The Aissawa (also Aïssâwa and Issawa) is a religious and mystical brotherhood and order founded in Meknès, Morocco by Muhammad Ben Aïssâ (1465-1526), best know as the Chaykh Al-Kâmil (translated as the Perfect sufi Master). A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Meknes (مكناس is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres from Fes. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف The terms Aïssâwiyya (`Isâwiyya) and Aïssâwa (`Isâwa), came from the name of the founder, designate respectively the brotherhood (tariqa, litt. Tariqah ( ar طريقه; pl طرق; Ṭuruq or Persian: Tarighat, Turkish: Tarikat) means "way" “way”) and its disciples (fuqarâ, sing. to fakir, litt. A fakir or faqir is a Sufi, especially one who Performs feats of Endurance or apparent magic. “poor”). In the beginning clearly orthodox, the brotherhood of Aïssâwa became a very complex social phenomenon, in frontier of crowned and the layman, the private and public spaces and the erudite and popular culture. Crowned The Mother of All Pageants is an eight-episode competition that featured multiple mother-daughter teams working together as pairs to win a Beauty pageant The term " layman " originated from the use of the term Laity, but over the centuries changed definition to mean a person who is a non-expert in a given field of Public is of or pertaining to the people relating to or affecting a nation state or community opposed to private; as the public treasury a road or lake The word erudition came into Middle English from Latin. A scholar is erudite (Latin eruditus) when instruction and reading followed by digestion Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance —
The Aïssâwa are known for their spiritual music characterized by the use of the oboe ghaita (syn. Spirituals (or Negro spirituals) are songs which were created by African slaves in America. "Hautbois" redirects here for the strawberry variety see Hautbois strawberry. mizmar, zurna), of collective songs of religious psalms accompanied by an orchestra of percussions using polyrhythm. For other meanings see Zurna (disambiguation For other spellings see Surna (disambiguation The Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Their complex ceremony, which use symbolic dances bringing the participants to extatic trance, take place in the private sphere during domestic rituals nights (lîla-s), and also in the public sphere during celebrations of nationnals festivals (the moussem-s, which are also pilgrimages) and touristic (folk spectacles) or religious festivities (Ramadan, mawlid or birth of the Prophet) organized by the Moroccan and Algerian States. "Symbolic" redirects here For other uses see Symbolism (disambiguation and Symbolic (disambiguation. Trance denotes a variety of processes techniques modalities and states of mind awareness and consciousness The private sphere is the complement or opposite to the Public sphere. The public sphere is an area in social life where people can get together and freely discuss and identify societal problems and through that discussion influence political action In Religion and Spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or Search of great Moral significance Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet”
In spite of their particularly fortifying music, the Aïssâwa don’t profit from the same passion as the gnaoua near the Western public. For the article about music refer to Gnawa music Gnawa or Gnaoua ( Arabic alphabet: غناوة refers to an ethnic group However, like them - or like the Hamadcha with which they are usually confused - the Aïssâwa are always disparaged and placed at the bottom of the confreric hierarchy. Two principal reasons with that :
- 1st reason : there are in the ritual of the brotherhood of Aïssâwa some non-islamic elements, which are appeared progressively along the centuries, like exorcism and trance dances. A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil Trance denotes a variety of processes techniques modalities and states of mind awareness and consciousness
- 2nd reason: the Aïssâwî disciples were recruited traditionally among the poors populations of the Maghreb, or disadvantaged and marginalized people of the urban areas.
