Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Al-Baqarah
البقرة
Classification Madinan
Meaning of the name The Cow
Time of revelation Early years of prophethood
Statistics
Sura number 2
Number of verses 286
Juz' number 1 to 3
Hizb number 1 to 5
Number of Sajdahs None
Previous Sura Al-Fatiha
Next Sura Al-i-Imran
This box: view • talk • edit

Sura Al-Baqara (Arabic: سورة البقرة‎, Sūratu al-Baqarah, "The Cow") is the second and the longest sura (chapter) of the Qur'an. The Medinan suras of the Qur'an are those Suras which were revealed at Medina, after Muhammad 's hijra from Mecca, when the Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Ayah (ar آية, plural Ayat ar آيات) is the Arabic word for sign or Miracle, cognate with Hebrew ot, A juz' (جزء plural اجزاء ajza') literally means "part Sajdah (ُسجدة sæʤədæh or sujūd (سُجود sʊʤʊːdə is an Arabic word meaning prostration to God in the direction of the Kaaba Sura Al-Fatiha ( سورة الفاتحة, Sūratu al-Fātihah, "The Opening" is the first chapter of the Muslim holy Sura Al-i-Imran ( Arabic: آل عمران, Sūratu Āli-'Imrān,"The Family of Imran " is the 3rd chapter Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The chapter comprises of 286 ayat (verses) and the verse 282 is the single longest verse in the Qur'an. Ayah (ar آية, plural Ayat ar آيات) is the Arabic word for sign or Miracle, cognate with Hebrew ot, [1]

Contents

Overview

The Surah's name is in reference to an argument between the Prophet Moses and the Israelites over a cow they should sacrifice in order to know the murderer of a slain man (see [Qur'an 2:67]). Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran (Not to be confused with the popular biblical incident where Moses prohibited worshiping a cow idol, referenced later in the chapter. )

It is a Madinan sura; most of it is believed to have been revealed during the first two years after the Hijra. The Medinan suras of the Qur'an are those Suras which were revealed at Medina, after Muhammad 's hijra from Mecca, when the The Hijra (هِجْرَة or withdrawal is the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 ( Common Era) Some sections (for instance, the verses prohibiting interest on loans) were revealed later, and the last three verses were revealed in Mecca. Interest is a fee paid on borrowed capital Assets lent include Money, Shares, Consumer goods through Hire purchase, major assets The Meccan suras are the chronologically earlier Suras of the Qur'an that were revealed at Mecca. The sura addresses a wide variety of topics, including substantial amounts of law, and retells stories of Adam and Moses and Abraham. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. See also Adam and Eve Adam ( Hebrew: אָדָם was according to a literal interpretation of Genesis, the first man created by Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: A major theme is guidance: urging the pagans and Jews of Madina to become Muslim, and warning them and the hypocrites of the fate God had visited in the past on those who failed to heed His call. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Hypocrisy (or the state of being a hypocrite) is the act of preaching a certain belief religion or way of life but not in fact holding these same virtues oneself

Surat Al-Baqarah contains several verses dealing with the subject of warfare. Verses [Qur'an 2:190] are often quoted on the nature of battle in Islam. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran

Arabic Text


بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيم

Bismillāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful


2:1 المِِ

ALIF LAAM MIM
For a detailed explanations of such abbreviations see [[1]]



2:2 ذَلِكَ الْكِتَابُ لاَ رَيْبَ فِيهِ هُدًى لِّلْمُتَّقِينَ

ZALIKAL KITABABU LA RA'E BA FI'HE HU'DAL LIL MUTAQEENA
This is the Book; in it is guidance sure, without doubt, to those who fear Allah.


2:3 الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْغَيْبِ وَيُقِيمُونَ الصَّلاةَ وَمِمَّا رَزَقْنَاهُمْ يُنفِقُون

ALA'ZEENA YU'ME'NUNA BIL'GAYB WA YUQE'MUNA'S SALATA WA MIMA RAZAQ'NA'KUM YUN'FI'QU'N
Who believe in the Unseen, are steadfast in prayer, and spend out of what We have provided for them;


2:4 والَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِمَا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكَ وَمَا أُنزِلَ مِن قَبْلِكَ وَبِالآخِرَةِ هُمْ يُوقِنُونَ

And who believe in the Revelation sent to thee, and sent before thy time, and (in their hearts) have the assurance of the Hereafter.


2:5 أُوْلَـئِكَ عَلَى هُدًى مِّن رَّبِّهِمْ وَأُوْلَـئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ

They are on (true) guidance, from their Lord, and it is these who will prosper.


2:6 إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَأَنذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنذِرْهُمْ لاَ يُؤْمِنُونَ

As to those who reject Faith, it is the same to them whether thou warn them or do not warn them; they will not believe.


2:7 خَتَمَ اللّهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهمْ وَعَلَى سَمْعِهِمْ وَعَلَى أَبْصَارِهِمْ غِشَاوَةٌ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ عظِيمٌ

Allah hath set a seal on their hearts and on their hearing, and on their eyes is a veil; great is the penalty they (incur).


2:8 وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَن يَقُولُ آمَنَّا بِاللّهِ وَبِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَمَا هُم بِمُؤْمِنِينَ

Of the people there are some who say: "We believe in Allah and the Last Day;" but they do not (really) believe.


2:9 يُخَادِعُونَ اللّهَ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَمَا يَخْدَعُونَ إِلاَّ أَنفُسَهُم وَمَا يَشْعُرُونَ

Fain would they deceive Allah and those who believe, but they only deceive themselves, and realise (it) not!


2:10 فِي قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَضٌ فَزَادَهُمُ اللّهُ مَرَضاً وَلَهُم عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ بِمَا كَانُوا يَكْذِبُونَ

In their hearts is a disease; and Allah has increased their disease: And grievous is the penalty they (incur), because they are false (to themselves). [2]

Of course, there are more than 10 verses, and several, complete translations can be found in local libraries and elsewhere on the Internet.

See also

Previous Sura:
Al-Fatiha		 The Qur'an Next Sura:
Al Imran
Sura 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114

This box: view • talk • edit

References

  1. ^ Physical Aspects of the Noble Qur'an. Sura Al-Fatiha ( سورة الفاتحة, Sūratu al-Fātihah, "The Opening" is the first chapter of the Muslim holy The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sura Al-i-Imran ( Arabic: آل عمران, Sūratu Āli-'Imrān,"The Family of Imran " is the 3rd chapter Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded Sura Al-Fatiha ( سورة الفاتحة, Sūratu al-Fātihah, "The Opening" is the first chapter of the Muslim holy Sura Al-i-Imran ( Arabic: آل عمران, Sūratu Āli-'Imrān,"The Family of Imran " is the 3rd chapter Sura An-Nisa ( Arabic: سورة النساء, Sūratu an-Nisā, "The Women " is the fourth chapter of the Sura Al-Ma'ida ( Arabic: سورة المائدة, Sūratu al-Mā'idah, "The Table" or "The Table Spread with Food" is the Sura Al-An-'am ( Arabic: سورة الأنعام, Sūratu al-An'ām, "The Cattle " is the sixth chapter of the Sura Al-A'raf ( Arabic: سورة الأعراف, Sūratu al-A'rāf, "The Heights" is the seventh chapter of the Qur'an Sura Al-Anfal ( Arabic: سورة الأنفال, Sūratu al-Anfāl, "The Spoils of War" is the eighth chapter of the Sura At-Tawba ( Arabic: سورة التوبة, Sūratu at-Tawbah, "The Repentance" also known as al-Bara'ah "the Ultimatum" Sura Yunus ( Arabic: سورة يونس, Sūratu Yūnus, Jonah) is the 10th chapter of the Qur'an with 109 verses Sura Hud ( Arabic سورة هود, Sūratu Hūd, " Hud " is the 11th chapter of the Qur'an with 123 Sura Yusuf ( سورة يوسف, Sūratu Yūsuf, " Joseph " is the 12th sura of the Qur'an, with 111 Ayat. Sura Ar-Ra'd ( Arabic: سورة الرعد, Sūratu ar-Ra'd, "The Thunder " is the 13th sura of the Qur'an with Sura Ibrahim ( Arabic: سورة إبراهيم, Sūratu Ibrāhīm, Abraham) is the 14th sura of the Qur'an with 52 Sura Al-Hijr ( Arabic: سورة الحجر, Sūratu al-Hijr, "The Stoneland " is the 15th sura of the Qur'an Sura An-Nahl ( سورة النحل, Sūratu an-Nahl, "The Honey Bee " is the 16th Sura Al-Isra ( Arabic: سورة الإسراء, Sūratu al-Isrā, "The Night Journey " also called Sura Bani Isra'il Sura aAl-Kahf ( Arabic: سورة الكهف, Sūratu al-Kahf, "The Cave" is the 18th sura of the Qur'an with 110 Ayat Sura Maryam ( سورة مريم, Sūratu Maryam, " Mary " is the 19th Sura (English Chapter of the Qur'an and Sura Ta-Ha ( سورة طه, Sūratu Tā-Hā, "Ta-Ha" is the 20th sura of the Qur'an with 135 Ayat. Sura Al-Anbiya ( Arabic: سورة الأنبياء, Sūratu al-Anbiyā, "The Prophets " is the 21st sura of the Qur'an Surat Al-Hajj (سورة الحج) (The Pilgrimage The Hajj) is the 22nd sura of the Qur'an with 78 Ayat. Surat Al-Muminun (سورة المؤمنون (The Believers is the 23rd sura of the Qur'an with 118 Ayat. Surat An-Nur (سورة النور (The Light is the 24th sura of the Qur'an with 64 Ayat. Surat Al-Furqan (سورة الفرقان) (The Criterion The Standard is the 25th sura of the Qur'an with 77 Ayat. Surat Ash-Shuʿara (سورة الشعراء (The Poets is the 26th sura of the Qurʾan with 227 Ayat. Surah Al-Naml (سورة النمل (The Ant The Ants is the 27th sura of the Qur'an with 93 Ayat. Surat Al-Qasas (سورة القصص (The Stories is the 28th sura of the Qur'an with 88 Ayat. Surat Al-Ankabut (سورة العنكبوت) (The Spider is the 29th sura of the Qur'an with 69 Ayat. see Rûm for the Arabic term for the Byzantine empire itself Surat Ar-Rum (سورة الروم ( The Romans, referring to the Surat Luqman (سورة لقمان (Luqman is the 31st sura of the Qur'an with 34 Ayats This surah is believed to have been revealed to the prophet Muhammad Surat As-Sajda (سورة السجدة (The Prostration Worship Adoration is the 32nd sura of the Qur'an with 30 Ayat. Surat Al-Ahzab (سورة الأحزاب) (The Clans The Coalition The Combined Forces is the 33rd sura of the Qur'an with 73 Ayat. Surat Saba ( Arabic: سورة سبأ) (Saba Sheba) is the 34th sura of the Qur'an with 54 Ayat. Surat Al-Mala'ikah " The Angels " also known as Fatir (ar سورة فاطر) "Originator" is the 35th Sura of Surah Ya-Seen (سورة يس is the 36th 'chapter' of Qur'an with 83 Ayat, and was revealed in the Islamic holy city of Mecca Surat As-Saaffat (سورة الصافات (Those Who Set The Ranks Drawn Up In Ranks is the 37th sura of the Qur'an with 182 Ayat. Surat Sad ( Arabic: سورة ص) (The Letter Sad) is the 38th sura of the Qur'an with 88 Ayat. Surat Az-Zumar (سورة الزمر (The Troops Throngs is the 39th sura of the Qur'an with 75 Ayat. Surat Ghafir (سورة غافر (The Forgiver ( Allah) is the 40th sura of the Qur'an with 85 Ayat. Surat Ash-Shura (سورة الشورى (Council Consultation is the 42nd sura of the Qur'an with 53 Ayat. Surat Az-Zukhruf (سورة الزخرف (Ornaments Of Gold Luxury is the 43rd Sura, or chapter of the Qur'an, the central religious text of Islam Surat Ad-Dukhan (سورة الدخان) (Smoke is the 44th sura of the Qur'an with 59 Ayat. Surat Al-Jathiya (سورة الجاثية (Crouching is the 45th Sura of the Qur'an with 37 Ayat. Surat Al-Ahqaf (سورة الأحقاف) (The Wind-curved Sandhills The Dunes is the 46th Sura of the Qur'an with 35 Ayat. Surat Muhammad ( Arabic: سورة محمد {{transl|sem|Muḥammad}}) is the 47th sura of the Qur'an with 38 Ayat. Surat Al-Fatḥ (سورة الفتح) (Victory Conquest is the 48th Sura of the Qur'an with 29 Ayat. Surat Al-Hujurat (سورة الحجرات) (The Private Apartments, The Inner Apartments is the 49th sura of the Qur'an with 18 Ayat. Surat Qaf (سورة ق (The Letter Qāf) is the 50th Sura of the Qur'an with 45 Ayat. Surat Adh-Dhariyat (سورة الذاريات) (The Winnowing Winds is the 51st sura of the Qur'an with 60 Ayat. Surat At-Tur (سورة الطور (The Mount is the 52nd sura of the Qur'an with 49 Ayat. Surat An-Najm (سورة النجم (The Star is the 53rd sura of the Qur'an with 62 Ayat. Surat Al-Qamar (سورة القمر (The Moon is the 54th sura of the Qur'an with 55 Ayat. Surat ar-Rahman ( Arabic: ar سورة الرحمن is the 55th sura of the Qur'an with 78 Ayat. Surat Al-Waqʿia (سورة الواقعةAl-Waqiah is an Arabic name that means Inevitable Event or Revolution Surat Al-Ḥadīd (سورة الحديد) (Iron is the 57th sura of the Qur'an, with 29 Ayat. Surat Al-Mujadilah (سورة المجادلة (She That Disputeth The Pleading Woman is the 58th sura of the Qur'an with 22 Ayat. Surat Al-Hashr (سورة الحشر) (Exile Banishment is the 59th sura in the 28th part (Juz of the Qur'an with 24 Ayat. Surat Al-Mumtahina ( Arabic: سورة الممتحنة) (She That Is To Be Examined Examining Her is the 60th Sura of the Qur'an, Surat As-Saff (سورة الصف (The Ranks Battle Array is the 61st sura of the Qur'an with 14 Ayat. Surat Al-Jumʿua (سورة الجمعة (The Friday Congregation is the 62nd sura of the Qur'an with 11 Ayat. Surat Al-Munāfiqūn (سورة المنافقون (The Hypocrites is the 63rd sura of the Qur'an with 11 Ayat. Surat At-Taghabun (سورة التغابن (Mutual Disillusion Haggling is the 64th sura of the Qur'an with 18 Ayat. Surat At-Talaq (سورة الطلاق (Divorce is the 65th sura of the Qur'an with 12 Ayat. Surat At-Tahrim (سورة التحريم (Banning Prohibition is the 66th sura of the Qur'an with 12 Ayat. Surat ul-Mulk (سورة الملك (The Sovereignty Control literally 'the kingdom' is the 67th sura (chapter of the Qur'an, comprising 30 Ayat Surat Al-Qalam (سورة القلم (The Pen is the 68th sura of the Qur'an with 52 Ayat. Surat Al-Ḥāqqä ( Arabic: سورة الحاقة) (The Reality is the 69th sura of the Qur'an with 52 Ayat. Surat Al-Maarij (سورة المعارج (The Ascending Stairways is the 70th sura of the Qur'an with 44 Ayat. Surat Nuh (سورة نوح (Noah is the 71st sura of the Qur'an with 28 Ayat. Surat Al-Jinn (سورة الجن ( The Jinn or The Sprites) is the 72nd Sura of the Qur'an with 28 Ayat. Surat Al-Muzzammil (سورة المزمل (The Enshrouded One Bundled Up is the 73rd sura of the Qur'an with 20 Ayat. Surat Al-Muddathir (سورة المدثر (The Cloaked One The Man Wearing A Cloak is the 74th sura of the Qur'an with 56 Ayat. Sura al- Qiyama (سورة القيامة (The Rising Of The Dead Resurrection is the 75th sura of the Qur'an with 40 Ayat. Surat Al-Insan (سورة الإنسان (Man or Ad-Dahr (Time is the 76th sura of the Qur'an with 31 Ayat (verses Surat Al-Mursalat (سورة المرسلات (The Emissaries Winds Sent Forth is the 77th sura of the Qur'an with 50 Ayat. Surat Al-Naba (سورة النبأ (The Tidings The Announcement is the 78th sura of the Qur'an with 40 Ayat. Surat Al-Naziat (سورة النازعات (Those Who Drag Forth Soul-snatchers is the 79th sura of the Qur'an with 46 Ayat. Surat Abasa (سورة عبس) (He Frowned is the 80th Sura of the Qur'an with 42 Ayat. Surat At-Takwir (سورة التكوير (The Overthrowing is the 81st sura of the Qur'an with 29 Ayat. Surat Al-Infitar (سورة الانفطار (The Cleaving Bursting Apart is the 82nd sura of the Qur'an with 19 Ayat. Surat Al-Mutaffifin (سورة المطففين (or "those who deal in fraud" is the 83rd sura of the Qur'an with 36 Ayat. Surat Al-Inshiqaq (سورة الانشقاق (The Sundering Splitting Open is the 84th sura of the Qur'an with 25 Ayat. Surat Al-Burooj (البروج al-burūğ the stars) is the 85th sura of the Qur'an with 22 Ayat. Surat At-Tariq (الطارق aṭ-Ṭāriq The Morning Star, The Nightcomer) is the 86th sura of the Qur'an with 17 Ayat. Surat Al-ʿAlā (الأعلى al-Aʿlà The Most High, Glory To Your Lord In The Highest) is the 87th sura of the Qur'an with 19 Ayat Surat (الغاشية Sūrat ul-Ġāšiyä The Overwhelming, The Pall) is the 88th sura of the Qur'an with 26 Ayat. Surat Al-Fajr (سورة الفجر Sūrat ul-Faǧr The Dawn, Daybreak) is the 89th sura of the Qur'an with 30 Ayat. Surat Al-Balad (البلد al-balad The City, This Country) is the 90th sura of the Qur'an with 20 Ayat. Surat Ash-Shams (الشمس aš-Šams The Sun) is the 91st sura of the Qur'an with 15 Ayat. Surat Al-Lail ( Arabic: الليل al-Layl the Night) is the 92nd sūrah (chapter of the Qur'an, containing twenty-one Surat Ad-Dhuha (الضحى aḍ-Ḍuḥà The Morning Hours, Morning Bright) is the 93rd sura of the Qur'an with 11 Ayat. It is typically assumed that this sura is referring to the early days of Muhammad's Prophethood, when he would have been both confused by the revelations and unsure about how his people Surat At-Tīn (التين at-Tīn The Fig, The Figtree) is the 95th sura of the Qur'an with 8 Ayat. Sūrat al-‘Alaq ( ar العلق "The Clot" is the 96th Sura or chapter of the Qur'an. For other uses see Qadr disambiguation Surat Al-Qadr (سورة القدر (Power Fate is the 97th sura of the Qur'an with 5 Surat Al-Bayyina (سورة البينة) (The Clear Proof Evidence is the 98th sura of the Qur'an with 8 Ayat. Surat Az-Zalzala (سورة الزلزلة (The Earthquake is the 99th Sura of the Qur'an with 8 Ayat. Surat Al-Adiyat (سورة العاديات) (The Courser The Chargers is the 100th sura of the Qur'an with 11 Ayat. Surat Al-Qaria (سورة القارعة (The Clatterer The Stunning Blow or The Disaster is the 101st Sura of the Qur'an with 11 Ayat. Surat At-Takathur (سورة التكاثر (Rivalry In World Increase Competition is the 102nd sura of the Qur'an with 8 Ayat. Surat Al-Asr (سورة العصر) (The Declining Day Eventide The Epoch Time is the 103rd sura of the Qur'an. Surat Al-Humaza (سورة الهمزة) (The Traducer The Gossipmonger is the 104th sura of the Qur'an, with 9 Ayat. This article is about the chapter of the Qur'an translated to English as "The Elephant Surat Quraysh (سورة قريش (after the tribe of Quraysh) is the 106th chapter of the Qur'an. Surat Al-Ma'un (سورة الماعون (Small Kindnesses Almsgiving Have You Seen is the 107th sura of the Qur'an with 7 ayat Surat al-Kawthar (سورة الكوثر (" Abundance " is the 108th sura of the Qur'an, and the shortest Al-Kafirun (سورة الكافرون is the name of the 109th Sura (chapter of the Qur'an. Sura An-Nasr (سورة النصر ( Divine Support) is the 110th sura of the Qur'an with 3 Ayat. Surat Al-Masadd (سورة المسد or Surat Al-Lahab (سورة اﻟﻠﻬﺐ ( The Palm Fibre or The Flame) is the 111th Sura Al-Ikhlas (سورة الإخلاص (The Fidelity aka At-tawhid (سورة التوحيد (Monotheism is the 112th Sura of the Qur'an Sura Al-Falaq (سورة الفلق) ( Dawn, Daybreak) is the 113th Sura of the Qur'an. An-Nas (سورة الناس or Mankind is the 114th and last Sura, or chapter of the Qur'an, the Muslim holy book www. al-islam. org. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
  2. ^ Surah 2 Al Baqarah (Arabic). www. luvu4luv. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic