal as it was the beginning of al-Qaeda's change in direction, from fighting armies to killing civilians. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. [81] Two people were killed in the bombing, an Australian tourist and a Yemeni hotel worker. Seven other mostly Yemenis, were severely injured.
Two fatwa are said to have been appointed by the most theologically knowledgeable of al-Qaeda's members, Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, aka Abu Hajer al Iraqi, to justify the killings according to Islamic law. A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Mamdouh Mahmud Salim ( ممدوح محمود سالم) alias Abu Hajer al Iraqi (أبو هجر العراقي (b Mamdouh Mahmud Salim referred to the thirteenth-century scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, much admired by Wahhabis. Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 &ndash 1328 was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located In a famous fatwa, Ibn Tamiyyah had ruled that Muslims should kill the invading Mongols, and so too Salim said al-Qaeda should kill American soldiers. The second fatwa followed another of Ibn Tamiyyah's, that Muslims should not only kill Mongols but anyone who aided the Mongols, who bought goods from them or sold to them. In addition the killing of someone merely standing near a Mongol was justified as well. He ruled these killings just because any innocent bystander, like the Yemenite hotel worker, would find their proper reward in death, going to Paradise if they were good Muslims and to hell if they were bad. [82] This became al-Qaeda's justification for killing civilians. [81]
First World Trade Center bombing
In 1993, Ramzi Yousef used a truck bomb to attack the World Trade Center in New York City. The 1993 World Trade Center bombing occurred on February 26, 1993, when a Car bomb was detonated below Tower One of the World Trade Center Ramzi Ahmed Yousef or Ramzi Mohammed Yousef (also transliterated as Ramzi Yusuf, Ramzi Youssef) (رمزي يوسف birth name possibly Abdul Basit The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The City of New York The attack was intended to break the foundation of Tower One knocking it into Tower Two, bringing the entire complex down. Yousef hoped this would kill 250,000 people. The towers shook and swayed but the foundation held and he succeeded in killing only six people (although he injured 1,042 others and caused nearly $300 million in property damage). [83][84][85]
After the attack, Yousef fled to Pakistan and later moved to Manila. The City of Manila There he began developing the Bojinka Plot plans to blow up a dozen American airliners simultaneously, to assassinate Pope John Paul II and President Bill Clinton, and to crash a private plane into CIA headquarters. The Bojinka Plot ( Arabic: بجنكة Tagalog: Planong Bojinka was a planned large-scale terrorist attack by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed Pope He was later captured in Pakistan. [83][84]
None of the U. S. government's indictments against Osama bin Laden have suggested that he had any connection with this bombing, but Ramzi Yousef is known to have attended a terrorist training camp in Afghanistan. After his capture, Yousef declared that his primary justification for the attack was to punish the United States for its support for the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and made no mention of any religious motivations. [86]
1995-2000 fatwa declarations and bomb attacks
On November 13 1995 a van containing a hundred pounds of Semtex explosive blew up near the communications center for the Saudi National Guard in downtown Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, where some American military contractors and Army officers had been training the Saudi National Guard. In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States The USS Cole bombing was a Suicide bombing attack against the U Seven people were killed, and sixty people were injured. The Saudi government arrested four men, "torturing confessions" out of them that they had been inspired by bin Laden's speeches and trained at al-Qaeda's camp in Afghanistan, and quickly executed them. It is unclear if they had anything to do with the crime. As with many bombings suspected to be the work of al-Qaeda, bin Laden praised the attacks but denied authorizing the attack or training the bombers. [87]
In 1996, al-Qaeda announced its jihad to expel foreign troops and interests from what they felt were Islamic lands. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Bin Laden issued a fatwa,[88] which amounted to a public declaration of war against the United States and any of its allies, and began to focus al-Qaeda's resources towards attacking the United States and its interests. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Also occurring on June 25th, 1996 was the bombing of the Khobar towers, located in Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
On February 23, 1998, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, a leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, along with three other Islamist leaders, co-signed and issued a fatwa (binding religious edict) under the banner of the World Islamic Front for Combat Against the Jews and Crusaders (al-Jabhah al-Islamiyya al-'Alamiyya li-Qital al-Yahud wal-Salibiyyin) declaring:
[T]he ruling to kill the Americans and their allies - civilians and military — is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque (in Jerusalem) and the holy mosque (in Makka) from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد The World Islamic Front is the organization that issued the World Islamic Front Statement of 23 February 1998, "Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders", listing Al-Aqsa Mosque ( Arabic:المسجد الاقصى /æl'mæsdʒɪd æl'ɑqsˁɑ/ {{Audio|ArAqsaMosque Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,' and 'fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah'. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' [89]
Neither bin Laden nor al-Zawahiri possessed the traditional Islamic scholarly qualifications to issue a fatwa of any kind; however, they rejected the authority of the contemporary ulema (seen as the paid servants of jahiliyya rulers) and took it upon themselves. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Jahiliyyah, al-Jahiliyah or jahalia ( Arabic: جاهلية) is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the [90] Assassinated former FSB agent Alexander Litvinenko alleged that the Russian FSB trained al-Zawahiri in a camp in Dagestan eight months before the 1998 fatwa. Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Алекса́ндр Ва́льтерович Литвине́нко ( 30 August 1962 – 23 November 2006 The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation ( FSB) ( Russian: ФСБ Федера́льная слу́жба безопа́сности Federalnaya [91][92] 1998 was also the year of the first major terrorist attack reliably attributed to al-Qaeda: the U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa, resulting in upward of 300 deaths, mostly locals. In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States A barrage of cruise missiles launched by the U. A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow S. military in response devastated an al-Qaeda base in Khost, Afghanistan, but the network's capacity was unharmed. Khost or Khowst ( خوست, Persian: خوست - Xowst) is a town in eastern Afghanistan.
Bin Laden then turned his sights towards the United States Navy. In October 2000, al-Qaeda militants in Yemen bombed the missile destroyer U.S.S. Cole in a suicide attack, killing 17 U. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy The USS Cole bombing was a Suicide bombing attack against the U S. servicemen and damaging the vessel while it lay offshore. Inspired by the success of such a brazen attack, al-Qaeda's command core began to prepare for an attack on the United States itself.
September 11, 2001, attacks and the United States response
The attacks were the most devastating terrorist acts in American history, killing nearly 3,000 people, destroying four commercial airliners, leveling the World Trade Center towers, and damaging The Pentagon, the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government
The September 11, 2001, attacks were conducted by al-Qaeda, acting in accord with the 1998 fatwa issued against the United States and its allies by military forces under the command of bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, and others. Osama bin Laden wrote what is referred to as a ''fatwa'' in August 1996 and was one of several signatories of another and shorter fatwa in February 1998 [93] Evidence points to suicide squads led by al-Qaeda military commander Mohammed Atta as the culprits of the attacks, with bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, and Hambali as the key planners and part of the political and military command. Mohamed Atta ( ar محمد عطا السيد) (September 1 1968 &ndash September 11 2001 was an Egyptian Islamist, Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( خالد شيخ محمد; also transliterated as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, and additionally known by at least fifty aliases Riduan Isamuddin also transliterated as Riduan Isamudin, Riduan Isomuddin, and Riduan Isomudin, better known by the Nom de Messages issued by bin Laden after September 11, 2001 praised the attacks, and explained their motivation while denying any involvement. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. [94] Bin Laden legitimized the attacks by identifying grievances felt by both mainstream and Islamist Muslims, such as the general perception that the United States was actively oppressing Muslims. [95] Bin Laden asserted that America was massacring Muslims in 'Palestine, Chechnya, Kashmir and Iraq' and that Muslims should retain the 'right to attack in reprisal'. The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. He also claimed the 9/11 attacks were not targeted at women and children, but 'America's icons of military and economic power'. [96]
Evidence has since come to light that the original targets for the attack may have been nuclear power stations on the east coast of the U. S. The targets were later altered by al-Qaeda, as it was thought that the US retaliation would be too great. [97][98]
In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, the United States government decided to respond militarily, and began to prepare its armed forces to overthrow the Taliban regime it believed was harboring al-Qaeda. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States Before the United States attacked, it offered Taliban leader Mullah Omar a chance to surrender bin Laden and his top associates. Mullah Mohammed Omar ( Pashto: ملا محمد عمر (born c The Taliban offered to turn over bin Laden to a neutral country for trial if the United States would provide evidence of bin Laden's complicity in the attacks. For other uses of Neutral and Neutrality see Neutral A neutral country takes no side in a War between other parties U.S. President George W. Bush responded by saying: "We know he's guilty. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Turn him over",[99] and British Prime Minister Tony Blair warned the Taliban regime: "Surrender bin Laden, or surrender power". Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to Soon thereafter the United States and its allies invaded Afghanistan, and together with the Afghan Northern Alliance removed the Taliban government in the war in Afghanistan. The United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( UIF, Jabha-yi Muttahid-i Islami-yi Milli bara-yi Nijat-i Afghanistan) also known as the Northern The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U