In the Maghreb crossed by a conservatism form of modernity (political islamism) and a serious economic crisis, it’s easy to understand that this brotherhood crystallizes the tensions and contradictions of maghrebian societies because of the stigmatizing image that the majority opinion returns to her. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only
The founder of the brotherhood
The founder of the Aïssâwa brotherhood remains a somewhat enigmatic character whose genealogy is always prone to controversy. Genealogy (from Greek: el γενεά el-Latn genea, "descent" and el λόγος el-Latn logos, "knowledge" is the study of His hagiography sends to us the image of a sufi master and legendary ascetic of a considerable spiritual influence. Hagiography ( is the study of Saints. A hagiography, from Greek (hağios (ἅγιος "holy" or "saint" and graphē (γραφή Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality His mausoleum is today in the Zaouia that he build himself in Meknès, holy house where today several people come to pray and to participe to mystical and religious acts of piety, individual or collective. Zaouia (Arabic زاوية "corner" also spelled zawiya, zawiyah, zaouiya, zaouïa zwaya, etc is a Maghrebi Meknes (مكناس is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres from Fes. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos In spiritual terminology piety is a Virtue. While different people may understand its meaning differently it is generally used to refer either to religious devotion Muhammad Ben Aïssâ was initiated with the sufism by three masters of the tariqa Shadhiliyya/Jazûliyya : `Abbâs Ahmad Al-Hâritî (Meknès), Muhammad `Abd Al `Azîz At-Tabbâ' (Marrakech) and Muhammad as-Saghîr as-Sahlî (Fès). Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Tariqah ( ar طريقه; pl طرق; Ṭuruq or Persian: Tarighat, Turkish: Tarikat) means "way" The Tariqa ash Shadhiliyya is a Sufi order founded by Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili. Meknes (مكناس is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres from Fes. Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat
Spiritual doctrine
The spiritual doctrine of the Aïssâwa follows the mystical tradition historically preceding, the tariqa Shadhiliyya/Jazûliyya. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Tariqah ( ar طريقه; pl طرق; Ṭuruq or Persian: Tarighat, Turkish: Tarikat) means "way" The Tariqa ash Shadhiliyya is a Sufi order founded by Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili. Without going into details, this religious teaching, appeared in 15th century in Marrakech, is the most orthodox mystical method appeared in the Maghreb. Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset The Aïssâwî disciples are held to respect the recommendations of their founder : to follow sunni islam and to practice additional psalms like the long prayer knowns under the name of “Glory to the Eternal” (Al-hizb Subhân Al-Dâ `im). Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included The original Aïssâwa doctrine doesn’t mention extatics and rituals exercices (like musics and dances).
The mother-Zaouia of Meknes
The Zaouia of Meknes is the main spiritual center of Aissawa. Zaouia (Arabic زاوية "corner" also spelled zawiya, zawiyah, zaouiya, zaouïa zwaya, etc is a Maghrebi Meknes (مكناس is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres from Fes. It was founded by Muhammad Ben Aïssâ at the end of the 15th century. Construction resumed three centuries later by the sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah. Mohammed Ben Abdellah al-Qatib (c 1710-1790 (محمد الثالث بن عبد الله الخطيب was Sultan of Morocco from 1757 to 1790 under the Alaouite Often renovated by the Ministry for Habous and the Islamic Affairs and maintained by the municipal services, the sacred place possesses a national and transnational confreric network. Habous (also Houbous) (الحبوس is an Islamic term related to land property Legislation in the Muslim world The site is open to the public every day of the year. It shelters three principal tombs today: the tomb of the founder Chaykh Al-Kâmil, the tomb of his disciple Abû-ar-Rawâyil and the tomb of the supposed son of the founder, Aïssâ Al-Mehdi.
