An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers. wide-body aircraft is a large Airliner with twin aisles and typically a fuselage diameter of 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 ft Cathay Pacific Airways Limited () is the largest Airline and Flag carrier of Hong Kong. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. Such aircraft are usually operated by an airline which owns or leases the aircraft. An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license Leasing is a process by which a firm can obtain the use of a certain fixed assets for which it must pay a series of contractual periodic tax deductable payments

The definition of an airliner varies from country to country, but the common definition is an aircraft with seating for 20 or more passengers and/or an empty weight above 22,680 kg (50,000 lb. ), with two or more engines.

Contents 1 History of airliners 2 Types of airliners 2.1 Wide-body jets 2.2 Narrow-body jets 2.3 Regional airliners 2.4 Commuter aircraft 3 Engines 4 Airliner variants 5 Layout 6 Manufacturers 7 Notable airliners 8 Airliner recycling 9 Cabin configurations 9.1 Seats 9.2 Overhead bins 9.3 Passenger service units 10 Baggage holds 10.1 Narrow-body airliners 10.2 Wide-body airliners 11 See also 11.1 Lists 11.2 Topics 12 Notes 13 External links and references

History of airliners

If an airliner is defined as a plane intended for carrying multiple passengers in commercial service, the Russian Sikorsky Ilya Muromets was the first official passenger aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Ilya Muromets was a luxurious aircraft. It contained an isolated passenger saloon, comfortable wicker chairs, bedroom, lounge and a bathroom. An aircraft cabin is the section of an Aircraft in which passengers travel often just called the cabin The aircraft also had heating and electrical lighting. Lighting includes both artificial Light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of interiors from Daylight. On December 10, 1913, the Ilya Muromets was tested in the air for the first time, and on February 25, 1914, took off for its first demonstration flight with 16 passengers aboard. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year From June 21-June 23, it made a round-trip from St Petersburg to Kiev in 14 hours and 38 minutes with just one landing. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the If it had not been for World War I, the Ilya Muromets would have probably started passenger flights that same year. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

The second airliner was the Farman F.60 Goliath from 1919, which could seat up to 14 passengers, and was produced in a number of approximately 60. The Farman F60 Goliath was an airliner produced by the Farman Aviation Works from 1919. It was followed in 1923 by a less successful quad engine Farman F.121 Jabiru. The Farman F120 and its derivatives were a family of multi-engine airliners and bombers of the 1920s built by the Farman Aviation Works in France

The Ford Trimotor was an important early airliner. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout With two engines mounted on the wings and one in the nose and a slabsided body, it carried 8 passengers and was produced from 1925 to 1933. It was used by the predecessor to TWA as well as other airlines long after production ceased. Trans World Airlines ( TWA) renamed TWA Airlines LLC in 2001 was a major U In 1932 the 14 passenger DC-2 flew and in 1935 the more powerful, faster, 21-32 passenger DC-3. The Douglas DC-2 was a 14 seat twin-propeller Airliner produced by the Douglas Aircraft Corporation starting in 1934. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout DC-3s were produced in quantity for WWII and sold as surplus afterward.

The first jet airliners came in the immediate post war era. A jet airliner, sometimes contracted to jetliner, is a passenger Airplane (passenger Aeroplane) that is powered by Jet engines. Turbojet engines were trialled on piston engine airframes such as the Avro Lancastrian and the Vickers VC.1 Viking the latter becoming the first jet engined passenger aircraft in April 1948. TurboJET (噴射飛航 is the brand name for the operations of the Hong Kong -based Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management Limited (信德中旅船務管理有限公司 The Avro 691 Lancastrian was a British passenger and mail transport aircraft of the 1940s and 1950s developed from the Avro Lancaster bomber (an inhabitant WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The first purpose built jet airliners were the de Havilland Comet (UK) and the Avro Jetliner (Canada). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Avro C102 Jetliner was a Canadian prototype medium-range jet Airliner built by Avro Canada in 1949 The former entered production and service while the latter did not. The Comet was unfortunate in that metal fatigue caused crashes.

Jets did not immediately replace piston engines and many designs used the turboprop rather than the turbojet or the later turbofan engines. A turboprop engine is a type of aircraft powerplant that uses a Gas turbine engine to drive a Propeller.

Types of airliners

Wide-body jets

The largest airliners are wide-body aircraft jets. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout wide-body aircraft is a large Airliner with twin aisles and typically a fuselage diameter of 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 ft |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout narrow-body aircraft is an Airliner with a Fuselage Aircraft cabin diameter typically of 3 to 4 metres (10 to 13 ft and Airline seat arranged Thomas Cook Airlines is a British Charter airline based in Manchester, England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A charter airline, also sometimes referred to as an Air taxi, operates Aircraft on a charter basis that is flights that take place outside normal schedules by a wide-body aircraft is a large Airliner with twin aisles and typically a fuselage diameter of 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 ft These aircraft are frequently called twin-aisle aircraft because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin. Aircraft in this category are the Boeing 747, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Airbus A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380, Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, McDonnell Douglas MD-11, Ilyushin Il-86 and Ilyushin Il-96. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout These aircraft are usually used for long-haul flights between airline hubs and major cities with many passengers. Future wide-body models include the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Narrow-body jets

A smaller, more common class of airliners are the narrow-body aircraft or single aisle aircraft. narrow-body aircraft is an Airliner with a Fuselage Aircraft cabin diameter typically of 3 to 4 metres (10 to 13 ft and Airline seat arranged These smaller airliners are generally used for medium-distance flights with fewer passengers than their wide-body counterparts.

Examples include the Boeing 717, 737, 757, McDonnell Douglas DC-9 & MD-80/MD-90 series, Airbus A320 family, Tupolev Tu-204, Tu-214, Embraer E-Jets 190&195 and Tu-334. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Tupolev Tu-334 is a Russian short to medium range Airliner currently under development to replace the aging Tu-134s and Older airliners like the Boeing 707, 727, McDonnell Douglas DC-8, Fokker F70/F100, VC10, Tupolev, and Yakovlev jets also fit into this category. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Vickers VC10 is a British Airliner designed and built by Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft Ltd and first flown in 1962. Tupolev ( Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Moscow. AS Yakovlev Design Bureau JSC is a Russian aircraft designer and manufacturer (design office prefix Yak)

Regional airliners

Regional airliners typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by turbofans or turboprops. A regional airliner is a small Airliner designed to fly between 35 and 100 passengers from point to point on short-haul flights WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Eurowings Luftverkehrs AG is an Airline based in Dortmund, Germany. Lufthansa Regional is the Regional airline alliance of the largest German Airline, Lufthansa. A regional airliner is a small Airliner designed to fly between 35 and 100 passengers from point to point on short-haul flights A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine A turboprop engine is a type of aircraft powerplant that uses a Gas turbine engine to drive a Propeller. These airliners, though smaller than aircraft operated by major airlines, frequently serve customers who expect service similar to that offered by crew on larger aircraft. Therefore, most regional airliners are equipped with lavatories and have a flight attendant to look after the in-flight needs of the passengers. An aircraft lavatory is an on-board Bathroom with a toilet and sink Flight attendants or cabin crew (historically known as stewards air hosts/hostesses or stewardesses) are members of an Aircrew

Typical aircraft in this category are the Embraer ERJ, Bombardier CRJ series and "Q" (DASH-8) series, ATR 42/72 and Saab 340/2000. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Bombardier Aerospace is a division of the Bombardier group It is the third largest aircraft company in the world in terms of yearly delivery of commercial airplanes (behind WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Saab 2000 is one of the fastest Turboprop airplanes in existence it is able to cruise at a speed of over 665 km/h (360 kt Airlines and their partners sometimes use these for short flights between small hubs, or for bringing passengers to hub cities where they may board larger aircraft.

Commuter aircraft

Passenger aircraft with 19 or fewer passenger seats are called commuter aircraft or air taxis, depending on their size, engines, and seating configurations. An air taxi is a for-hire passenger or cargo aircraft which operates on an on-demand basis The Beechcraft 1900, for example, has only 19 seats. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Depending on local and national regulations, a commuter aircraft may not qualify as an airliner and may not be subject to the regulations applied to larger aircraft. Members of this class of aircraft normally lack such amenities as lavatories and galleys and typically do not carry a flight attendant as an aircrew member. An aircraft lavatory is an on-board Bathroom with a toilet and sink The galley is the compartment of a Ship, Submarine, Train or Aircraft where food is cooked and prepared Flight attendants or cabin crew (historically known as stewards air hosts/hostesses or stewardesses) are members of an Aircrew

Other aircraft in this category are the Fairchild Metro, Jetstream 31/41, IPTN CN-235, and Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Handley Page HP137 Jetstream is a small twin Turboprop airliner with a pressurised fuselage designed to meet the requirements of the United States Regional airline The Jetstream 41 is a Turboprop -powered Feederliner and Regional airliner designed by British Aerospace as a "stretched" version WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante ( Portuguese: " Scout " is a general purpose 15-21 passenger twin- Turboprop light transport The Cessna Caravan, a single-engine turboprop, is sometimes used as a small airliner, although many countries stipulate a minimum requirement of two engines for aircraft to be used as airliners. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Twin piston-engined aircraft made by Cessna, Piper, Britten-Norman, and Beechcraft are also in use as commuter aircraft. The Cessna Aircraft Company is an airplane manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wichita, Kansas. Piper Aircraft Inc, is a manufacturer of General aviation Aircraft, located at the Vero Beach Municipal Airport in Vero Beach Florida Britten-Norman (officially the Britten-Norman Group or BNG) is a British aircraft manufacturer owned by members of the Zawawi family from the Sultanate Hawker Beechcraft The Beech Aircraft Corporation, previously the Beechcraft Division of Raytheon and now a unit of Hawker Beechcraft, is a United

Engines

Until the beginning of the jet age, piston engines were common on propliners like the Douglas DC-3. Aviation history The De Havilland Comet was the first jet airliner to fly the first in service in 1952 and the first to offer a transatlantic jet service A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a Heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating Pistons to convert A propliner is a large propeller-driven Airliner. Typically the term is used for piston-powered airliners that flew before the beginning of the Jet age WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Now nearly all modern airliners are powered by turbine engines, either turbofans or turboprops. A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary Engine that extracts energy from a flow of Combustion gas A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine A turboprop engine is a type of aircraft powerplant that uses a Gas turbine engine to drive a Propeller. Gas turbine engines operate efficiently at much higher altitudes, are far more reliable than piston engines, and produce less vibration and noise. Prior to the jet age it was common for the same or very similar engines to be used in civilian airliners as in military aircraft. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing Aircraft that is in the current employ of a Military power In recent years, divergence has occurred so that it is now unusual for the same engine to be used on a military type as a civilian type. Usually military aircraft which share engine technology with airliners are transports or tanker types. Aerial refueling, also called air refueling, in-flight refueling ( IFR) air-to-air refueling ( AAR) or tanking, is

Airliner variants

Some variants of airliners have been developed for carrying freight or for luxury corporate use. Business jet, private jet or colloquially bizjet is a term describing a Jet aircraft, usually of smaller size designed for transporting groups of Many airliners have also been modified for government use as "VIP" transports and for military functions such as airborne tankers (for example, the Vickers VC-10, Lockheed L1011, Boeing 707), air ambulance (USAF/USN McDonnell-Douglas DC-9), reconnaissance (Embraer ERJ 145, Saab 340, Boeing 737), as well as for troop-carrying roles. The Vickers VC10 is a British Airliner designed and built by Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft Ltd and first flown in 1962. The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout McDonnell Douglas was a major American Aerospace manufacturer and Defense contractor, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Layout

Modern airliners are usually low-wing designs with engines mounted in underwing pods (usually two of them). For airliners, multi-engine design is mandated by some national regulations. This feature is specified so that aircraft can continue to climb even in the worst case of power loss in one engine right after take-off. Another relevant regulatory demand is that aircraft are able to fly a minimum specified amount of time after one engine fails in flight (see ETOPS).

The idea of mounting the engines underneath and to the fore of the wing was first implemented by Boeing with the B-47 bomber of the 1950s, with the realization that this would provide for lesser efforts on the wings and therefore allow for a lighter wing structure. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout After this feature proved successful, Boeing introduced it to its 707 airliner design and it has been increasingly adopted since. ^[1]

Mounting the engines in underwing pods also makes physical access for maintenance significantly quicker and easier compared to tail-mounted engines. A trijet is an Aircraft powered by three Jet engines Early twin-jet designs were limited by the FAA 's " 60-minute rule " whereby

Additionally, low wing design helps keep the engine nacelles and refueling valves closer to the ground to simplify access and the wing's surface acts as a sound barrier to prevent the engines' noise from reaching the fuselage in-flight.

Both Airbus and Boeing utilize this common layout for all of their passenger aircraft and emerging manufacturers (e. Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E g. Embraer and Sukhoi Superjet) follow the same scheme. Embraer -- IPA [ɪ̃ⁿbɾaˈɛɾ] -- the Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S The Sukhoi Superjet 100 is a modern Fly-by-wire Regional jet in the 75- to 95-seat category

In general, visual diversity of airliners has significantly decreased in the past decades, especially as Eurowhite paint schemes became popular with airlines worldwide. Eurowhite is a term used in Aviation to describe airline aircraft paint schemes which are predominantly white usually adorned only with the airline's name along the Nowadays distinguishing an Airbus plane from a Boeing aircraft may require observing finite details, like the shape of wingtip devices (none, raked or fence) or assessing the tail designs (canoe versus conical).

In a few special cases, where engine proximity to ground is detrimental (e. g. rural airfields with risk of foreign object damage or dirt on the pavement), airliners will feature tail-mounted engines (e. g. MD-80 or Tu-334) or high-wing designs with underhung nacelles (e. The Tupolev Tu-334 is a Russian short to medium range Airliner currently under development to replace the aging Tu-134s and g. BAE-146). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout These planes become rarer every year as almost all newly-built airliners have underwing nacelles and the tail-engined designs are relegated to business jet manufacture. Business jet, private jet or colloquially bizjet is a term describing a Jet aircraft, usually of smaller size designed for transporting groups of

Future airliners may feature innovative delta-wing or lifting body outlines, in case problems related to excessive noise levels and poor fuel economy of supersonic (hypersonic) flight are solved. For other uses see Supersonic. The term supersonic is used to define a speed that is over the Speed of sound ( Mach 1

Manufacturers

These include:

• United States
  • Boeing
  • Douglas Aircraft Company and later, McDonnell Douglas (now a part of Boeing)
  • Lockheed Corporation (now part of Lockheed-Martin, and no longer involved in civil aviation)
  • Beechcraft
• Canada
  • Bombardier (includes the former De Havilland Canada)
• Brazil
  • Embraer
• Russian companies (formerly Soviet-controlled)
  • Tupolev
  • Ilyushin
  • Antonov (based in Ukraine)
  • Sukhoi
  • Yakovlev
• Europe
  • Airbus Industrie (formerly a multinational conglomeration of smaller European aerospace companies)
  • ATR (France/Italy)
  • Fokker (Netherlands, now defunct)
  • Saab (Sweden)
  • Britten-Norman (United Kingdom)
  • BAE Systems (United Kingdom) (formerly British Aerospace)
  • Let Kunovice (Czech Republic)

The international market for middle-sized and large-sized airliners is now divided between Airbus and Boeing. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. McDonnell Douglas was a major American Aerospace manufacturer and Defense contractor, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta Lockheed Martin ( is a large multinational Aerospace manufacturer and advanced technology Company formed in 1995 by the merger of Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying representing all non- Military aviation, both private and commercial Hawker Beechcraft The Beech Aircraft Corporation, previously the Beechcraft Division of Raytheon and now a unit of Hawker Beechcraft, is a United Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Bombardier Inc (bɔ̃baʁdje is a Canadian conglomerate, founded by Joseph-Armand Bombardier as L'Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée in 1942 The de Havilland Canada company was an aircraft manufacturer with facilities based in what is now the Downsview area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Embraer -- IPA [ɪ̃ⁿbɾaˈɛɾ] -- the Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Tupolev ( Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Moscow. Ilyushin (Илью́шин or Ilyushin Design Bureau is a Russian Design bureau and Aircraft Manufacturer (design office prefix Antonov, or Antonov Aeronautical Scientific/Technical Complex ( Antonov ASTC) (Авіаційний науково-технічний комплекс імені Антонова Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Sukhoi ( Сухой) is a major Russian manufacturer famous for its fighters AS Yakovlev Design Bureau JSC is a Russian aircraft designer and manufacturer (design office prefix Yak) Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Fokker was a Dutch Aircraft manufacturer named after its founder Anthony Fokker. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Saab AB is an Aerospace and defense company based in Sweden. History "Svenska Aeroplan AB (aktiebolaget" ( Swedish for "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Britten-Norman (officially the Britten-Norman Group or BNG) is a British aircraft manufacturer owned by members of the Zawawi family from the Sultanate The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located BAE Systems plc (BAE is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered in Farnborough, England, that has global interests particularly The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located British Aerospace (BAe was a UK aircraft and defence-systems manufacturer that is now part of BAE Systems. Let Kunovice ( Kunovice is a location is a Czech (formerly Czechoslovak) civil Aircraft manufacturer The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E Smaller-sized aircraft manufacturers include, in addition to these two, ATR, Embraer and Bombardier. Embraer -- IPA [ɪ̃ⁿbɾaˈɛɾ] -- the Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S Bombardier Inc (bɔ̃baʁdje is a Canadian conglomerate, founded by Joseph-Armand Bombardier as L'Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée in 1942

Notable airliners

• Boeing 247 - first design to incorporate modern features
• Douglas DC-3 - considered by many to be the first true airliner
• Lockheed Constellation - Triple-tailed piston-engined airliner of the 1950s
• De Havilland Comet - the first jet airliner in service
• Tupolev Tu-104 - the first turbojet airliner successful at regular service
• Vickers Viscount - the first turboprop airliner to enter service
• Sud Caravelle - the first successful jet airliner. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout TurboJET (噴射飛航 is the brand name for the operations of the Hong Kong -based Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management Limited (信德中旅船務管理有限公司 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

• Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 - the first American-built jetliners
• Boeing 727 - one of the most successful airliners
• Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar - one of the first wide-bodies
• Douglas DC-9 - more than 1000 built. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout In Aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels that supports an Aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Many still in service.
• Boeing 737 - the best selling civilian jet airliner
• Airbus A320- Pioneer of fly-by-wire
• Tupolev Tu-144 - the first supersonic transport aircraft constructed in Soviet Union
• Concorde - flew at twice the speed of sound
• Boeing 747 "jumbo jet" - the largest airliner between 1968 and 2005
• Boeing 777 - the first airliner designed entirely by computer (no mockups were used)
• Airbus A380 "superjumbo" - The world's largest airliner, featuring two full-length twin-aisle passenger cabins, started service with Singapore Airlines in October 2007. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Aircraft flight control systems consist of Flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls connecting linkages and the necessary operating mechanisms to control WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A supersonic transport (SST is a civil Aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the Speed of sound. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the
• Boeing 787 "Dreamliner" - Boeing's latest long haul jet. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Airliner recycling

As airliners are very expensive, most are leased out for times typically from 20 to 40 years. Very few go back into service after a long lease is up because evolving aerospace technology leaves older airliners unable to compete against newer machines that can be operated at a lower cost. Many end-of-service airliners end up in the Mojave Desert, at the Mojave Spaceport (also known as "The Airplane Boneyard"). For the indigenous American tribe see Mohave. The Mojave Desert (moʊˈhɑːvi or /məˈhɑːvi/ ( Hayikwiir Mat'aar in Mojave From this, the term "Mojave" has come to refer to the temporary storage of aircraft, e. g. during decreased demand for air travel and between short-term leases. Another common location to retire airliners is Marana, Arizona. Marana is a town in Pima County Arizona, located northwest of Tucson, with a small portion in Pinal County.

While eventually almost every airliner will be reduced to scrap (the exceptions end up as museum pieces or flown by collector groups) they may pass through many owners before they are retired. A well-maintained airliner can operate safely for decades, depending on how often it is flown, its operating environment, and whether damage and wear and tear is properly repaired.

What may end an airliner's working life is a lack of spare parts, as the original manufacturer and third manufacturers may no longer provide or support them. Corrosion and metal fatigue are other issues that become more expensive to deal with as time goes on. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Eventually, these factors and advances in aircraft technology lead to older airliners becoming too expensive or inefficient to operate.

In order to protect the environment, the Airbus company has set up a special centre in France to decommission and recycle older aircraft. Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. More than 200 airliners will finish active life each year, and will be dismantled and recycled under the newly established PAMELA Project. The Process for Advanced Management of End of-Life-Aircraft (PAMELA Project is an enterprise set up by Airbus in Southern France with the aim of recycling aircraft parts

Cabin configurations

An airliner may have several classes of seating: first class, business class, and/or economy class (which may be referred to as coach class or tourist class, and sometimes has a separate "premium" economy section with more legroom and amenities). Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout First class is the most luxurious class of accommodation on a Train, Passenger ship, Airplane, or other conveyance Business class (also known as executive class or upper class is a high quality second-tier Travel class available on some commercial Airlines and rail lines __FORCETOC__ Economy class, (also called coach class, is the lowest class of seating in Air travel and rail travel The seats in more expensive classes are wider, more comfortable, and have more amenities such as "lie flat" seats for more comfortable sleeping on long flights. Generally, the more expensive the class, the better the beverage and meal service.

Domestic flights generally have a two-class configuration, usually first or business class and coach class, although many airlines instead offer all-economy seating. International flights generally have either a two-class configuration or a three-class configuration, depending on the airline, route and aircraft type. Many airliners offer movies or audio/video on demand (this is standard in first and business class on many international flights and may be available on economy). In-Flight entertainment ( IFE) refers to the entertainment available to aircraft passengers during a flight Cabins of any class are provided with lavatory facilities (see board toilets). Board toilets are built-in Rooms with a Toilet in Vehicles for the use of human Defecation.

Main article: aircraft cabin

Seats

Main article: Airline seat

The types of seats that are provided and how much legroom is given to each passenger are decisions made by the individual airlines, not the aircraft manufacturers. An aircraft cabin is the section of an Aircraft in which passengers travel often just called the cabin Airline seats are Chairs on an Airliner in which passengers are accommodated for the duration of the journey Seats are mounted in "tracks" on the floor of the cabin and can be moved back and forth by the maintenance staff or removed altogether. Naturally the airline tries to maximize the number of seats available in every aircraft to carry the largest possible (and therefore most profitable) number of passengers.

Passengers seated in an exit row (the row of seats adjacent to an emergency exit) usually enjoy substantially more legroom than those seated in the remainder of the cabin, while the seats directly in front of the exit row may have less legroom and may not even recline (for evacuation safety reasons). Emergency Exit, by Manlio Santanelli, is a play written originally in Italian. However, passengers seated in an exit row may be required to assist cabin crew during an emergency evacuation of the aircraft opening the emergency exit and assisting fellow passengers to the exit. As a precaution, many airlines prohibit young people under the age of 15 from being seated in the exit row [1].

The seats are designed to withstand strong forces so as not to break or come loose from their floor tracks during turbulence or accidents. In Fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic Stochastic property changes The backs of seats are often equipped with a fold-down tray for eating, writing, or as a place to set up a portable computer, or a music or video player. Seats without another row of seats in front of them have a tray that is either folded into the armrest or that clips into brackets on the underside of the armrests. However, seats in premium cabins generally have trays in the armrests or clip-on trays, regardless of whether there is another row of seats in front of them. Seatbacks now often feature small color LCD screens for videos, television and video games. Controls for this display as well as an outlet to plug in audio headsets are normally found in the armrest of each seat.

Overhead bins

The overhead bins are used for stowing carry-on baggage and other items. While the airliner manufacturer will normally supply a standard product, airlines may choose to have bins of differing size, shape, or color installed. Over time, these bins evolved out of what were originally overhead shelves used for little more than coat and briefcase storage. As concerns about falling debris during turbulence or in accidents increased, enclosed bins became the norm. Bins have increased in size in order to accommodate the larger carry-on baggage passengers may bring onto the aircraft. New bin designs may include a handrail, useful when moving through the cabin.

Passenger service units

Above the passenger seats are Passenger Service Units (PSU). These typically contain a reading light, air vent, and a flight attendant call button. The units frequently have small "Fasten Seat Belt" and "No Smoking" illuminated signage and may also contain a speaker for the cabin public address system.

The PSU will also normally contain the drop-down oxygen masks which are activated if there is a sudden drop in cabin pressure. These are supplied with oxygen by means of a chemical oxygen generator. A chemical oxygen generator is a device that releases Oxygen created by a Chemical reaction. By using a chemical reaction rather than a connection to an oxygen tank, these devices supply breathing oxygen for long enough for the airliner to descend to thicker, more breathable air. Oxygen generators do generate considerable heat in the process. Because of this, the oxygen generators are thermally shielded and are only allowed in commercial airliners when properly installed - they are not permitted to be loaded as freight on passenger-carrying flights. ValuJet Flight 592 crashed on May 11, 1996 as a result of improperly loaded chemical oxygen generators. ValuJet Flight 592 was a flight that crashed on May 11 1996 en route from Miami International Airport in Miami Florida, United States to Hartsfield Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)

Baggage holds

Airliners must have space on board to store baggage that will not safely fit in the passenger cabin. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Designed to hold baggage as well as freight, these compartments are called "cargo bins", "holds", or occasionally "pits". Occasionally baggage holds may be referred to as cargo decks on the largest of aircraft. These compartments can be accessed through doors on the outside of the aircraft. Despite what is seen in many movies, access doors between passenger cabins and baggage holds are rare in modern airliners.

Depending on the aircraft, baggage holds are normally pressurized just like the passenger cabin although they may not be heated. While lighting is normally installed for use by the loading crew, typically the compartment is unlit when the door is closed.

Baggage holds on modern airliners are equipped with fire detection equipment and larger aircraft have automated or remotely activated fire-fighting devices installed.

Narrow-body airliners

Most "narrow-body" airliners with more than 100 seats have space below the cabin floor, while smaller aircraft often have a special compartment separate from the passenger area but on the same level. narrow-body aircraft is an Airliner with a Fuselage Aircraft cabin diameter typically of 3 to 4 metres (10 to 13 ft and Airline seat arranged

Baggage is normally stacked within the bin by hand, sorted by destination category. Netting that fits across the width of the bin is secured to limit movement of the bags. Airliners often carry items of freight and mail. Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train, Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also These may be loaded separately from the baggage or mixed in if they are bound for the same destination. For securing bulky items "hold down" rings are provided to tie items into place.

Wide-body airliners

"Wide-body", or "jumbo jets", frequently have a compartment like the ones described above, typically called a "bulk bin". wide-body aircraft is a large Airliner with twin aisles and typically a fuselage diameter of 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 ft It is normally used for late arriving luggage or bags which may have been checked at the gate.

However, most baggage and loose freight items are loaded into containers called Unit Load Devices (ULDs), often referred to as "cans". A unit load device, or ULD is a Pallet or container used to load luggage freight and mail on Wide-body aircraft and specific Narrow-body aircraft ULDs come in a variety of sizes and shapes, but the most common model is the LD3. A unit load device, or ULD is a Pallet or container used to load luggage freight and mail on Wide-body aircraft and specific Narrow-body aircraft This particular container has approximately the same height as the cargo compartment and fits across half of its width.

ULDs are loaded with baggage and are transported to the aircraft on dolly carts and loaded into the baggage hold by a loader designed for the task. By means of belts and rollers an operator can maneuver the ULD from the dolly cart, up to the aircraft baggage hold door, and into the aircraft. A belt conveyor consists of two or more Pulleys with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them Inside the hold, the floor is also equipped with drive wheels and rollers that an operator inside can use to move the ULD properly into place. Locks in the floor are used to hold the ULD in place during flight.

For consolidated freight loads, like a pallet of boxes or an item too oddly shaped to fit into a container, flat metal pallets that resemble large baking sheets that are compatible with the loading equipment are used.

See also

Lists

• List of airliners by Maximum Take-Off Weight
• List of civil aircraft
• List of Regional Airliners

Topics

• Airport
• Air safety
• Flight planning
• Plane spotting

Notes

1. ^ Cacutt, Len (ed. This is a list for civilian Airliners (including army-civilian cargos so C-5 Galaxy is excluded sorted by Maximum Takeoff Weight. A non-comprehensive list of modern civilian aircraft with descriptions These aircraft are distinguishable from other airplanes because of their significance in filling the short-hop role in the hub and spoke model of passenger and cargo distribution An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land Air safety is a term encompassing the theory investigation and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation as well as through Flight planning is the process of producing a Flight plan to describe a proposed Aircraft flight Aircraft spotting or Plane spotting is the observation and logging registration numbers of Aircraft: Gliders powered aircraft large balloons ) (1986). The World's Greatest Aircraft. Aerospace Publishing.  

External links and references

• Boeing
• Airbus (EADS)
• Embraer
• Bombardier
• ATR
• Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) official website
• Airliners.net
• Airplanes.se

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