As a result of the United States using its special forces and providing air support for the Northern Alliance ground forces, both Taliban and al-Qaeda training camps were destroyed, and much of the operating structure of al-Qaeda is believed to have been disrupted. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists The Derunta training camp (also transliterated as Darunta) was one of the most well-known of many military training camps that have been alleged to After being driven from their key positions in the Tora Bora area of Afghanistan, many al-Qaeda fighters tried to regroup in the rugged Gardez region of the nation. Tora Bora (Pashto توره بوره “black cellar”) Tora Bora (Pashto توره بوره “black dust”) known locally as Spīn Ghar is a cave complex situated Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Gardēz is the capital of the Paktiā province of Afghanistan. Again, under the cover of intense aerial bombardment, U. The aerial bombing of cities began in 1911 developed through World War I, grew to a vast scale in World War II, and continues to the present day S. infantry and local Afghan forces attacked, shattering the al-Qaeda position and killing or capturing many of the militants. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists By early 2002, al-Qaeda had been dealt a serious blow to its operational capacity, and the Afghan invasion appeared an initial success. Nevertheless, a significant Taliban insurgency remains in Afghanistan, and al-Qaeda's top two leaders, bin Laden and al-Zawahiri, evaded capture. The Taliban insurgency took root shortly after the group's fall from power following the 2001 war in Afghanistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,
Debate raged about the exact nature of al-Qaeda's role in the 9/11 attacks, and after the U. S. invasion began, the U.S. State Department also released a videotape showing bin Laden speaking with a small group of associates somewhere in Afghanistan shortly before the Taliban was removed from power. There have been several videos released by or claiming to be produced by Osama bin Laden. [100] Although its authenticity has been questioned by some,[101] the tape appears to implicate bin Laden and al-Qaeda in the September 11 attacks and was aired on many television channels all over the world, with an accompanying English translation provided by the United States Defense Department. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul The term television channel generally refers to either a Television station or its cable / satellite counterpart (both outlined below The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government
In September 2004, the U.S. government commission investigating the September 11 attacks officially concluded that the attacks were conceived and implemented by al-Qaeda operatives. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 [102] In October 2004, bin Laden appeared to claim responsibility for the attacks in a videotape released through Al Jazeera, saying he was inspired by Israeli attacks on high-rises in the 1982 invasion of Lebanon: "As I looked at those demolished towers in Lebanon, it entered my mind that we should punish the oppressor in kind and that we should destroy towers in America in order that they taste some of what we tasted and so that they be deterred from killing our women and children. On October 29, 2004, at 2100 UTC, the Arab television network Al Jazeera, broadcast excerpts from a videotape of Osama bin Laden A high-rise is a tall Building or structure Normally the function of the building is added for example high-rise Apartment building or Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The 1982 Lebanon War (מלחמת לבנון Milhemet Levanon) (الإجتياح Al-Ijtīāḥ, "the invasion" called by Israel the Operation Peace Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية "[103]
By the end of 2004, the U. S. government claimed that two-thirds of the top leaders of al-Qaeda from 2001 were in custody (including Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Abu Zubaydah, Saif al Islam el Masry, and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri) or dead (including Mohammed Atef). Ramzi Binalshibh (رمزي بن الشيبة of which Binalshibh is an erroneous latinization also erroneous is the transliterated version of Ramzi bin al-Shibh Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( خالد شيخ محمد; also transliterated as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, and additionally known by at least fifty aliases Abu Zubaydah (born 12 March 1971 as Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn (ابو زبيدة was according to American authorities a high-ranking member of Al-Qaida Saif al-Islam al-Masri ( سيف الإسلام المصري) is the name of a certain member of Al-Qaeda. Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri ( عبد الرحيم النشيري) is one of the aliases of the Saudi Al-Qaeda member Abdul-Rahim Hussein Muhammad 'Abdu (عبد Mohammed Atef ( محمد عاطف) (also transliterated as Muhammad Atef, Muhammed Atef, Muhammad ‘Āṭif and several other ways Despite the capture or death of many senior al-Qaeda operatives, the U. S. government continues to warn that the organization is not yet defeated, and battles between U. S. forces and al-Qaeda-related groups continue.
In the meantime, autonomous regional branches of al-Qaeda continue to emerge around the world.
Other regional activities
Africa
Algeria
- See also: 11 December 2007 Algiers bombings
An insurgency is being waged by the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (which is called today as the al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb) against the Algerian government. The al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb, previously known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (الجماعة السلفية للدعوة والقتال The Maghreb (more specifically Algeria, Mauritania and Morocco) has been the subject of an Insurgency since 2002 waged by the neo- The al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb, previously known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (الجماعة السلفية للدعوة والقتال The al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb, previously known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (الجماعة السلفية للدعوة والقتال Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's It is a spin-off to the Algerian Civil War that ended in 2002, and has been linked to bombings in Algiers, Batna and Dellys. The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups which began in 1991 The 2007 Batna bombing took place on September 6 2007 in Batna, a town in Batna Province, eastern Algeria. The 2007 Dellys bombing occurred on September 8, 2007, when at least 30 people were killed and 47 injured in a suicide car bomb attack on an Algerian naval
The group has declared its intention to attack Algerian, French, American and Spanish targets. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It has been designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. Department of State, and similarly classed as a terrorist organization by the European Union. " Foreign Terrorist Organization " is a designation of non- United States -based organizations declared terrorist by the United States Secretary of State The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Eritrea
As soon as the allied Somali and Ethiopian forces drove the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) out of Somalia in January of 2007, U. S. accused Eritrea of providing safe haven for some of their leadership. [104] America also condemned Eritrea since it continued to "fund, arm, train and advise the insurgents" attacking the Somalia government. [105][106] According to a regional Somali government, some Eritrean soldiers were also sited working with Arab and al-Qaeda fighters against the Somalia government, and the foreign alliance attacked government positions. [107]
In 2007 there were reports that the Eritrean government is sheltering the leadership of the insurgency in Somalia. [108] The United Nations continued to report of Eritrean assistance to Somalis with alleged links to al-Qaeda. Accordingly, the UN Security Council said that Eritrea has secretly supplied "huge quantities of arms" to a Somali insurgent group with alleged ties to al Qaeda, in violation of an international arms embargo and despite the deployment of African peacekeepers" adding that it has been "provided to the al-Shabaab (an extremist group which emerged within the ICU’s armed forces and is led by a kinsman and protégé of the ICU council leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys, Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow", who trained in Afghanistan with al-Qaeda before returning to Somalia after 9/11[109]) by and through Eritrea" since December 2006. Al-Shabaab (Arabic "The Youth") also known as As-Shabaab, Hizbul Shabaab (Arabic "The Party of Youth") and Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys ( Sheekh Xasan Daahir Aweys) (born in 1935- aged 71 in 2006, was the head of the 90-member Shura council of the Islamic Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow" ( Aaden Xaashi Faarax Ceyroow - 1 May, 2008) was a leader of the Hizbul Shabaab, the armed wing of the Somali [110] Sheikh Aweys himself and other members of the Islamic Courts Union who are wanted by the U. S. over suspected links to al-Qaeda (the UN has Sheikh Aweys on a list of individuals "belonging to or associated with" al Qaeda, which he denies[111]) organized a congress in Eritrea to strengthen their militant opposition to the Somalia transitional government. A congress is a formal meeting of representatives from different countries (or by extension Constituent States, or independent organisations (such as different Trade [112]
Libya
On November 3, 2007, al-Zawahiri claimed in a 28-minute recording posted on an Islamic website that ". Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. . . members of the Fighting Islamic Group in Libya announce that they are joining the al-Qaeda group . Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab . . " According to al-Jazeera news service, Abu al-Laith appeared to be the leader of the new Libyan wing. Fighting Islamic Group first announced its presence in 1995, vowing to overthrow Muammar al-Gaddafi, the Libyan leader. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi In 2001, the group was added to a UN list of individuals and institutions "belonging to, or associated with, al-Qaeda". [113]
Somalia and Kenya
- See also: Islamic Courts Union
Activities of al-Qaeda in Somalia are alleged to have begun as early as 1992. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim [114] The organization's role during the course of the 1992–1994 UN missions was limited to a handful of trainers. Ali Mohamed and other al-Qaeda members purportedly trained forces loyal to warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid. Ali Abdul Saoud Mohamed, ( Ali Abdelsoud Mohammed) also known as Ali Mohammed (born 1952 (sometimes called "al-Amriki" the American fits the profile A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (محمد فرح عيديدمحمد فرح عيديد December 15 1934 – August 2 1996 was a controversial Somali leader often described [115] Osama bin Laden himself claimed in an interview with ABC's John Miller to have sent al-Qaeda operatives to Somalia. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. John Miller is the name of many people in various fields Arts John Miller (painter (1715-1780 (Johann Sebastian Müller German painter and engraver One of the al-Qaeda fighters present during the interview claimed to have personally slit the throats of three American soldiers in Somalia. [116] Mark Bowden, author of Black Hawk Down, states the terrorist organization did train some of Aidid's men, but they were not personally part of the fight with US forces in the 1993 battle of Mogadishu. Mark Robert Bowden (born July 17, 1951) is an American Writer. Black Hawk Down A Story of Modern War is a book by Mark Bowden chronicling the U The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the Battle of the Black Sea) or [117]
In 2002 an another successful terrorist attack in Kenya after the U.S. embassy bombing, a car-bomb placed in a resort hotel popular among Israeli tourists claimed the lives of 15 people. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States The 2002 Mombasa attacks refer to an israeli owned hotel and a plane belonging to an israeli owned airline in Mombasa, Kenya that were targetted on 28 November The hotel bombing occurred 20 minutes after a failed attack on an airplane, when a terrorist fired an SA-7 MANPAD against an Israeli airliner carrying 261 passengers, which was taking off from the airport; the missile seemingly failed to track its target, nor did it detonate, and landed in an empty field. For the STRELA computer see Strela computer. For the Apollo test mission see A-102 The 9K32 "Strela-2" Man-portable air-defense systems ( MANPADS) are shoulder-launched Surface-to-air missiles (SAMs
Lately, al-Qaeda was also linked to militant Islamic Courts Union (ICU) front in Somalia. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim It is believed several terrorist attacks were orchestrated from Ras Kamboni, in the extreme southern tip of Somalia adjacent to Kenya, including the 1998 United States embassy bombings and the 2002 Mombasa hotel bombing. Ras Kamboni (Raaskambooni is a town in the Badhaadhe district of Lower Juba region Somalia, which lies on a Peninsula near the border [118] On June 22, 2006, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Jendayi Frazer announced the U. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of African Affairs is the head of the Bureau of African Affairs within the American Department of State, who guides operation Jendayi Elizabeth Frazer is the US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, heading the Bureau of African Affairs. S. was seeking the assistance of the ICU in the apprehension of suspects who carried out attacks against its East African embassies and a hotel in Kenya. [119] She listed the following persons as suspected of being in Somalia (name and nationality): Fazul Abdullah Mohamed (Comoros), Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan (Kenya), and Abu Taha al-Sudan (Sudan). Fazul Abdullah Mohammed (فاضل عبدالله محمد (born August 25, 1972, February 25, 1974, or December 25, 1974 Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan ( صالح علي صالح نبهان) (born April 4, 1979 in Mombasa Kenya) became wanted in 2006 by the United Abu Taha Al-Sudan (also Abu Talha al-Sudani or Tariq Abdullah) was a suspected member of the Al Qaeda terrorist organization reported to be an explosives When the ICU did not cooperate, the U. S. first financed the rival warlord factions, and then followed with limited air strikes as the ICU rule in Mogadishu fell in the face of Ethiopian Army assault. The Pentagon said a high level al-Qaeda member from the ICU was captured in Somalia and transferred to the U. S. military prison in Guantanamo Bay. [120][121]
Sudan
In 1991, Sudan's National Islamic Front, an Islamist group that had recently gained power, invited al-Qaeda to move operations to Sudan. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. For the Afghan Pashtun political party led by Pir Pir Sayyed Ahmad Gillani, see National Islamic Front (Afghanistan. [122] For several years, al-Qaeda operated several businesses (including import/export, farm, and construction firms) in what might be considered a period of financial consolidation. The group built a major 1200-km (845-mi) highway connecting the capital Khartoum with Port Sudan. Khartoum ( الخرطوم al-Kharṭūm) is the Capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. Port Sudan (بورتسودان is the capital of Red Sea State, Sudan and has 489725 residents (2007 [123] However, they also ran a number of camps where they trained operatives in the use of firearms and explosives.
In 1996, Osama bin Laden was asked to leave Sudan after the United States put the regime under extreme pressure to expel him, citing possible connections to the 1994 attempted assassination of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak while his motorcade was in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic Controversy exists regarding whether Sudan offered to turn bin Laden over to the U. S. prior to the expulsion. There is an audio tape (Audio) (Transcript) recording of former President Bill Clinton talking about the offer from the Sudanese government. There are conflicting reports on whether the Sudanese government indeed made such an offer, but they were in fact prepared to turn him over to Saudi Arabia, who declined to take him. [124] Osama bin Laden finally left Sudan in a well-executed operation, arriving at Jalalabad, Afghanistan by air in late 1996 with over 200 of his supporters and their families. Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan.
Europe
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Following the end of the Bosnian War and, especially, after the 11 September attacks on the World Trade Center, the links between the Bosnian mujahideen, Al Qaeda and the radicalization of some European Muslims has become more widely discussed. The 2003 Istanbul bombings were four truck bomb attacks carried out on November 15, 2003 and November 20, 2003, in Istanbul, Mujahideen (also referred to as El Mujaheed or El Mujahid) were Muslim volunteers who fought on the Bosnian government side during the 1992-1995 Bosnian The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995 Mujahideen (also referred to as El Mujaheed or El Mujahid) were Muslim volunteers who fought on the Bosnian government side during the 1992-1995 Bosnian In an interview with US journalist Jim Leherer former US peace envoy to Bosnia Richard Holbrooke states:
There were over 1,000 people in the country who belonged to what we then called Mujahideen freedom fighters. Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke (born April 24, 1941 to a Russian Jewish and German Jewish family in New York City) is an American We now know that that was al-Qaida. I'd never heard the word before, but we knew who they were. And if you look at the 9/11 hijackers, several of those hijackers were trained or fought in Bosnia. We cleaned them out, and they had to move much further east into Afghanistan. So if it hadn't been for Dayton, we would have been fighting the terrorists deep in the ravines and caves of Central Bosnia in the heart of Europe. [125]
In 1996, in a book titled "Offensive In the Balkans", Mr. Yossef Bodansky, Director of the Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare of the US House of Representatives, wrote as follows on the "Bosnian Jehad":
". Yossef Bodansky (born in Israel) is an Israeli-American Political scientist who served as Director of the Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and . . The build-up of new Islamist units was completed in Bosnia- Herzegovina in the Spring of 1995. These forces are closely associated with the Armed Islamist Movement (AIM) and Islamist international terrorismsuicide terrorists), both veteran Arabs and newly trained Bosnians. [126]
London's The Spectator has noted, "If Western intervention in Afghanistan created the mujahedin, Western intervention in Bosnia appears to have globalised it. For other uses see Spectator. The Spectator is a weekly British Magazine first published on 6 July " Several current and former top al-Qaeda militants and financers reportedly participated in the Bosnian civil war with the full support of the United States. It was for the Bosnian jihad that the 9/11 'paymaster', Omar Sheikh, was reportedly recruited to fight by the CIA and MI6. Al-Qada, in addition to his reported financing of the Bosnian jihad, has been identified as one of Osama bin Laden's "chief money launderers". [127] In his paper on the connection between Bosnian mujahideen and 'home grown' terrorists in Europe, terrorism expert Evan F. Kohlmann writes that:
Indeed, some of the most important factors behind the contemporary radicalization of European Muslim youth can be found in Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the cream of the Arab mujahideen from Afghanistan tested their battle skills in the post-Soviet era and mobilized a new generation of pan-Islamic revolutionaries. Evan F Kohlmann (b circa) is an American terrorism consultant who has worked for the FBI and other governmental organizations [128]
On 19 October 2005 Bosnian police raided the apartment of a Swedish national of Bosnian heritage in Sarajevo, finding explosives, rifles, other arms and a videotape pledging vengeance for the "brothers" killed fighting Americans in Afghanistan and Iraq. According to western intelligence officials the cache belonged to an underground group that was aiming to blow up the British Embassy in Sarajevo. The raid confirmed a suspicion among intelligence agents that Bosnia was becoming a launching pad for terrorist attacks in Europe. In particular, Islamic radicals were believe to be looking to create cells of so-called "White al Qaeda", non-Arab members who can evade racial profiling used by police to watch for potential terrorists. Racial profiling is the inclusion of racial or ethnic characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime or According to one Western intelligence agent "They want to look European to carry out operations in Europe,. . . It's yet another evolution in the tools used by terrorists. "[129]
U. S. and NATO country intelligence officers have long worked together in Sarajevo to keep an eye on Islamic radicals in Bosnia. After the September 11, 2001, attacks, the CIA and other foreign agencies set up a joint, fortified headquarters to keep tabs on terrorism suspects in Bosnia-Herzegovina. [129]
Asia
Afghanistan
- See also: Taliban
Pakistan and India
Indonesia
- See also: 2002 Bali bombings, 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing, 2004 Australian embassy bombing, and 2005 Bali bombings
Philippines
The Middle East
- See also: Ghriba synagogue bombing, Riyadh compound bombings, 29 May 2004 Al-Khobar massacres, 2005 Amman bombings, and 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks
Iraq
- See also: Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, Mujahideen Shura Council, and Islamic State of Iraq
Osama bin Laden first took interest in Iraq when the country invaded Kuwait in 1990, raising concerns the secular Baathist government of Iraq might next set its sights on Saudi Arabia, homeland of bin Laden and Islam itself. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately The War in North-West Pakistan is an armed conflict between the Pakistani Army and Islamist militants made up by local tribesmen the Taliban and foreign extremists Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba History The JI was established as a loose confederation of several Islamic groups The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing occurred on 5 August 2003 in Mega Kuningan, South Jakarta, Indonesia. The 2004 Australian embassy bombing took place on September 9, 2004 in Jakarta, Indonesia. The 2005 Bali bombings were a series of Terrorist Suicide bomb attacks that occurred on October 1, 2005, in Bali, Indonesia "Sword of God" redirects here For the 7th century Arab Muslim military commander known as the "Sword of God" see Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Riyadh compound bombings took place on May 12, 2003, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The Ghriba synagogue bombing was a deadly bombing carried out in Tunisia by the Al-Qaeda terrorist group on the El Ghriba synagogue. The Riyadh compound bombings took place on May 12, 2003, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In the 29 May 2004 Al-Khobar massacres in Saudi Arabia, four terrorists attacked two oil industry installations and a Foreign workers housing The 2005 Amman bombings were a series of coordinated bomb attacks on three Hotels in Amman, Jordan, on November 9, 2005. The 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks were a series of terror attacks on July 23, 2005, perpetrated by a Wahhabi organization targeting the Egyptian Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations were made by some U Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. Jama'at al- Tawhid wal- Jihad (جماعة التوحيد والجهاد Group of Monotheism and Jihad) was a radical neo- Khawarij Takfiri Mujahideen Shura Council may refer to Mujahideen Shura Council (Afghanistan Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq The Islamic State of Iraq or Dawlat al-'Iraq al-Islamiyya ( Arabic دولة العراق الإسلامية) is an Umbrella organization The Canal Hotel Bombing in Baghdad, Iraq, in the afternoon of August 19, 2003, killed at least 22 people including Sérgio Vieira For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus In a letter sent to King Fahd, he offered to send an army of mujahedeen to defend Saudi Arabia, but the offer was rebuffed. King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, ( 1921 - August 1, 2005) was the King of the Kingdom [130] During the Gulf War, the organization's interests became split between outrage at the intervention of the United Nations in the region and hatred of Saddam Hussein's secular government.
Links between Saddam's regime and al-Qaeda, as claimed by the Bush Administration (which formed a crucial part of the WMD justification for the Iraq invasion), were non-existent or exaggerated, according to the report of both the United States Government's 9/11 Commission[131] and the Pentagon;[132] despite these conclusions, Vice President Dick Cheney has continued to publicly assert an Iraqi–al-Qaeda link. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. [133] Recently, the US has acknowledged that the role of al-Qaeda in post-invasion violence in Iraq was overstated. [134] The US also claimed that al-Qaeda was in contact with the Kurdish Islamist group Ansar al-Islam from its inception in 1999; however, Ansar al-Islam's founder, Mullah Krekar, has staunchly denied any such link. Ansar al-Islam ( Arabic: انصار الاسلام, Supporters or Partisans of Islam is a Kurdish Sunni Islamist Najmuddin Faraj Ahmad (born July 7, 1956) Mullah Krekar ( Kurdish:مهلا کریکارis [135]
Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, elements at first loosely associated with al-Qaeda, commanded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, have supported local resistance to the occupying coalition forces and the emerging government, particularly targeting Iraq's Shia majority. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Jama'at al- Tawhid wal- Jihad (جماعة التوحيد والجهاد Group of Monotheism and Jihad) was a radical neo- Khawarij Takfiri Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (أبومصعب الزرقاوي, Abu Musab from Zarqa)) (October 30 1966 – June 7 2006 born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal [136] They have been implicated in the bombing of the United Nations headquarters in Iraq,[137] as well as hundreds of other small and large scale attacks on the military and civilian targets. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security [138] Eventually, al-Zarqawi claimed allegiance to bin Laden in October 2004. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency.
Al-Zarqawi was killed by U. S. air strikes on a safe house near Baqubah on June 7, 2006. An airstrike is a Military strike by Air forces on either a suspected or a confirmed enemy ground position Baqubah ( BGN: Ba‘qūbah; also spelled Baquba and Baqouba) is the capital of Iraq 's Diyala Governorate. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Before his death, he was allegedly trying to use Iraq as a launching pad for international terrorism, most notably dispatching suicide bombers to attack hotels and government targets in Jordan. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern [139] Since the killing of al-Zarqawi, it was believed that Abu Ayyub al-Masri took over as head of "al-Qaeda in Iraq". Abu Ayyub al-Masri ( أبو حمزة المهاجر أبو حمزة المهاجر) are two pseudonyms of the same person according to an FBI wanted poster and On September 3, 2006 the second-in-command of "al-Qaeda in Iraq", Hamed Jumaa Farid al-Saeedi (also known as Abu Humam or Abu Rana), was arrested north of Baghdad, along with a group of his aides and followers. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Hamid Juma Faris Jouri al-Saeedi (also known as Hamed Jumma al-Saedi, Abu Humam, Abu Hammam and Abu Rana) is an Iraqi member of [140]
In a 39 page document retrieved in November and a 16 page document retrieved in October gives insight on how Al-Qaeda in Iraq is in panic and fear. The documents reveal how local fighters are being mistreated by the foreign fighters and labeled as "scoundrels, sectarians, and non-believers. " Abu-Tariq, states that the number of fighters has dwindled from 600 to 20 fighters. [141]
Israel and Palestine
Bin Laden's and Ayman al-Zawahiri's repeatedly refer to the Palestinian cause in their manifestos and interviews. The Canal Hotel Bombing in Baghdad, Iraq, in the afternoon of August 19, 2003, killed at least 22 people including Sérgio Vieira This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006 For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing The 2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing occurred at The 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing ( تفجير مسجد العسكري) occurred on June 13, 2007 at around 9 a Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and organization formed in the Gaza Strip during the 1970s by Fathi Shaqaqi and Abd Al Aziz Awda as a branch of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, an organization currently led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, is active in its attacks against Israel. The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين - Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Fathi Shaqaqi, alternatively spelled Fathi Shqaqi or Fathi Shiqaqi, (1951 &ndash 1995 was the Palestinian who founded and led the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Abd Al Aziz Awda, also known as Sheik Odeh (born December 20, 1950 in Jabaliyah, Gaza Strip) has Palestinian citizenship The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد
Al-Qaeda is suspected to have planned and carried out two nearly simultaneous attacks against Israeli civilian targets in Mombasa, Kenya, on November 28, 2002. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Al-Qaeda also increased its external operations in 2005 by claiming credit for attacks including[142] a rocket attack that narrowly missed U.S. Navy ship in Eilat, Israel, and the firing of several Katyusha rockets into Israel from Lebanon. A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled explosive Projectile used as a weapon towards a target Eilat (Hebrew אילת should not be confused with the nearby kibbutz of Eilot (Hebrew אילות Katyusha multiple rocket launchers (Катюша are a type of Rocket artillery originally built and fielded by the Soviet Union in the Second World War Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية
An extremist Gaza Strip group calling itself Army of Islam or "the organization of al-Qaeda in Palestine",[143] which gained notoriety with kidnapping of Alan Johnston, draws inspiration from al-Qaeda. Army of Islam (جَيش الإسلام Jaysh al-Islām also known as Tawhid and Jihad Brigades, is the name used by the Dughmush -sometimes Alan Graham Johnston (born 17 May 1962 is a British Journalist working for the BBC. [144]
Lebanon
Shakir al-Abssi, a former associate of al-Qaeda in Iraq, recruited Palestinian refugees in Lebanon into Fatah al-Islam and rose against the government. The 2007 Lebanon conflict began when fighting broke out between Fatah al-Islam, an Islamist militant organization, and the Lebanese Armed Forces Shaker al-Abssi ( 1955) ( is/was a veteran Palestinian guerrilla and Fatah al-Islam 's leader Fatah al-Islam ( Arabic: فتح الإسلام, English: Conquest of Islam) is a radical Sunni Islamist group that [145] The exact nature of the group's al-Qaeda links remains a matter of controversy.
On the 9th of may 2008, after the clashes between the Hezbollah and government loyalists, Al-Qaeda declared war on Hezbollah. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation [146]
Organization structure and membership
The chain of command
Though the current structure of al-Qaeda is unknown, information mostly acquired from Jamal al-Fadl provided American authorities with a rough picture of how the group was organized. While the veracity of the information provided by al-Fadl and the motivation for his cooperation are both disputed, American authorities base much of their current knowledge of al-Qaeda on his testimony. [147]
Osama bin Laden is the emir and Senior Operations Chief of al-Qaeda (although originally this role may have been filled by Abu Ayoub al-Iraqi), advised by a Shura Council, which consists of senior al-Qaeda members, estimated by Western officials at about twenty to thirty people. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Ayman al-Zawahiri is al-Qaeda's Deputy Operations Chief and Abu Ayyub al-Masri is possibly the senior leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq. Abu Ayyub al-Masri ( أبو حمزة المهاجر أبو حمزة المهاجر) are two pseudonyms of the same person according to an FBI wanted poster and
- The Military Committee is responsible for training operatives, acquiring weapons, and planning attacks.
- The Money/Business Committee runs business operations, provides air tickets and false passports, pays al-Qaeda members, and oversees profit-driven businesses. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder In the 9/11 Commission Report, it is estimated that al-Qaeda requires $30,000,000 USD per year to conduct its operations.
- The Law Committee reviews Islamic law and decides if particular courses of action conform to the law.
- The Islamic Study/Fatwah Committee issues religious edicts, such as an edict in 1998 telling Muslims to kill Americans.
- In the late 1990s there was a publicly known Media Committee, which ran the now-defunct newspaper Nashrat al Akhbar (Newscast) and handled public relations. Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred
- In 2005, al Qaeda formed As-Sahab, a media production house, to supply its video and audio materials. The As-Sahab Foundation for Islamic Media Publication ( Arabic: السحاب "The Clouds" is the media production house of Al-Qaeda, used to relay the
The number of individuals belonging to the organization is also unknown. According to the controversial BBC documentary The Power of Nightmares, al-Qaeda is so weakly linked together that it is hard to say it exists apart from Osama bin Laden and a small clique of close associates. The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, is a BBC Documentary film series written and produced by The lack of any significant numbers of convicted al-Qaeda members despite a large number of arrests on terrorism charges is cited by the documentary as a reason to doubt whether a widespread entity that meets the description of al-Qaeda exists at all. Therefore the extent and nature of al-Qaeda remains a topic of dispute. [148]
Its rank and file has been described as changing from being "predominantly Arab," in its first years of operation, to "largely Pakistani," as of 2007. [149] It has been estimated that 62% of al-Qaeda members have university education. [150]
Individuals identified as "al-Qaeda members"
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9/11 hijackers (American Airlines 11): 9/11 hijackers (United Airlines 175): 9/11 hijackers (American Airlines 77): 9/11 hijackers (United Airlines 93): |
Suspects at large (1998 Embassy Bombings and 2002 Kenya hotel bombing): Other al-Qaeda leaders:
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Criticism
Islamic sources
According to a number of sources there has been a "rising tide of anger in the Islamic world toward Al Qaeda and its affiliates" by "religious scholars, former fighters, and militants . . . alarmed" by Al Qaeda's takfir and killing of Muslims in Muslim countries, especially Iraq. For the Salafist extremist group see Takfir wal-Hijra In Shia terminology "takfir" [155][41]
Noman Benotman, a former Afghan Arab and militant of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, went public with an open letter of criticism to Ayman al-Zawahiri in November 2007 after persuading imprisoned senior leadership of his former group to enter into peace negotiations with the Libyan regime. The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG also known as Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi-Libya is the most powerful radical faction waging " Jihad While Ayman al-Zawahiri announced the affiliation of the group with al-Qaeda in November 2007, the Libyan government released 90 members of the group from prison several months later after "they were said to have renounced violence. " [156]
In 2007, around the sixth anniversary of September 11, Sheikh Salman al-Ouda, a Saudi religious scholar and one of the fathers of the Sahwa, the fundamentalist awakening movement that swept through Saudi Arabia in the '80s, delivering a personal rebuke to Osama bin Laden. Salman al-Ouda ( Arabic: سلمان العودة) (or Salman bin Fahd al-Oadah) سلمان بن فهد العودة-alias Abu Mu'az (أبو معاذ-is Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Al Ouda addressed Al Qaeda's leader on MBC, a widely watched Middle East TV network, asking him
My brother Osama, how much blood has been spilt? How many innocent people, children, elderly, and women have been killed . Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The Middle East Broadcasting Center ( MBC) is a Saudi -run company Broadcasting a mix of Free-to-air news and entertainment channels . . in the name of Al Qaeda? Will you be happy to meet God Almighty carrying the burden of these hundreds of thousands or millions [of victims] on your back? [157]
In 2007, the imprisoned Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif, an influential Afghan Arab, "ideological godfather of Al Qaeda", and former supporter of takfir, sensationally withdrew his support from al Qaeda with a book Wathiqat Tarshid Al-'Aml Al-Jihadi fi Misr w'Al-'Alam ("Document of Right Guidance for Jihad Activity in Egypt and the World"). Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Sayyed Imam Al- Sharif, (سيد إمام الشريف aka "Dr
Usama Hassan, an Imam in London and former supporter of al-Qaeda who traveled to Afghanistan to train as jihadi was alienated by the July 2005 bombings in London and now preaches against bin Laden and helped launch the Quilliam Foundation. The Quilliam Foundation is a counter-extremism think tank set up by former Islamist activists in the United Kingdom [158]
According to Pew polls, support for Al Qaeda has been dropping around the Muslim world in recent years. [159] The numbers supporting suicide bombings in Indonesia, Lebanon, and Bangladesh, for instance, have dropped by half or more in the last five years. In Saudi Arabia, only 10 percent now have a favorable view of Al Qaeda, according to a December poll by Terror Free Tomorrow, a Washington-based think tank. [160]
Attacks
Internet activities
In the wake of its evacuation from Afghanistan, al-Qaeda and its successors have migrated online to escape detection in an atmosphere of increased international vigilance. Al-Qaeda attacks began on December 29, 1992, when bombs at two hotels in Aden, Yemen, killed two Austrian tourists As a result, the organization’s use of the Internet has grown more sophisticated, encompassing financing, recruitment, networking, mobilization, publicity, as well as information dissemination, gathering, and sharing. [161] Abu Ayyub al-Masri’s al-Qaeda movement in Iraq regularly releases short videos glorifying the activity of jihadist suicide bombers. Abu Ayyub al-Masri ( أبو حمزة المهاجر أبو حمزة المهاجر) are two pseudonyms of the same person according to an FBI wanted poster and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. In addition, both before and after the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq), the umbrella organization to which al-Qaeda in Iraq belongs, the Mujahideen Shura Council, has a regular presence on the web where pronouncements are given by Murasel. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (أبومصعب الزرقاوي, Abu Musab from Zarqa)) (October 30 1966 – June 7 2006 born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. Mujahideen Shura Council may refer to Mujahideen Shura Council (Afghanistan Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq Murasel is the appellation or handle, of the individual or individuals responsible for uploading information about the activities of Al-qaeda 's Sunni This growing range of multimedia content includes guerrilla training clips, stills of victims about to be murdered, testimonials of suicide bombers, and epic-themed videos with high production values that romanticize participation in jihad through stylized portraits of mosques and musical scores. A website associated with al-Qaeda, for example, posted a video of captured American entrepreneur Nick Berg being decapitated in Iraq. Nicholas Berg ( April 2, 1978 &ndash May 7, 2004) was an American Businessman seeking Telecommunications work Other decapitation videos and pictures, including those of Paul Johnson, Kim Sun-il, and Daniel Pearl, were first posted on jihadist websites. Paul Marshall Johnson Jr ( May 8, 1955 - c June 18 2004 was an American Helicopter engineer who Kim Sun-il ( September 13, 1970 &ndash c June 22, 2004) was a South Korean Translator who was kidnapped Daniel Pearl ( October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was an American Journalist who was kidnapped and murdered in
With the rise of “locally rooted, globally inspired” terrorists, counter-terrorism experts are currently studying how al-Qaeda is using the Internet – through websites, chat rooms, discussion forums, instant messaging, and so on – to inspire a worldwide network of support. The July 7, 2005 bombers, some of whom were well integrated into their local communities, are an example of such “globally inspired” terrorists, and they reportedly used the Internet to plan and coordinate. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A group called the "Secret Organization of al-Qaeda in Europe" has claimed responsibility for these London attacks on a militant Islamist website – another popular use of the Internet by terrorists seeking publicity. [162]
The publicity opportunities offered by the Internet have been particularly exploited by al-Qaeda. In December 2004, for example, bin Laden released an audio message by posting it directly to a website, rather than sending a copy to al Jazeera as he had done in the past. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Some analysts speculated that he did this to be certain it would be available unedited, out of fear that his criticism of Saudi Arabia — which was much more vehement than usual in this speech, lasting over an hour — might be removed by al Jazeera editors concerned about offending the Saudi royal family. The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. With the assistance of two influential broadcast anchors, al-Qaeda's reach through video over the Internet and TV has significantly expanded. [163]
In the past, Alneda.com and Jehad. Alneda (النداء (meaning "the call" in Arabic is a former Al-Qaeda -run website which was located at alneda net were perhaps the most significant al-Qaeda websites. Alneda was initially taken down by American Jon Messner, but the operators resisted by shifting the site to various servers and strategically shifting content. Jon David Messner was an American entrepreneur who began his own site for amateur wives The Wetlands, by convincing his wife Cherie, to pose nude The U. S. is currently attempting to extradite an information technology specialist, Babar Ahmad, from the UK, who is the creator of various English-language al-Qaeda websites such as Azzam. com. [164][165] Ahmad's extradition is opposed by various British Muslim organizations, such as the Muslim Association of Britain. The Muslim Association of Britain (MAB is a Muslim group in the United Kingdom established in 1997.
Finally, at a mid-2005 presentation for U. S. government terrorism analysts, Dennis Pluchinsky called the global jihadist movement “Web-directed,” and former CIA deputy director John E. McLaughlin has also said it is now primarily driven today by “ideology and the Internet. John Edward McLaughlin (born June 15, 1942 in McKeesport, Pennsylvania) is the former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence ”
Al-Qaedaism
Al-Qaedaism, or al-Qaedism, is a political neologism coined after the terrorist attacks of 9/11 which refers to the set of religious beliefs, political doctrines, objectives, practices and methods, inspired by al-Qaeda. A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion It is based on a militant, dogmatic and orthodox form of Islamism. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only
Rather than al-Qaeda evolving as a single monolithic organization, like a typical political party or military command structure, or one headed by a central figure like a crime syndicate, the exact opposite was created: a diverse, loosely-organized and widely-disbursed movement or ideology[166] with many small and localized "self-generating" terrorist cells[167] and individuals, some of which are not directly connected to al-Qaeda at all. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. [168] It may be applied to other political movements, organizations and individuals who adopt similar beliefs and practices through the copycat effect or are accused of such through misattribution. The term is also applied retroactively to provide a name for the motive of Islamic fundamentalists who act or have acted similarly, even before the formal organization or naming of the al-Qaeda organization.
See also
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Notes & references
- ^ Foreign Terrorist Organizations List. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 Adam Yahiye Gadahn (آدم يحيى غدن born Adam Pearlman, September 1 1978 is an American -born English -speaking senior operative cultural interpreter Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) al-Barakat or al-Barakaat (which means "The Blessed" in Arabic) is a group of companies established in Somalia in 1986 The Bin Laden Issue Station (1996-2005 was a unit of the Central Intelligence Agency dedicated to tracking Osama bin Laden. " Destructive cult " is a term used to refer to religions and other groups which have caused harm to their own members or to others Osama bin Laden wrote what is referred to as a ''fatwa'' in August 1996 and was one of several signatories of another and shorter fatwa in February 1998 Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal ( MMA) (متحدہ مجلس عمل ( United Council of Action) is a coalition between religious-political parties in Pakistan. There have been several videos released by or claiming to be produced by Osama bin Laden. The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, is a BBC Documentary film series written and produced by Psychological Operations ( PSYOP, PSYOPS) are techniques used by Military and Police forces to influence a target audience's value Religious terrorism is Terrorism by those whose motivations and aims have a predominant religious character or influence Steven Emerson is an American investigative journalist specializing in national security Terrorism, and Islamic extremism. Takfir wal-Hijra ( Arabic تكفير والهجرة - Excommunication and Exodus) is a Muslim extremist group which emerged in Egypt in the 1960s The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state Terrorism. This article is about the term "Islamofascism" See the broader treatment of possible relations between religion and fascism in Clerical fascism and Neofascism For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Mujahideen (also referred to as El Mujaheed or El Mujahid) were Muslim volunteers who fought on the Bosnian government side during the 1992-1995 Bosnian Nuclear weapons materials on the Black market is a growing global concern and a nuclear 9/11 could involve the detonation of a small crude nuclear weapon by a United States Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. - USSD Foreign Terrorist Organization
- ^ Terrorism Act 2000. " Foreign Terrorist Organization " is a designation of non- United States -based organizations declared terrorist by the United States Secretary of State Home Office. The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for security and order Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures - Terrorism Act 2000
- ^ Council Decision. The Terrorism Act 2000 is a current United Kingdom Act of Parliament, described as "an Act to make provision about Terrorism; and to make temporary Council of the European Union. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- ^ a b Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 133-4
- ^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p. 185, 270-1, 107-8
- ^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p. 270
- ^ Fu'ad Husayn `Al-Zarqawi . . . "The Second Generation of al-Qa’ida, Part Fourteen," Al-Quds al-Arabi, July 13, 2005
- ^ Al-Qaeda#The first terrorist attack
- ^ al-Hammadi, Khalid, `The Inside Story of al-Qa'ida,` part 4, Al-Quds al-Arabi, March 22, 2005
- ^ Evolution of the al-Qaeda brand name
- ^ The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism
- ^ Security Council Resolutions Related to the Work of the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1267 (1999) Concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The United Nations Security Council. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ NATO. Press Conference with NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson. Retrieved on 2006-10-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -
- ^ NATO Library (2005). AL QAEDA. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ Commission of the European Communities (20. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. 10. 2004). COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ United States Department of State. Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). Retrieved on 2006-07-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ Australian Government. Listing of Terrorist Organisations. Retrieved on 2006-07-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada. Entities list. Retrieved on 2006-07-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (21 March 2006). Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. March 2006.htm Summary of indictments against Al-Qaeda terrorists in Samaria. Retrieved on 2007-06-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem
- ^ Diplomatic Bluebook (2002). B. TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ Korean Foreign Ministry. "Seoul confirms release of two Korean hostages in Afghanistan", August 14, 2007. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-09-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers
- ^ General Intelligence and Security Service. Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst ( AIVD) formerly known as the BVD ( Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst, Domestic Security Service) is the General Annual Report 2004. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ United Kingdom Home Office. Proscribed terrorist groups. Retrieved on 2006-07-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ "Russia Outlaws 17 Terror Groups; Hamas, Hezbollah Not Included".
- ^ Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden (March–June 2006). Radical Islamist Movements in the Middle East. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ Report on counter-terrorism submitted by Switzerland to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) (20 December 2001). Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ Listen to the US pronunciation (RealPlayer). RealPlayer (briefly known also as RealOne Player) is a proprietary Cross-platform media player by RealNetworks that plays a number
- ^ Transcript of Bin Laden's October interview. CNN (2002-02-05). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Retrieved on 2006-10-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Mahan Abedin. "The Essence of Al Qaeda: An Interview With Saad Al-Faqih", Jamestown Foundation, February 5, 2004. The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington DC -based Think tank, whose stated mission is to "inform and educate" policy makers about events and trends which Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-03-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, "The Bait al-Ansar or “Dwelling of the Partisans” was a guesthouse established by Bin Laden in the 1980’s in Peshawar for Arab volunteers wanting to travel to Afghanistan. "
- ^ "WMD Terrorism and Usama bin Laden" by The Center for Nonproliferation Studies
- ^ Relevant excerpt from the series, The Power of Nightmares
- ^ Witness: Bin Laden planned attack on U.S. embassy in Saudi Arabia. The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, is a BBC Documentary film series written and produced by CNN (2001-02-13). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ A Traitor's Tale By Johanna McGeary. Time (2001-02-19). For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ The Power of Nightmares. The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, is a BBC Documentary film series written and produced by BBC documentary by Adam Curtis. Adam Curtis (born 1955 is a British Television documentary maker who has during the course of his television career worked as a writer producer
- ^ "Executive Order 13099 of August 20, 1998 Prohibiting transactions with terrorists who threaten to disrupt the Middle East peace process (.pdf)" Retrieved 15 February 2007. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Transcripts of the testimony of prosecution witness Jamal Ahmad Al-Fadl delivered on the 6th, 7th and 13th February, 2001 at the United States District Court, Southern District of New York, in the trial of United States v. Usama bin Laden et al., defendants." Retrieved 20 May 2007. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Excerpt: The Osama bin Laden I know by Peter Bergen. New York: Free Press (2006). Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ United States v. Enaam M. Arnaout
- ^ 1998 Fatwa
- ^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p. 260
- ^ a b The Rebellion Within, An Al Qaeda mastermind questions terrorism. by Lawrence Wright. newyorker.com, June 2, 2008
- ^ "After Mombassa", Al-Ahram Weekly Online, 2–8 January 2003 (Issue No. 619). Retrieved 3 September 2006. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 332
- ^ Qutb, Milestones, (2003) p. 63 p. 69
- ^ Wright, Looming Towers, (2006), p. 79
- ^ How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?
- ^ Lawrence Wright, who interviewed Azzam. Lawrence Wright, born August 2 1947 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American author screenwriter staff writer for The New Yorker magazine and fellow at Wright, Looming Tower, 2006, p. 36
- ^ Sayyid Qutb's Milestones (footnote 24)
- ^ http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism DALE C. EIKMEIER From Parameters, Spring 2007, pp. 85-98.
- ^ "How the CIA created Osama bin Laden", Green Left Weekly, 2001-09-19. Green Left Weekly is a Left-wing Australian weekly Newspaper. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ 1986-1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War. Cooperative Research History Commons. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ Maktab al-Khidamat. GlobalSecurity.org (2006-01-11). GlobalSecurityorg, launched in 2000 is a Public policy organization whose mission is to be a reliable source of background information and developing News stories Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
- ^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006)
- ^ Andrew Marshall, "Terror 'blowback' burns CIA: America's spies paid and trained their nation's worst enemies", Independent On Sunday (copy), Nov. 1, 1998.
- ^ Cloonan Frontline interview, PBS, July 13, 2005.
- ^ Richard Labévière, Dollars For Terror (Algora, 2000), pp. 221-4 (he refers to Newsweek as confirming the visa story, but fails to give a specific reference)
- ^ Peter L Bergen, Holy War, Inc: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (Weidenfield & Nicholson, London, 2001), pp. 72-3.
- ^ Marshall, "Blowback . . . "
- ^ Labévière, Dollars For Terror, pp. 223-4.
- ^ Demokratizatsiya, Spring 2003, re-published at Find Articles, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200304/ai_n9199132
- ^ Demokratizatsiya, Spring 2003, re-published at Find Articles, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200304/ai_n9199132/pg_6; "Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism," by ABC News correspondent John K. Cooley
- ^ Cook, Robin. The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2005-07-08. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
- ^ Steve Coll, Ghost Wars (Penguin, 2005 edn), pp. Steve Coll (born October 8, 1958 in Washington DC) is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American Journalist and writer Ghost Wars The Secret History of the CIA Afghanistan and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 2001, written by Steve Coll, published by Penguin 145-6, 155-6.
- ^ Bergen, Peter. Bergen: Bin Laden, CIA links hogwash. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-08-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ Bergen, Holy War, Inc (Weidenfield & Nicholson, 2001), pp. 72-3.
- ^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p. 103
- ^ Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p. 137
- ^ The War on Terror and the Politics of Violence in Pakistan. The Jamestown Foundation (2004-07-02). The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington DC -based Think tank, whose stated mission is to "inform and educate" policy makers about events and trends which "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ The Osama bin Laden I know (2006-01-18). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ Wright, Lawrence (2006). Looming Tower, 181. ISBN 1400030846.
- ^ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
- ^ Osama bin Laden: The Past. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ See Wikipedia article on the Gulf War for more.
- ^ Douglas Jehl, "Holy War lured Saudis as Rulers Looked Away", New York Times December 27, 2001 [1]
- ^ Osama bin Laden: A Chronology of His Political Life. PBS. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ Context of 'Shortly After April 1994'. Cooperative Research History Commons. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ Wright, Looming Towers (2006), p. 195
- ^ Wright, 2006, p. 186
- ^ Islam's Medieval Outposts
- ^ Ahmed Rashid (2002), Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia, I. B. Tauris, ISBN 1860648304
- ^ a b Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p. 174
- ^ testimony of Jamal al-Fadl, U. S. v. Usama bin Laden, et. al.
- ^ a b Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p. 178
- ^ a b Reeve, Simon. The new jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the future of terrorism, Boston: Northeastern University Press, c1999
- ^ February 1993 Bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City. Center for Nonproliferation Studies (2001-11-12). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ February 1993 Bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City. Center for Nonproliferation Studies (2001-11-12). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ Wright, Looming Towers, (2006), p. 211-2
- ^ "Bin Laden's Fatwa", Al Quds Al Arabi, August 1996. Al-Quds Al-Arabi (القدس العربی ( English: "Arab Jerusalem " is an independent Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans. Retrieved on 2006-05-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ Benjamin, Daniel; Steven Simon (2002). Daniel Benjamin is a scholar on International security. From 1994 to 1997 he served on the National Security Council in the Clinton administration. "The Warrior Prince", The Age of Sacred Terror. Random House, p. 117. “By issuing fatwas, bin Laden and his followers are ah ing out a kind of self-appointment as alim: they are asserting their rights as interpreters of Islamic law”
- ^ Nyquist, J. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several R. (13 August 2005). Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Is Al Qaeda a Kremlin Proxy?. jrnyquist. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko. BBC News (24 November 2006). Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans (February 23, 1998). Retrieved on 2006-07-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
- ^ Bin Laden says he wasn't behind attacks. CNN (September 17, 2001). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved on 2006-07-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
- ^ J. Esposito 'Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam' 2002. New York, Oxford University Press. p22
- ^ Hamid Miir 'Osama claims he has nukes: If U. S. uses N-arms it will get the same response' "Dawn: the Internet Edition" November 10, 2001
- ^ "Al-Qaida leaders say nuclear power stations were original targets", The Guardian, 2002-09-09. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Retrieved on 2007-01-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ "Al Qaeda Scaled Back 10-Plane Plot", Washington Post, 2004-06-17. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Retrieved on 2007-01-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ U.S. Jets Pound Targets Around Kabul. The Portsmouth Herald (October 15, 2001). The Portsmouth Herald (and Seacoast Sunday) is a seven-day Daily newspaper serving greater Portsmouth New Hampshire. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-07-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
- ^ U.S. RELEASES VIDEOTAPE OF OSAMA BIN LADEN (December 13, 2001). Retrieved on 2006-07-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
- ^ Morris, Steven (December 15, 2001). US urged to detail origin of tape. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2006-07-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.
- ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (September 20, 2004). Retrieved on 2006-04-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech. Al Jazeera (November 1, 2004). Retrieved on 2006-07-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ U.S. accuses Eritrea on supporting islamists
- ^ U.S. condemns Eritrean assistance of islamists
- ^ US blames Eritrea over Somalian insurgency
- ^ allied ICU, Al-Qaeda and Eritrean fighters attack government positions
- ^ "The Economist" sites alliance of the islamists and Eritrea
- ^ Al Shabaab and the insurgency in Somalia
- ^ the Eritrean government is giving arms to Somalis with Al Qaeda ties
- ^ Somali on the United Nations list of individuals "belonging to or associated with" al Qaeda
- ^ Islamic Courts Union leaders wanted by the US over suspected links to al-Qaeda.
- ^ Zawahri: Libya group joins al-Qaeda accessed November 3, 2007
- ^ "EDITORIAL: Sudan re-run in Somalia", Daily Times, 2006-12-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Context of 'October 3-4, 1993'. Cooperative Research History Commons. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ "Greetings America, My Name is Osama bin Laden", Esquire Magazine, 1999-02-01. Esquire is a Men's magazine by the Hearst Corporation with a strong literary tradition Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ "The truth about Mogadishu", The Philadelphia Inquirer, 2006-10-08. The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily Newspaper that serves the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, metropolitan area of the United Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Abdi Abdi, "The Talibanisation of Somalia", Ethiopian News Agency, 12 July 2006
- ^ US Seeks Islamic Courts’ Help To Catch Somali Extremists Somaliland Times
- ^ Pentagon captures high level Al-Qaeda member in Somalia
- ^ U.S. detains Al-Qaeda member
- ^ Testimony of J. T. Caruso, Acting Assistant Director, CounterTerrorism Division, FBI Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Terrorism, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate - December 18, 2001 - "Al-Qaeda International". Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. FBI (2001-12-18). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ Inside Al-Qaeda. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ "Newsmax" http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2006/9/10/181819.shtml?s=ic
- ^ PBS Newshour with Jim Jim Leherer, A New Constitution for Bosnia, 22 November 2005
- ^ http://www.saag.org/papers4/paper306.html South Asia Analysis Group], Bosnia & Hyderabad, by B. Raman, 3 September 2001
- ^ The American Monitor, Scratching the Surface, by Devlin Buckley, 16 November 2006
- ^ The Afghan-Bosnian Mujahideen Network in Europe, by Evan F. Kohlmann
- ^ a b Terrorist Cells Find Foothold in Balkans, Arrests Point to Attacks Within Europe, by Rade Maroevic and Daniel Williams, Washington Post Foreign Service, Thursday, December 1, 2005
- ^ Who is Osama Bin Laden?. BBC News (2006-05-28). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Retrieved on 29 May, 2006.
- ^ The 9/11 Commission Report, p.334. United States Government Printing Office (2004-07-22). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Retrieved on 2 May, 2007.
- ^ World Peace Herald: Pentagon report: There was no Saddam-al Qaida connection
- ^ Cheney reasserts Iraq/al-Qaeda links. Financial Times (2006-09-10). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Retrieved on 10 May, 2007.
- ^ Who is behind "Al Qaeda in Iraq"? Pentagon acknowledges fabricating a "Zarqawi Legend". Centre for Research on Globalization (2006-04-18). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Retrieved on 14 May, 2007.
- ^ Pam O'Toole. "Mullah denies Iraq al-Qaeda link", BBC News, 31 January, 2003.
- ^ "Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia", Al Jazeera, September 14, 2005. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ U.S. Department of State (October 15, 2004). Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Foreign Terrorist Organization: Designation of Jama?at al-Tawhid wa?al-Jihad and Aliases". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2006-04-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ Miklaszewski, Jim. "With Tuesday’s attacks, Abu Musab Zarqawi, a Jordanian militant with ties to al-Qaida, is now blamed for more than 700 terrorist killings in Iraq.", NBC News, March 2, 2004. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- ^ "Furious Jordanians take to streets", CNN, November 11, 2005. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ USA Today: Suspected No. 2 al-Qaeda leader arrested, 4 September 2006
- ^ Al-Qaeda leaders admit: 'We are in crisis. There is panic and fear'
- ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations", Country Reports on Terrorism, U.S. State Department, 28 April 2006. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Country Reports on Terrorism is an annual report published by the United States Department of State.
- ^ Kershner, Isabel. "Bombing at U.S.-backed school in Gaza", International Herald Tribune, 04-21-2007. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved 04-30-2007. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Reuters. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson "BBC's Johnston shown in tape wearing explosives", Reuters, 06-24-2007. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Mekhennet, Souad/Moss, Michael. "A new face of Al Qaeda emerges in Lebanon", International Herald Tribune, 03-15-2007. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved 03-23-2007. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Presstv."
- ^ A Traitor's Tale, Time, 19 February 2001
- ^ Gerges, Fawaz A (2005-09-05). Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79140-5.
- ^ Jihad's New Leaders by Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Kyle Dabruzzi, Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2007
- ^ Today's jihadists: educated, wealthy and bent on killing?
- ^ Pakistan 'catches al-Qaeda chief'. BBC News (2005-05-04). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Retrieved on 29 May, 2006.
- ^ How mobile phones and an £18m bribe trapped 9/11 mastermind. Guardian Unlimited (March 11, 2003). Retrieved on 29 May, 2006.
- ^ Airstrike kills terror leader al-Zarqawi in Iraq. CNN. com (June 8, 2006). Retrieved on 8 June, 2006.
- ^ Al-Qaeda denies death of Iraq chief. Al Jazeera English (May 1, 2007). Retrieved on 1 May, 2007.
- ^ [http://www.tnr.com/toc/story.html?id=702bf6d5-a37a-4e3e-a491-fd72bf6a9da1 The Unraveling by Peter Bergen and Paul Cruickshank. The jihadist revolt against bin Laden]
- ^ Libya releases scores of prisoners APRIL 09, 2008
- ^ The Unraveling by Peter Bergen and Paul Cruickshank. The jihadist revolt against bin Laden
- ^ The Unraveling by Peter Bergen and Paul Cruickshank. The jihadist revolt against bin Laden
- ^ strata-sphere.com al-Qaeda Losing Support On Muslim Street, Terrorist Attacks Down 40% Since 2001
- ^ December 18, 2007 Poll: Most Saudis oppose al Qaeda
- ^ Timothy Thomas, "Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of Cyberplanning" Retrieved February 14, 2007. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Phony reports link Al Qaeda to London attacks" Retrieved February 14, 2007. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070601/ap_on_re_mi_ea/al_qaida_video_offensive
- ^ Whitlock, Craig (August 8, 2005). Briton Used Internet As His Bully Pulpit (http). WashingtonPost. com. Retrieved on 29 May, 2006.
- ^ Babar Ahmad Indicted on Terrorism Charges. United States Attorney's Office District of Connecticut (October 6, 2004). Retrieved on 29 May, 2006.
- ^ "US frustration over al-Qaeda 'resurgence'", BBC, 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ The Rise of al-Qaedaism. Council on Foreign Relations (2006-06-30). The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ "Spread of Bin Laden Ideology Cited", 2004-04-04. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
Further reading
- Alexander, Yonah; Michael S. Swetnam (2001). Usama bin Laden's al-Qaida: Profile of a Terrorist Network. Transnational Publishers, Incorporated. ISBN 1-57105-219-4.
- Bell, J. Bowyer (2002). J Bowyer Bell ( 15 November 1931 &ndash 23 August 2003) was an American Historian, Artist and Art critic Murders on the Nile: The World Trade Center and Global Terror, 1st edition, Encounter Books. ISBN 1-893554-63-5.
- Bergen, Peter (2002). Peter Bergen (born December 12, 1962) is a print and television journalist and author who appears as a terrorism analyst on CNN. Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden, 1st Touchstone edition, Free Press. Holy War Inc: Inside the Secret World of Bin Laden is a book by CNN investigative journalist and documentarian Peter Bergen. ISBN 0-7432-3495-2.
- Bergen, Peter (2006). Peter Bergen (born December 12, 1962) is a print and television journalist and author who appears as a terrorism analyst on CNN. The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader, reprint edition, Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-7892-5.
- Bin Laden, Osama (2005). Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March in Bruce Lawrence (Ed. ): Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, James Howarth (Translator), Verso. ISBN 1-84467-045-7.
- Burke, Jason (2004). Jason Burke (born 1970 is the chief foreign correspondent of The Observer. Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror. Al-Qaeda Casting a Shadow of Terror (ISBN 1-85043-396-8 is a 2003 book by Jason Burke about the history and goals of Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-396-8.
- Coll, Steve (2004). Steve Coll (born October 8, 1958 in Washington DC) is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American Journalist and writer Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001, reprint edition, Penguin (Non-Classics). Ghost Wars The Secret History of the CIA Afghanistan and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 2001, written by Steve Coll, published by Penguin ISBN 0-14-303466-9.
- Corbin, Jane (2003). Jane Corbin is an award-winning British journalist currently working for the BBC Jane Corbin was educated at King's College London. Al-Qaeda: In Search of the Terror Network that Threatens the World. Nation Books. ISBN 1-56025-523-4.
- Devji, Faisal (2005). Faisal Devji is a historian who specializes in studies of Islam, Globalization, Violence and Ethics. Landscapes of the Jihad: Militancy, Morality, Modernity. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-4437-3.
- Esposito, John L. (2002). John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940 Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-515435-5.
- Friedman, George (2005). George Friedman is an American Political scientist and author America's Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies, reprint edition, Broadway. America's Secret War Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between America and Its Enemies, a book by Stratfor founder George Friedman, is an attempt to ISBN 0-7679-1785-5.
- Gerges, Fawaz A. (2005). The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79140-5.
- Gerges, Fawaz A. (2006). Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy. Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-101213-X.
- Gunaratna, Rohan (2003). Rohan Gunaratna is an international Terrorism Expert. He is the head of the International Center for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR at Nanyang Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror, reissue edition, Berkley Trade. ISBN 0-425-19114-1.
- Habeck, Mary (2006). Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11306-4.
- Hamud, Randall B. (2005). in (Ed. ): Osama Bin Laden: America's Enemy in His Own Words, 1st edition, Nadeem Publishing. ISBN 0-9770935-0-6.
- Kepel, Gilles (2004). Gilles Kepel (born 30 June 1955) is a prominent French scholar and analyst of the Islamic and the Arab world Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Jihad The Trail of Political Islam (French Jihad Expansion et Déclin de l"Islamisme) is a book by French author and scholar Gilles Kepel. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-722-X.
- Mamdani, Mahmood (2004). Mahmood Mamdani (b 1947 in Kampala, Uganda) is the Herbert Lehman Professor of Government in the Departments of Anthropology and Political Science at Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror. Pantheon. ISBN 0-375-42285-4.
- Reynalds, Jermey (2007 October). War of the Web: Fighting the Online Jihad. World Ahead Publishing. ISBN 0-9746701-7-0.
- Roy, Olivier (2004). Olivier Roy (born 1949) is a research director at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS and a lecturer for both the School for Advanced Studies in the Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13498-3.
- Sageman, Marc (2004). Marc Sageman, MD PhD is a former Foreign Service Officer who was based in Islamabad from 1987 to 1989 where he worked closely with Afghanistan's mujahedin Understanding Terror Networks. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812238087.
- Scheuer, Michael (2006). Michael F Scheuer is a former CIA employee In his 22-year career he served as the Chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station (aka "Alec Station" from 1996 Through Our Enemies' Eyes: Osama bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America, revised edition, Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-967-2.
- Smucker, Philip (2004). Al Qaeda's Great Escape: The Military and the Media on Terror's Trail. Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-628-2.
- Whelan, Richard (2005). Al-Qaedaism: The Threat to Islam, The Threat to the World, 1st edition, Ashfield Press. ISBN 1-901658-54-6.
- Williams, Paul L. (2002). Paul L Williams is an American Author, Journalist, and Consultant. Al Qaeda: Brotherhood of Terror, 1st edition, Alpha. ISBN 0-02-864352-6.
- Williams, Paul L. (2005). Paul L Williams is an American Author, Journalist, and Consultant. The Al Qaeda Connection: International Terrorism, Organized Crime, And the Coming Apocalypse. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-349-1.
- Wright, Lawrence (2006). Lawrence Wright, born August 2 1947 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American author screenwriter staff writer for The New Yorker magazine and fellow at The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41486-X.
Videos
- (1) Al-Qaeda Internet News Broadcast Celebrates U.S. Hurricanes and Gaza Pullout, Reports Zarqawi's Anti-Shiite Campaign and Chemical Mortar Shells in Iraq at MEMRI
- (2) Al-Qaeda's Internet News Broadcast Expresses Solidarity with Al-Jazeera Reporter Tayseer 'Alouni Who Was Sentenced to Seven Years in Jail by a "Crusader Infidel Spanish Court" at MEMRI
- Inside 9/11 (2005) from The National Geographic Society. The Middle East Media Research Institute, or MEMRI for short is a Middle Eastern press monitoring organization located in Washington D The Middle East Media Research Institute, or MEMRI for short is a Middle Eastern press monitoring organization located in Washington D Inside 9/11 is a Television documentary about the 9/11 attacks. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural An Emmy nominated documentary that covers the events, principles, and organizations that lead to 9/11.
- Al-qaeda Training Video.
- Al-qaeda and Suicide Bombers.
External links
- Athena Intelligence Advanced Research Network on Insurgency and Terrorism
- Al-Qaeda and Talbighi Jamaat
- Al-Qaeda Videos
- Al Qaeda’s Battle Plan 2007 and beyond - Crusade Media News
- Al Qaeda's Nuclear Weapons by Crusade Media News
- Al Qaeda. The role in the North Caucasus Agentura. Ru Studies and Research Centre /ASRC/:
- JihadMonitor.org Open Sources Project on Jihadist Terrorism
- Rewards for Justice - Most Wanted Terrorists
- Is this Al Qaeda's Final Warning? May 29, 2007 - Crusade Media News
- U. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. S. Dept. of Justice, Al Qaeda Training Manual.
- The Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU)
- PBS FRONTLINE "Al Qaeda's New Front" January 2005
- Al-Qaida has been more active in Britain
- Inside Al-Qaeda's Hard Drive; Alan Cullison, The Atlantic Monthly, September 2004. The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857
- The making of the terror myth; Guardian; October 15, 2004
- The Power of Nightmares; A three-part BBC documentary about the War on Terrorism
- Al Qaeda Terrorism Coverage
- Middle East Media Research Institute TV clips
- Al-Qaida at the Open Directory Project
- Al-Qaedaism: The Threat To Islam, The Threat To The World Book Review
- The Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) - Extremism and Terrorism Section
- Osama's Big Lie
- Al-Qaeda at Ynetnews Lexicon
Dictionary
al-Qaeda
-proper noun
- A worldwide network of militant Islamic organizations and individuals.
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