Geographical establishment
The brotherhood of Aïssâwa is always active today and its transnational swarming began at the 18th century. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system In addition to Morocco, the brotherhood is present in an institutional form in Algeria, in Tunisia, in Libya, in Egypt, in Syria and Iraq. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Many disciples live in a way isolated in France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, in the Netherlands, in the USA and Canada. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
Current situation
In theory the confreric network is lead since the mother-Zaouia in Meknès by the direct biological descendants of Muhammad Ben Aïssâ. Zaouia (Arabic زاوية "corner" also spelled zawiya, zawiyah, zaouiya, zaouïa zwaya, etc is a Maghrebi Meknes (مكناس is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres from Fes. At their head there is Sîdî Allal Aïssâwî, teacher, member of the League of Oulémas of Morocco and Senegal, poet and historian. In Morocco, the brotherhood – the musicians, their ritual and their music - currently enjoy a vogue without similar. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa In this country the basic cell of the religious order is the tâ `ifa (“group”, “team”) which is presented in the shape of a traditional musical orchestra composed by fifty to twenty disciples. Appeared at the 17th century by appointment of the persons in charge for the mother-Zaouia, the groups of musicians are placed under the authority of a muqaddem (“delegate”). As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Zaouia (Arabic زاوية "corner" also spelled zawiya, zawiyah, zaouiya, zaouïa zwaya, etc is a Maghrebi There are currently orchestras of the brotherhood in all Morocco, but those are in a number particularly high in the towns of Fès and Meknès, placed under the authority of the master Haj Azedine Bettahi, leader and very famous sufi musician. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Meknes (مكناس is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres from Fes. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف
Being the leader of the muqaddem-s, Haj Azedine Bettahi has under his authority the Aïssâwa muqaddem-s following:
- Haj Muhammad 'Azzam
- Haj Saïd El Guissy
- Haj Saïd Berrada
- 'Abdelatif Razini
- 'Adnan Chouni
- 'Omar 'Alawi
- 'Abou Lhaz Muhammad
- 'Abdallah Yaqoubi
- Muhammad Ben Hammou
- Haj Hussein Lbaghmi
- Idriss Boumaza
- Haj 'Abdelhak Khaldun
- Muhammad Ben Chabou
- Mohcine Arafa Bricha
- Moustafa Barakat
- Nabil Ben Slimane
- Hassan Amrani
- Youssef 'Alami
- Youssef Semlali
- 'Abdellah al-Mrabet
- Benaissa Ghouali
- Djamel Sahli
- Nadjib Mekdia
- Lounis Ghazali
- Djamel Blidi
- Essaid Haddadou
- Mustapha Ben Ouahchia
- Hadj Ali Al Badawi
- Cheikhuna Hakim Meftah Al Bedri
All the Aïssâwa groups animate ceremonies mixing mystical invocations, exorcism and collectives dances of trance. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil Trance denotes a variety of processes techniques modalities and states of mind awareness and consciousness
The Aïssâwa trance ritual : origin and symbolism
In Morocco, the ceremonies of the Aïssâwa brotherhood are domesticals rituals nights (called simply “night”, lila) organized mainly by Imam Shiekh Boulila (Master of the night) at the request of the women sympathizers. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa In this country, the women currently make the principal customers of the orchestras of the brotherhood. The Aïssâwa being supposed to bring to people the baraka, the reasons to organize a ceremony are varied : celebration of a Muslim festivity, wedding, birth, circumcision, exorcism, search for cure or contact with the divine one by the extase. Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil Ecstasy ( Extáze in Czech, Ekstase in German) is a Czech film made in 1933 by the Austro The ritual is proposed with identical phases by all the Aïssâwa orchestras and includes mystical recitations of Sufi litanies, songs of spiritual poems, an exorcism and a collective dance. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف A litany, in Christian worship, is a form of Prayer used in Church services and Processions and consisting of a number of petitions Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil The ludic aspects of the ceremony are current and asserted by the participants (laughter, songs, dances) just as the extatic body demonstrations (cries, tears). Ludic derives from Latin ludus "play" It means literally 'playful' and refers to any philosophy where play is the prime purpose of life On the level symbolic system, the ceremony represents the initiatory advance of the Sufi : an ascending mystical voyage towards God and the Prophet with return on ground. The term symbolic system is used in the field of Anthropology and Sociology to refer to a system of interconnected Symbolic meanings In the Latter Day Saint movement, washing and anointing (also called the initiatory) is an ordinance ( Sacrament) practiced by certain denominations Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity The odyssey crosses at the same time the world of the Human beings and that of the demons jinn to culminate in the higher spheres, point of meeting of the human being and the divine one. According to Aïssawa, this ceremony was not established nor even practised by Chaykh Al-Kâmil. Some of their think that it appeared at the 17th century under the impulse of an Aïssâwî disciple (Sîdî `Abderrahmân Tarî Chentrî) or at the 18th century under the influence of other Moroccan Sufi masters famous for their extatic practices (Sîdî `Ali Ben Hamdûch or Sîdî Al-Darqâwî). As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف More largely, the actual trance ritual of the Aïssâwa brotherhood seems to have been establishes progressively through the centuries under triple influences : Sufism, animist beliefs from pre-Islamic age and urban arab poetry, like Malhun. Trance denotes a variety of processes techniques modalities and states of mind awareness and consciousness A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals Malhun is also a city in Lebanon. Malhun (or Milhûn in Arabic الملحون) meaning the melodic poem is a Moroccan
In general Aïssâwa Morrocans stand out of deep intellectual and philosophical speculations about Sufism, they prefer to attach a great importance to the technical and esthetic aspect of their music, litanies, poetries and ritual dances. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called They like to consider their ceremony as a space of safeguard of various artistic elements, symbolic system, religious and historic of the Moroccan culture. The term symbolic system is used in the field of Anthropology and Sociology to refer to a system of interconnected Symbolic meanings
The professionalisation of the Aïssâwa musicians
Since the beginning of the 1990s appears in Morocco a professionalisation of the trade of ritual musician and a marketing of crowned, phenomenon maintained by the rather favorable attitude the authorities with the moonlighting and the parallel economy. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Crowned The Mother of All Pageants is an eight-episode competition that featured multiple mother-daughter teams working together as pairs to win a Beauty pageant In this context the Aïssâwa orchestras allow the Morrocans to stage to the actual difficult socio economic situation. Indeed, these confreric orchestras set up a moonlighting which makes it possible to define a collective interest and to solve new forms of assumption of economic and social responsibility. Today it’s by the commercial diffusion of the musical Sufi musics, songs, psalms (during weddings, festivals, commercials recordings etc) and the trade related to crowned (divination, exorcism etc. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Crowned The Mother of All Pageants is an eight-episode competition that featured multiple mother-daughter teams working together as pairs to win a Beauty pageant Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil ) that the Aïssâwa members live their social integration. Social integration is a term used in Sociology and several other Social sciences. This phenomenon causes, on the one hand, the appearance of new aesthetic standards (adaptation of the mysticals psalms from the point of view of commercial recordings and concerts), and, on the other hand, the loss of the original sufi doctrine. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the As, it is clear as the professionalisation causes a severe competition between the orchestras which deteriorates the social link between the disciples.
The writings about Aïssâwa
Many past and contemporary researches were interested about Aïssâwa, this brotherhood seems to be of particular interest from the point of view of a study of contours of the religious in a Muslim society. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The former writings on the brotherhood are in French and Arabic languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The first Arab writings concerning Aïssâwa are biographical and hagiographic collections written between 14th and 16th century by the Moroccan biographers like Al-Ghazali, Ibn `Askar, Al-Fassi, Al-Mahdi and Al-Kettani. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account Hagiography ( is the study of Saints. A hagiography, from Greek (hağios (ἅγιος "holy" or "saint" and graphē (γραφή Abu Zaid Abd al-Rahman Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Ali al-Fasi (1631-1685 was a Moroccan writer in the field of law history and music These texts, which can be handwritten or printed, inform us on the one hand of the genealogical and spiritual filiation of the founder of the order, and, on the other hand, the innumerable wonders supposed report to be realized by him for the benefit of his sympathizers. Genealogy (from Greek: el γενεά el-Latn genea, "descent" and el λόγος el-Latn logos, "knowledge" is the study of Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality The contemporary Arab authors who studied the subject are Daoui, Al-Malhouni and Aïssâwî, which is the current mezwâr of the brotherhood in person. Those endeavour to put in perspective the Sufi order in the cultural and religious tradition of Morocco by the study of the biography of the founder, his spiritual doctrine and the poetic and liturgical texts. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions The first French writings on Aïssâwa appears in the end of the 19th century following the installation of the colonial administration in the Maghreb. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset The majority of the authors (at the same time anthropologists and sociologists) of this time are French. This article provides a list of sociologists and major contributors to Sociology (even if they did not primarily work as sociologists There were Pierre-Jacques André, Alfred Bel, René Brunel, Xavier Depont and Octave Coppolani, Emile Dermenghem, Edmond Doutté, George Drague, Roger Tourneau, louis Rinn (chief of the Central Service of the indigenous Affairs to the Government General in Algeria at the end of the 19th century), Louis Massignon and Edouard Michaux-Bellaire. Life Louis Massignon was born in Nogent-sur-Marne, Val-de-Marne near Paris. These last three authors were military officers of the Scientific expedition of the Administration of the Indigenous Affairs and their writings are published in the Moroccan Files and the Review of the Muslim World. Among all these French authors, let us note the presence of a Finnish anthropologist, Edward Westermarck, whose various works are devoted to the analysis of the system of belief and ritual in Morocco. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Edvard Alexander Westermarck ( 20 November 1862 &ndash 3 September 1939) was a Swedish speaking Finnish Philosopher and A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Except these authors with the scientific approach, in Morocco and Algeria (there has not existed, for this time and so far, no study devoted to Aïssâwa in Tunisia), the ritual practices of Aïssâwa draw the attention and disturb considerably the western observers at the beginning of the 19th century. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The brotherhood is evoked here and there in medical works, monographs, schoolbooks, paintings, tests or accounts of voyages. A monograph ( Classical Greek, "One Writer" or "Single Writing") is a work of writing upon a single subject usually also by a single These various writings transmit texts to the always passion style to us where the contempt for this type of religiosity is recurring. The spiritual dimension of the brotherhood of Aïssâwa at that time is never approached, except by Emile Dermenghem in the famous Le culte des saints dans l'Islam Maghrebin (Paris, 1951). Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Let us recall that these texts of then can only very seldom be neutral. By allotting a non-muslim and archaic seal to some brotherhoods (like Aïssâwa but also Hamadcha and Gnaoua), these writings legitimate in a way the French prerogatives on the Maghreb. Nawa ( نوى) is a Syrian City administratively belonging to the Daraa Governorate. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset
Contemporary scientific researches
Some authors of religious history (Jeanmaire) and ethnomusicology (Gilbert Mullet, Andre Boncourt) are interested as of 1950s and until today in Aïssâwa. This article is about the concept For the society and academic journal see Society for Ethnomusicology. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive It is only after the independence of Morocco (1956) and Algeria (1962) that contemporary social sciences consider the subject. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Very many articles (Belhaj, Daoui, Hanai, Nabti, Andezian) and thesis (Al Malhouni, Boncourt, Lahlou, El Abar, Sagir Janjar, Nabti) or ethnographic movies have studied the ritual practices of Aïssawa in Morocco. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa
New approaches and prospects
About the Aïssâwa brotherhood and Sufism in Algeria, the great work of Sossie Andezian is essential and impossible to circumvent. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's In her book The Significance of Sufism in Algeria in the aftermath of Independence (2001), Andezian analyzes the processes of réinvention of ritual acts in a context of sociopolitic movements in Algeria. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Her reflexion leads to a dynamic vision of the religious and mystical rites while highlighting the evolution of the links that people, marginalized in the religious sphere, maintains with the official and textual religious institutions. Continuing the reflexion of Andezian, Mehdi Nabti conducted an investigation inside the Aïssâwa brotherhood in Morocco. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa His thesis of doctorate The Aïssâwa brotherhood in urban area in Morocco. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement The socials and rituals aspects of modern sufism appears like a significant contribution to the socio-anthropology on the current Maghreb. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Nabti shows the complex modalities of the inscription of the brotherhood in a Moroccan society leaded by an authoritative government (which try timidly to be liberalized), an endemic unemployment, the development of tourism and the progress of political islamism. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only While immersing himself as ritual musician within the Aïssâwa orchestras, Mehdi Nabti renews the knowledges about sufism and brings invaluable facts on the structure of the brotherhood, the ritual and the diverses logics of affiliation to a religious traditional organization in a modern muslim society. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف His work, which offers a remarkable iconographic description, musical scores pointing esotericism symbolism and a DVD documentary, is the greatest sum of knowledge which we currently have on the subject. "Symbolic" redirects here For other uses see Symbolism (disambiguation and Symbolic (disambiguation. Mehdi Nabti is also the leader a music orchestra - Aïssâwaniyya - with brings togather french jazzmen and Aïssâwa musicians. The band plays in concert all over the world and gives masterclasses.
Arabic bibliography
- Al-Ghazali, Al-Mukhtassâr (1550)
- Ibn 'Assâkir : Dawhat Al-nâchir li mhâssin man kana bi Al-maghrib min machâykh al-garn al'âchir. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died Ed : 2. Rabat. 1976. (On the excellent virtues of the sheikhs of the Maghreb in the 10th century, translated in French by A. Graulle, 1913)
- Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi (1631-1685), "Ibtihaj al-qulub bi khabar al-Shaykh Abi al-Mahasin wa wa shaykhihi al-Majdhub"
- AL-MAHDI, Mumatî’ al-asmâ (1336)
- Al-Kettani, Salâwat al-anfâs (1898)
- DAOUI, Mawassim Chaykh al-kâmil baïya al-aws wa al-yawn (1994)
- AL MALHOUNI, Adwae ‘ala tasawwuf bî al-maghrib : tarîqa al-Aïsssâwiyya mamuzâjan. Abu Zaid Abd al-Rahman Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Ali al-Fasi (1631-1685 was a Moroccan writer in the field of law history and music Min khilâl chi’r al-malhûn, al-hikâya cha‘biya sufiya, al-muradadât chafâhiya, ‘awayd turuqiyyin. (2003)
- AISSAWI AL-CHAYKH AL-KAMIL, Sîdî Muhammad ben Aïssa. Tarîqa wa zâwiya wa istimrariyya' (2004)
French Bibliography
- ANDEZIAN, Expériences du divin dans l’Algérie contemporaine (2001)
- ANDRE, Contribution à l'étude des confréries religieuses musulmanes (1956)
- BEL, La religion musulmane en Berbérie : esquisse d'histoire et de sociologie religieuses (1938)
- BELHAJ, La possession et les aspects théâtraux chez les Aïssaouas d’Afrique du Nord (1996)
- BONCOURT, Rituel et musique chez les 'Isawa citadins du Maroc (1980)
- BRUNEL, Essai sur la confrérie religieuse des Aïssaouas au Maroc (1926)
- DEPONT & COPPOLANI, Les confréries religieuses musulmanes (1897)
- DERMENGHEM, Le Culte des saints dans l’Islam maghrébin (1954)
- Essai sur la Hadra des Aïssaoua d’Algérie (1951)
- DOUTTE, Magie et religion en Afrique du Nord (1908)
- DRAGUE, Esquisse d’histoire religieuse au Maroc. Confréries et Zaouias (1950)
- ELABAR, Musique, rituels et confrérie au Maroc : les ‘Issâwâ, les Hamâdcha et les Gnawa (2005)
- JEANMAIRE, Dionysos (1951)
- LAHLOU, Croyances et manifestations religieuses au Maroc : le cas de Meknès (1986)
- LE TOURNEAU, Fès avant le protectorat : Étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l’Occident musulman, 1949. La vie quotidienne à Fès en 1900 (1965)
- MASSIGNON, Enquête sur les corporations musulmanes d’artisans et de commerçants au Maroc (1925)
- MICHAUX-BELAIRE, Les confréries religieuses au Maroc (1927)
- NABTI, La confrérie des Aïssâwa en milieu urbain. Les pratiques rituelles et sociales du mysticisme contemporain. (2007)
- Soufisme, métissage culturel et commerce du sacré. Les Aïssâwa marocains dans la modernité (2007)
- La lîla des Aïssâwa du Maroc, interprétation symbolique et contribution sociale (2006)
- RINN, Marabouts et Khouan, étude sur l’Islam en Algérie (1884. )
- ROUGET, La musique et la transe, (1951)
- SAGHIR JANJAR, Expérience du sacré chez la confrérie religieuse marocaine des Isawa : contribution à l'étude de quelques aspects socio-culturels de la mystique musulmane, 1984.
- WESTERMARCK, Les cérémonies du Mariage au Maroc (1921)
- Survivances païennes dans la civilisation mahométane (1935)
English Bibliography
- ANDEZIAN, The Significance of Sufism in Algeria in the aftermath of Independence (2001)
- ROUGET, music and trance (1951)
- TRIMINGHAM, The Sufi orders in Islam (1998)
- WESTERMARCK, Ritual and belief in Morocco (1926)
Links
- Some of the researches oh Mehdi Nabti about the Aissawa in Morocco : Aissawa Brotherhood
- Muhammad "Bel Haj" Ben Guaddane (Aissawa of Meknes) on Myspace myspace.com/aissawa
- Aissawaniyya on Myspace myspace.com/aissawaniyya
- The official website of the Aïssâwa brotherhood in Algeria : www.elaissaouiarzew.org
- Aissawa Music Streaming Collection in Morocco : at marocaudio.com
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic