Airline
An Airbus A380 of Emirates Airline

An airline provides air transport services for passengers or freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Emirates Airline (shortened form Emirates) ( Arabic: طيران الإمارات Tayarān al-Imārāt) is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying representing all non- Military aviation, both private and commercial This article is about passengers in commercial transportation for other uses see Passenger (disambiguation A passenger is a term broadly used Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train, Airlines lease or own their aircraft with which to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefit. Leasing is a process by which a firm can obtain the use of a certain fixed assets for which it must pay a series of contractual periodic tax deductable payments An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers For partnership in cricket terminology see List of cricket terms A partnership is a type of Business entity in which partners An airline alliance is an agreement between two or more Airlines to cooperate on a substantial level

Airlines vary from those with a single airplane carrying mail or cargo, through full-service international airlines operating many hundreds of airplanes. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, intracontinental, or domestic and may be operated as scheduled services or charters.

Contents 1 History 1.1 The First Airlines 1.2 U.S. Airline Industry 1.2.1 Early Development 1.3 Development since 1945 1.4 European Airline Industry 1.4.1 Deregulation 1.5 Latin American Airline Industry 1.6 Asian Airline Industry 2 Regulatory considerations 2.1 National 2.2 International 3 Economic considerations 3.1 Ticket revenue 3.2 Operating costs 3.3 Assets and financing 3.4 Airline partnerships 4 Environmental impacts 5 Call signs 6 Airline personnel 7 Industry Trends 8 See also 9 Airline related lists 10 External links 11 Notes 12 References

History

The First Airlines

DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft (German: acronym for "German Airship Transport Corporation") was the world's first airline. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft ( German: acronym for "German Airship Transport Corporation" was the world's first airline The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. This is a list of Airlines by foundation date, founded before 1927. It was founded on November 16, 1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by Zeppelin Corporation. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A Zeppelin is a type of Rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century based on designs he had outlined Its headquarters were in Frankfurt. (Note: Americans, such as Rufus Porter and Frederick Marriott, attempted to start airlines in the mid-19th century, focusing on the New York-California route. For the American football player see Rufus Porter (American football. Frederick Marriott (c 1805 – c 1884 was an early aviation pioneer and creator of the Avitor Hermes Jr Those attempts foundered due to such mishaps as the aircraft catching fire and the aircraft being ripped apart by spectators. ) The five oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherland's KLM, Colombia's Avianca, Australia's Qantas, Mexico's Mexicana and Czech Republic's Czech Airlines. This is a list of Airlines by foundation date, founded before 1927. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English translation Avianca SA ( Spanish Acronym: Aerovías del Continente Americano, formerly Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia) has been the national Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Czech Airlines jsc (České aerolinie as Trading as Czech Airlines ( Abbreviation: ČSA) is the Czech national Airline

U. S. Airline Industry

Early Development

Tony Jannus conducted the United States' first scheduled commercial airline flight on 1 January 1914 for the Saint Petersburg-routes, Braniff Airways, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines (originally a division of Boeing), Trans World Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and Eastern Air Lines, to name a few. Antony Habersack Jannus,more familiarly known as Tony Jannus (1889-1916 was an early American pilot who piloted the first flight of the Braniff International Airways was an American Airline that existed from 1928 until 1982 American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size Delta Air Lines Inc ( is a United States Airline based and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. United Air Lines Inc, trading as United Airlines ( is a major airline of the United States. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E Trans World Airlines ( TWA) renamed TWA Airlines LLC in 2001 was a major U Northwest Airlines Inc (often abbreviated NWA) is the principal subsidiary Eastern Air Lines was a major United States Airline that existed from the late 1920s until 1991

Passenger service during the early 1920s was sporadic: most airlines at the time were focused on carrying bags of mail. In 1925, however, the Ford Motor Company bought out the Stout Aircraft Company and began construction of the all-metal Ford Trimotor, which became the first successful American airliner. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout With a 12-passenger capacity, the Trimotor made passenger service potentially profitable. Air service was seen as a supplement to rail service in the American transportation network. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation.

At the same time, Juan Trippe began a crusade to create an air network that would link America to the world, and he achieved this goal through his airline, Pan American World Airways, with a fleet of flying boats that linked Los Angeles to Shanghai and Boston to London. Juan Terry Trippe ( June 27 1899 – April 3 1981) was a US Airline Entrepreneur and pioneer and the Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Pan Am and Northwest Airways (which began flights to Canada in the 1920s) were the only U. S. airlines to go international before the 1940s.

With the introduction of the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-3 in the 1930s, the U. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout S. airline industry was generally profitable, even during the Great Depression. This trend continued until the beginning of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Development since 1945

As governments met to set the standards and scope for an emergent civil air industry toward the end of the war, it was no surprise that the U. S. took a position of maximum operating freedom. After all, U. S. airline companies were not devastated by the war, as European companies and the few Asian companies had been. This preference for "open skies" operating regimes continues, within limitations, to this day.

World War II, like World War I, brought new life to the airline industry. Many airlines in the Allied countries were flush from lease contracts to the military, and foresaw a future explosive demand for civil air transport, for both passengers and cargo. They were eager to invest in the newly emerging flagships of air travel such as the Boeing Stratocruiser, Lockheed Constellation, and Douglas DC-6. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Most of these new aircraft were based on American bombers such as the B-29, which had spearheaded research into new technologies such as pressurization. Pressurization generally refers to the application of Pressure in a given situation or environment and more specifically refers to the process by which Atmospheric pressure Most offered increased efficiency from both added speed and greater payload.

In the 1950s, the De Havilland Comet, Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8, and Sud Aviation Caravelle became the first flagships of the Jet Age in the West, while the Soviet Union bloc countered with the Tupolev Tu-104 and Tupolev Tu-124 in the fleets of state-owned carriers such as Aeroflot and Interflug. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout OJSC "AeroflotRussian Airlines" (ОАО «АэрофлотРоссийские авиалинии» () or Aeroflot (Аэрофлот as the airline is commonly Interflug was the former state Airline of East Germany from 1963 until 1991 when it ceased operations following German reunification. The Vickers Viscount and Lockheed L-188 Electra inaugurated turboprop transport. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Lockheed L-188 Electra is an American Turboprop airliner built by Lockheed.

The next big boost for the airlines would come in the 1970s, when the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and Lockheed L-1011 inaugurated widebody ("jumbo jet") service, which is still the standard in international travel. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Tupolev Tu-144 and its Western counterpart, Concorde, made supersonic travel a reality. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout In 1972, Airbus began producing Europe's most commercially successful line of airliners to date. Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing The added efficiencies for these aircraft were often not in speed, but in passenger capacity, payload, and range.

1978's U. S. airline industry deregulation lowered barriers for new airlines. The Airline Deregulation Act (or ADA) is a United States federal law signed into law on October 24, 1978. In this period, new start-ups entered during downturns in the normal 8-10 year business cycle. At that time, they find aircraft, are financed, contract hangar and maintenance services, train new employees, and recruit laid off staff from other airlines.

As the business cycle returned to normalcy, major airlines dominated their routes through aggressive pricing and additional capacity offerings, often swamping new startups. Only America West Airlines (which has since merged with US Airways) remained a significant survivor from this new entrant era, as dozens, even hundreds, have gone under. America West Airlines was one of the United States ' ten major Airlines The airline was based in Phoenix Arizona, and is now a part of US Airways Group

In many ways, the biggest winner in the deregulated environment was the air passenger. Indeed, the U. S. witnessed an explosive growth in demand for air travel, as many millions who had never or rarely flown before became regular fliers, even joining frequent flyer loyalty programs and receiving free flights and other benefits from their flying. A frequent flyer program (FFP is a Loyalty program offered by many Airlines. New services and higher frequencies meant that business fliers could fly to another city, do business, and return the same day, for almost any point in the country. Air travel's advantages put intercity bus lines under pressure, and most have withered away.

By the 1980s, almost half of the total flying in the world took place in the U. S. , and today the domestic industry operates over 10,000 daily departures nationwide.

Toward the end of the century, a new style of low cost airline emerged, offering a no-frills product at a lower price. Southwest Airlines, JetBlue, AirTran Airways, Skybus Airlines and other low-cost carriers began to represent a serious challenge to the so-called "legacy airlines", as did their low-cost counterparts in Europe, Canada, and Asia. Southwest Airlines Co ( is an American low-cost Airline based in Dallas Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas ' McCarran AirTran Airways is a low-cost Airline that is a Delaware corporation with headquarters in Orlando, Florida, USA and Skybus Airlines Inc was a privately-held Airline based in Columbus, Ohio, USA. Their commercial viability represented a serious competitive threat to the legacy carriers. However, of these, ATA and Skybus have since ceased operations.

Thus the last 50 years of the airline industry have varied from reasonably profitable, to devastatingly depressed. As the first major market to deregulate the industry in 1978, U. S. airlines have experienced more turbulence than almost any other country or region. Today, almost every single legacy carrier except for American Airlines has operated under Chapter 11 bankruptcy provisions or have gone out of business. Referring to the airline industry a " Legacy Carrier " is an airline revolving around a hub & spoke network and a corporate structure American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size

European Airline Industry

The first countries in Europe to embrace air transport were Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

KLM, the oldest carrier still operating under its original name, was founded in 1919. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English translation The first flight (operated on behalf of KLM by Aircraft Transport and Travel) transported two English passengers to Schiphol, Amsterdam from London in 1920. Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited was a British airline formed during the First World War. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the Netherlands ' main Airport, located 20 minutes (17 Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Like other major European airlines of the time (see France and the UK below), KLM's early growth depended heavily on the needs to service links with far-flung colonial possessions (Dutch Indies). See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below It is only after the loss of the Dutch Empire that KLM found itself based at a small country with few potential passengers, depending heavily on transfer traffic, and was one of the first to introduce the hub-system to facilitate easy connections. The Dutch Empire was the territories controlled by The Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English translation

France began an air mail service to Morocco in 1919 that was bought out in 1927, renamed Aéropostale, and injected with capital to become a major international carrier. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Aéropostale (formally Compagnie générale aéropostale) was a pioneering French aviation company In 1933, Aéropostale went bankrupt, was nationalized and merged with several other airlines into what became Air France. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against Air France (formally Société Air France) is one of the world's largest Airlines Air France is based in Paris, France, and is a subsidiary of

In Finland, the charter establishing Aero O/Y (now Finnair, one of the oldest still-operating airlines in the world) was signed in the city of Helsinki on 12 September 1923. Finnair Plc is Finland 's largest Airline and the Flag carrier, with its headquarters in Vantaa, Finland and its main hub at Helsinki-Vantaa Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Junkers F 13 D-335 became the first aircraft of the company, when Aero took delivery of it on 14 March 1924. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first flight was between Helsinki and Tallinn, capital of Estonia, and it took place on 20 March 1924, one week later. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.

Germany's Lufthansa began in 1926. Lufthansa, unlike most other airlines at the time, became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe, providing capital to Varig and Avianca. VRG Linhas Aéreas SA, Operating as VARIG (an acronym for V iação A érea RI o G randense is the Brazilian Avianca SA ( Spanish Acronym: Aerovías del Continente Americano, formerly Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia) has been the national German airliners built by Junkers, Dornier, and Fokker were the most advanced in the world at the time. Dornier Flugzeugwerke was a German Aircraft manufacturer founded in Friedrichshafen in 1914 by Claudius Dornier Fokker was a Dutch Aircraft manufacturer named after its founder Anthony Fokker. The peak of German air travel came in the mid-1930s, when Nazi propaganda ministers approved the start of commercial zeppelin service: the big airships were a symbol of industrial might, but the fact that they used flammable hydrogen gas raised safety concerns that culminated with the Hindenburg disaster of 1937. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German A Zeppelin is a type of Rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century based on designs he had outlined Terminology In some countries airships are also known as dirigibles from the French (fr ''diriger'' to direct plus -ible) meaning "directable" The reason they used hydrogen instead of the not-flammable helium gas was a United States military embargo on helium. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical

The British company Aircraft Transport and Travel commenced a London to Paris service on 25 August 1919, this was the world's first regular international flight. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited was a British airline formed during the First World War. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United Kingdom's flag carrier during this period was Imperial Airways, which became BOAC (British Overseas Airways Co. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A flag carrier refers to a Transportation company such as an Airline or Shipping company that is locally registered in a given Country Imperial Airways was the early British commercial long range air transport company operating from 1924 to 1939 and serving parts of Europe but especially the Empire routes to The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946 ) in 1939. Imperial Airways used huge Handley-Page biplanes for routes between London, the Middle East, and India: images of Imperial aircraft in the middle of the Rub'al Khali, being maintained by Bedouins, are among the most famous pictures from the heyday of the British Empire. Handley Page Limited was founded by Frederick Handley Page (later Sir Frederick in 1909 as the United Kingdom 's first publicly traded aircraft manufacturing A biplane is a Fixed-wing aircraft with two main Wings The first powered heavier-than-air Aircraft, the Wright brothers' Wright Flyer London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Rub' al Khali ( Arabic: الربع الخالي which translates as Empty Quarter in English, is one of the largest sand Deserts in the The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.

Deregulation

Deregulation of the European Union airspace in the early 1990s has had substantial effect on structure of the industry there. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The shift towards 'budget' airlines on shorter routes has been significant. Airlines such as Easyjet and Ryanair have grown at the expense of the traditional national airlines. EasyJet Airline Company Limited, styled as easyJet, is a low cost airline based at London Luton Airport. Ryanair (,) is an Irish Airline with headquarters in Dublin and its biggest operational base at London Stansted Airport in the UK

There has also been a trend for these national airlines themselves to be privatised such as has occurred for Aer Lingus (Ireland) and British Airways. Aer Lingus is the Flag carrier airline of Ireland. Based at Dublin Airport, it operates 41 Airbus aircraft serving Europe Africa and North British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Other national airlines, including Italy's Alitalia, have suffered - particularly with the rapid increase of oil prices in early 2008. AlitaliaLinee Aeree Italiane SpA ( Italian for Alitalia - Italian Air Lines) ( is the Flag carrier Airline of Italy.

Latin American Airline Industry

Along the first countries to have regular airlines in Latin America were Chile with LAN Chile (today LAN Airlines), Colombia with Avianca, Mexico with Mexicana de Aviación, Brazil with Varig, and TACA as a bound of several airlines of Central American countries (Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Nicaragua). Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the LAN Airlines SA is an Airline based in Santiago Chile. It is the principal Chilean airline and one of the largest in South America with flights to LAN Airlines SA is an Airline based in Santiago Chile. It is the principal Chilean airline and one of the largest in South America with flights to Avianca SA ( Spanish Acronym: Aerovías del Continente Americano, formerly Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia) has been the national VRG Linhas Aéreas SA, Operating as VARIG (an acronym for V iação A érea RI o G randense is the Brazilian All the previous airlines started regular operations before World War II.

Aeromexico is also in service since 1934, but was initially called Aeronaves de México. Aerovías de México SA de CV, operating as AeroMéxico, is an Airline based in Mexico City, Mexico. The same situation happened with other regional airlines, such as Aerolineas Argentinas. All of these airlines are still in service. An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license

The air travel market has evolved rapidly over recent years in Latin America. Some industy estimations over 2000 new aircraft will begin service over the next five years in this region.

These airlines serve domestic flights within their countries, as well as connections within Latin America and also overseas flights to North America, Europe, Australia, Africa and Asia.

Just one airline, LAN (Latin American Networks) has international subsidiaries: Chile as the central operation along with Peru, Ecuador, Argentina and some operations in the Dominican Republic. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the

The main hubs in Latin America are Sao Paulo in Brazil, Bogota in Colombia, Lima in Peru, Mexico City in Mexico, Buenos Aires in Argentina, and Santiago in Chile. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern Santiago is the name of In Argentina: Santiago del Estero Province Santiago del Estero, capital of the province

Asian Airline Industry

Some of the first countries in Asia to embrace air transport were India, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Philippine Airlines Inc (abbreviated PAL) also known historically as Philippine Air Lines, is the national airline of the Philippines WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The City of Manila The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

The one of the first countries in Asia to embrace air transport was the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Philippine Airlines was founded on February 26, 1941, making it Asia's oldest carrier and the oldest operating under its current name. Philippine Airlines Inc (abbreviated PAL) also known historically as Philippine Air Lines, is the national airline of the Philippines Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The airline was started by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano, hailed as one of the Philippines' leading industrialists at the time. The airline’s first flight was made on March 15, 1941 with a single Beech Model 18 NPC-54 aircraft, which started its daily services between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio, later to expand with larger aircraft such as the DC-3 and Vickers Viscount. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The City of Manila Nielson Field ( Luzon, the Philippines) was the location of the U Geography The three main access roads leading to Baguio from the lowlands are Kennon Road, Marcos Highway Notably Philippine Airlines leased Japan Airlines their first aircraft, a DC-3 named "Kinsei". Philippine Airlines Inc (abbreviated PAL) also known historically as Philippine Air Lines, is the national airline of the Philippines ( or JAL, is an airline of Japan It is one of the largest Airline operators in Asia. On July 31, 1946, a chartered Philippine Airlines DC-4 ferried 40 American servicemen to Oakland,California from Nielson Airport in Makati City with stops in Guam, Wake Island, Johnston Atoll and Honolulu, Hawaii, making PAL the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific Ocean. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Philippine Airlines Inc (abbreviated PAL) also known historically as Philippine Air Lines, is the national airline of the Philippines WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The City of Makati, or simply Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated Wake Island (also known as Wake Atoll) is a Coral atoll having a Coastline of 12 miles (19 kilometers in the North Pacific Ocean Johnston Atoll is a 130 km² Atoll in the North Pacific Ocean at, about 1400 kilometers (750  nm) west of Hawaii. Honolulu is the Capital and most populous Census-designated place (CDP in the U The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions A regular service between Manila and San Francisco was started in December. The City of Manila The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city It was during this year that the airline was designated as the Philippines flag carrier. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP A flag carrier refers to a Transportation company such as an Airline or Shipping company that is locally registered in a given Country

Another airline company to begin early operations was Air India, which had its beginning as Tata Airlines in 1932, a division of Tata Sons Ltd. Air India Limited ( एअर इंडिया) is the national Airline of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. (now Tata Group) by India's leading industrialist JRD Tata. The Tata Group ( Hindi: टाटा समूह is a multinational conglomerate based in Mumbai, India. Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata ( July 29, 1904 &ndash November 29, 1993) was a pioneer Aviator and important businessman of India On October 15, 1932, J. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. R. D. Tata himself flew a single engined De Havilland Puss Moth carrying air mail (postal mail of Imperial Airways) from Karachi to Bombay via Ahmedabad. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Imperial Airways was the early British commercial long range air transport company operating from 1924 to 1939 and serving parts of Europe but especially the Empire routes to (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Ahmedabad (અમદાવાદ Amdāvād, Hindi: अहमदाबाद) is the largest city in The aircraft continued to Madras via Bellary piloted by Royal Air Force pilot Nevill Vincent.

Following the end of World War II, regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata Airlines became a public limited company on 29 July 1946 under the name Air India. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After the Independence of India, 49% of the airline was acquired by the Government of India. In return, the airline was granted status to operate international services from India as the designated flag carrier under the name Air India International.

Neighbouring countries also soon embraced air transport, notably with the beginning of a new nation, Pakistan began Orient Airways Ltd (Pakistan International Airlines), Cathay Pacific founded in 1946, Singapore Airlines and Malaysian Airlines in 1947 (as Malayan Airways), Garuda Indonesia in 1949, Japan Airlines in 1951, and Korean Air in 1962. Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, more commonly known as Pakistan International Airlines or PIA ( Urdu: پی آئی اے or پاکستان Cathay Pacific Airways Limited () is the largest Airline and Flag carrier of Hong Kong. Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the Malaysia Airlines (MAS ( Malay:Syarikat Penerbangan Malaysia Chinese:马来西亚航空公司) is the Flag carrier of Malaysia. Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA came into being in 1966 as a result of a joint ownership of the airline by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore. PT (Persero Perusahaan Penerbangan Garuda Indonesia is the national Airline of Indonesia. ( or JAL, is an airline of Japan It is one of the largest Airline operators in Asia. Korean Air Lines Co Ltd ( Operating as Korean Air, is the national and largest Airline of South Korea; its global headquarters With the outbreak of World War Two, the airline presence in Asia came to a relative halt, with many new flag carriers donating their aircraft for military aid and other uses.

Regulatory considerations

National

Many countries have national airlines that the government owns and operates. A flag carrier refers to a Transportation company such as an Airline or Shipping company that is locally registered in a given Country Fully private airlines are subject to a great deal of government regulation for economic, political, and safety concerns. For instance, the government often intervenes to halt airline labor actions in order to protect the free flow of people, communications, and goods between different regions without compromising safety.

The United States, Australia, and to a lesser extent Brazil, Mexico, the United Kingdom and Japan have "deregulated" their airlines. In the past, these governments dictated airfares, route networks, and other operational requirements for each airline. Since deregulation, airlines have been largely free to negotiate their own operating arrangements with different airports, enter and exit routes easily, and to levy airfares and supply flights according to market demand.

The entry barriers for new airlines are lower in a deregulated market, and so the U. S. has seen hundreds of airlines start up (sometimes for only a brief operating period). This has produced far greater competition than before deregulation in most markets, and average fares tend to drop 20% or more. The added competition, together with pricing freedom, means that new entrants often take market share with highly reduced rates that, to a limited degree, full service airlines must match. This is a major constraint on profitability for established carriers, which tend to have a higher cost base.

As a result, profitability in a deregulated market is uneven for most airlines. These forces have caused some major airlines to go out of business, in addition to most of the poorly established new entrants.

International

Groups such as the International Civil Aviation Organization establish worldwide standards for safety and other vital concerns. The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO) an agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation Most international air traffic is regulated by bilateral agreements between countries, which designate specific carriers to operate on specific routes. The model of such an agreement was the Bermuda Agreement between the US and UK following World War II, which designated airports to be used for transatlantic flights and gave each government the authority to nominate carriers to operate routes. The Bermuda Agreement, reached in 1946 by American and British negotiators in Bermuda, was an early Bilateral Air Transport Agreement regulating

Bilateral agreements are based on the "freedoms of the air," a group of generalized traffic rights ranging from the freedom to overfly a country to the freedom to provide domestic flights within a country (a very rarely granted right known as cabotage). The Freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country's Airline (s the privilege to enter and land in another country's Airspace. Cabotage is the Transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country Most agreements permit airlines to fly from their home country to designated airports in the other country: some also extend the freedom to provide continuing service to a third country, or to another destination in the other country while carrying passengers from overseas.

In the 1990s, "open skies" agreements became more common. Open skies refers to a bilateral (and sometimes Multilateral) Air Transport Agreement which liberalizes the rules for international These agreements take many of these regulatory powers from state governments and open up international routes to further competition. Open skies agreements have met some criticism, particularly within the European Union, whose airlines would be at a comparative disadvantage with the United States' because of cabotage restrictions. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Economic considerations

Historically, air travel has survived largely through state support, whether in the form of equity or subsidies. TAM Airlines ( Portuguese: TAM Linhas Aéreas) the Southern Hemisphere 's largest Airline; is based in São Paulo and operates scheduled WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The airline industry as a whole has made a cumulative loss during its 120-year history, once the costs include subsidies for aircraft development and airport construction. ^[1][2]

One argument is that positive externalities, such as higher growth due to global mobility, outweigh the microeconomic losses and justify continuing government intervention. In Economics, an externality is an impact on any party not directly involved in an economic decision A historically high level of government intervention in the airline industry can be seen as part of a wider political consensus on strategic forms of transport, such as highways and railways, both of which receive public funding in most parts of the world. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Profitability is likely to improve in the future as privatization continues and more competitive low-cost carriers proliferate.

Although many countries continue to operate state-owned or parastatal airlines, many large airlines today are privately owned and are therefore governed by microeconomic principles in order to maximize shareholder profit.

Ticket revenue

Airlines assign prices to their services in an attempt to maximize profitability. The pricing of airline tickets has become increasingly complicated over the years and is now largely determined by computerized yield management systems. Yield management, also known as revenue management, is the process of understanding anticipating and influencing Consumer Behavior in order to maximize

Because of the complications in scheduling flights and maintaining profitability, airlines have many loopholes that can be used by the knowledgeable traveler. Many of these airfare secrets are becoming more and more known to the general public, so airlines are forced to make constant adjustments.

Most airlines use differentiated pricing, a form of price discrimination, in order to sell air services at varying prices simultaneously to different segments. Price discrimination exists when sales of identical goods or services are transacted at different Prices from the same provider Factors influencing the price include the days remaining until departure, the booked load factor, the forecast of total demand by price point, competitive pricing in force, and variations by day of week of departure and by time of day. Carriers often accomplish this by dividing each cabin of the aircraft (first, business and economy) into a number of travel classes for pricing purposes. A travel class is a quality of accommodation on public Transport.

A complicating factor is that of origin-destination control ("O&D control"). Someone purchasing a ticket from Melbourne to Sydney (as an example) for $200 (AUD) is competing with someone else who wants to fly Melbourne to Los Angeles through Sydney on the same flight, and who is willing to pay $1400 (AUD). Should the airline prefer the $1400 passenger, or the $200 passenger plus a possible Sydney-Los Angeles passenger willing to pay $1300? Airlines have to make hundreds of thousands of similar pricing decisions daily.

The advent of advanced computerized reservations systems in the late 1970s, most notably Sabre, allowed airlines to easily perform cost-benefit analyses on different pricing structures, leading to almost perfect price discrimination in some cases (that is, filling each seat on an aircraft at the highest price that can be charged without driving the consumer elsewhere). Sabre is a Computer reservations system /global distribution system (GDS used by Airlines Railways Hotels Travel agents and other Cost-benefit analysis is a term that refers both to a formal discipline used to help appraise or assess the case for a Project or proposal which itself is

The intense nature of airfare pricing has led to the term "fare war" to describe efforts by airlines to undercut other airlines on competitive routes. Through computers, new airfares can be published quickly and efficiently to the airlines' sales channels. For this purpose the airlines use the Airline Tariff Publishing Company (ATPCO), who distribute latest fares for more than 500 airlines to Computer Reservation Systems across the world. The Airline Tariff Publishing Company, ATPCO, or ATP, is a corporation that publishes the latest Airfares for more than 500 airlines multiple times per day A computer reservations system ( CRS) is a Computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to Air travel.

The extent of these pricing phenomena is strongest in "legacy" carriers. In contrast, low fare carriers usually offer preannounced and simplified price structure, and sometimes quote prices for each leg of a trip separately.

Computers also allow airlines to predict, with some accuracy, how many passengers will actually fly after making a reservation to fly. This allows airlines to overbook their flights enough to fill the aircraft while accounting for "no-shows," but not enough (in most cases) to force paying passengers off the aircraft for lack of seats. Since an average of ⅓ of all seats are flown empty, stimulative pricing for low demand flights coupled with overbooking on high demand flights can help reduce this figure.

Operating costs

Full-service airlines have a high level of fixed and operating costs in order to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, sales distribution, catering, training, aviation insurance and other costs. Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and History Aviation Insurance was first introduced in the early years of the 20th Century Thus all but a small percentage of the income from ticket sales is paid out to a wide variety of external providers or internal cost centers.

Moreover, the industry is structured so that airlines often act as tax collectors. Airline fuel is untaxed, however, due to a series of treaties existing between countries. Ticket prices include a number of fees, taxes, and surcharges they have little or no control over, and these are passed through to various providers. Airlines are also responsible for enforcing government regulations. If airlines carry passengers without proper documentation on an international flight, they are responsible for returning them back to the originating country.

Analysis of the 1992-1996 period shows that every player in the air transport chain is far more profitable than the airlines, who collect and pass through fees and revenues to them from ticket sales. While airlines as a whole earned 6% return on capital employed (2-3. 5% less than the cost of capital), airports earned 10%, catering companies 10-13%, handling companies 11-14%, aircraft lessors 15%, aircraft manufacturers 16%, and global distribution companies more than 30%. (Source: Spinetta, 2000, quoted in Doganis, 2002)

In contrast, Southwest Airlines has been the most profitable of airline companies since 1970. Southwest Airlines Co ( is an American low-cost Airline based in Dallas Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas ' McCarran

The widespread entrance of a new breed of low cost airlines beginning at the turn of the century has accelerated the demand that full service carriers control costs. Many of these low cost companies emulate Southwest Airlines in various respects, and like Southwest, they are able to eke out a consistent profit throughout all phases of the business cycle. Southwest Airlines Co ( is an American low-cost Airline based in Dallas Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas ' McCarran

As a result, a shakeout of airlines is occurring in the U. S. and elsewhere. United Airlines, US Airways (twice), Delta Air Lines, and Northwest Airlines have all declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. United Air Lines Inc, trading as United Airlines ( is a major airline of the United States. US Airways Inc is the fifth largest Airline in the United States. Delta Air Lines Inc ( is a United States Airline based and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Northwest Airlines Inc (often abbreviated NWA) is the principal subsidiary Chapter 11 is a chapter of the United States Bankruptcy Code, which permits reorganization under the Bankruptcy laws of the United States Some argue that it would be far better for the industry as a whole if a wave of actual closures were to reduce the number of "undead" airlines competing with healthy airlines while being artificially protected from creditors via bankruptcy law. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against On the other hand, some have pointed out that the reduction in capacity would be short lived given that there would be large quantities of relatively new aircraft that bankruptcies would want to get rid of and would re-enter the market either as increased fleets for the survivors or the basis of cheap planes for new startups.

Where an airline has established an engineering base at an airport then there may be considerable economic advantages in using that same airport as a preferred focus (or "hub") for its scheduled flights.

Assets and financing

Airline financing is quite complex, since airlines are highly leveraged operations. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E Malaysia Airlines (MAS ( Malay:Syarikat Penerbangan Malaysia Chinese:马来西亚航空公司) is the Flag carrier of Malaysia. Not only must they purchase (or lease) new airliner bodies and engines regularly, they must make major long-term fleet decisions with the goal of meeting the demands of their markets while producing a fleet that is relatively economical to operate and maintain. Compare Southwest Airlines and their reliance on a single airplane type (the Boeing 737 and derivatives), with the now defunct Eastern Air Lines which operated 17 different aircraft types, each with varying pilot, engine, maintenance, and support needs. Southwest Airlines Co ( is an American low-cost Airline based in Dallas Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas ' McCarran WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Eastern Air Lines was a major United States Airline that existed from the late 1920s until 1991

A second financial issue is that of hedging oil and fuel purchases, which are usually second only to labor in its relative cost to the company. In Finance, a hedge is an investment that is taken out specifically to reduce or cancel out the Risk in another investment Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy However, with the current high fuel prices it has become the largest cost to an airline. While hedging instruments can be expensive, they can easily pay for themselves many times over in periods of increasing fuel costs, such as in the 2000-2005 period.

In view of the congestion apparent at many international airports, the ownership of slots at certain airports (the right to take-off or land an aircraft at a particular time of day or night) has become a significant tradable asset for many airlines. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land Clearly take-off slots at popular times of the day can be critical in attracting the more profitable business traveler to a given airline's flight and in establishing a competitive advantage against a competing airline. If a particular city has two or more airports, market forces will tend to attract the less profitable routes, or those on which competition is weakest, to the less congested airport, where slots are likely to be more available and therefore cheaper. Other factors, such as surface transport facilities and onward connections, will also affect the relative appeal of different airports and some long distance flights may need to operate from the one with the longest runway.

Airline partnerships

Code sharing is the most common type of airline partnership; it involves one airline selling tickets for another airline's flights under its own airline code. Code sharing is a business term which was first originated in the airline industry in 1990 when the Australian airline Qantas Airways and the U An early example of this was Japan Airlines' code sharing partnership with Aeroflot in the 1960s on flights from Tokyo to Moscow: Aeroflot operated the flights using Aeroflot aircraft, but JAL sold tickets for the flights as if they were JAL flights. ( or JAL, is an airline of Japan It is one of the largest Airline operators in Asia. OJSC "AeroflotRussian Airlines" (ОАО «АэрофлотРоссийские авиалинии» () or Aeroflot (Аэрофлот as the airline is commonly officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of This practice allows airlines to expand their operations, at least on paper, into parts of the world where they cannot afford to establish bases or purchase aircraft. Another example was the Austrian- Sabena partnership on the Vienna-Brussels-New York JFK route during the late 60's, using a Sabena Boeing 707 with Austrian colors. Austrian Airlines AG is the flag carrier Airline of Austria, headquartered in Vienna. SABENA was the national airline of Belgium from 1923 to 2001 with its base at Brussels National Airport. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

Since airline reservation requests are often made by city-pair (such as "show me flights from Chicago to Düsseldorf"), an airline who is able to code share with another airline for a variety of routes might be able to be listed as indeed offering a Chicago-Düsseldorf flight. The passenger is advised however, that Airline 1 operates the flight from say Chicago to Amsterdam, and Airline 2 operates the continuing flight (on a different airplane, sometimes from another terminal) to Düsseldorf. Thus the primary rationale for code sharing is to expand one's service offerings in city-pair terms so as to increase sales.

A more recent development is the airline alliance, which became prevalent in the 1990s. An airline alliance is an agreement between two or more Airlines to cooperate on a substantial level These alliances can act as virtual mergers to get around government restrictions. Groups of airlines such as the Star Alliance, Oneworld, and SkyTeam coordinate their passenger service programs (such as lounges and frequent flyer programs), offer special interline tickets, and often engage in extensive codesharing (sometimes systemwide). Star Alliance is the world's first and largest Airline alliance. The Oneworld alliance is the third largest Airline alliance after Star Alliance and SkyTeam. SkyTeam is the second largest Airline alliance in the world — behind Star Alliance — partnering fourteen carriers from four continents with two pending members These are increasingly integrated business combinations-- sometimes including cross-equity arrangements-- in which products, service standards, schedules, and airport facilities are standardized and combined for higher efficiency. One of the first airlines to start an alliance with another airline was KLM, who partnered with Northwest Airlines. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English translation Northwest Airlines Inc (often abbreviated NWA) is the principal subsidiary Both airlines later entered the SkyTeam alliance after the fusion of KLM and Air France in 2004. SkyTeam is the second largest Airline alliance in the world — behind Star Alliance — partnering fourteen carriers from four continents with two pending members Air France (formally Société Air France) is one of the world's largest Airlines Air France is based in Paris, France, and is a subsidiary of

Often the companies combine IT operations, buy fuel, or purchase airplanes as a bloc in order to achieve higher bargaining power. However, the alliances have been most successful at purchasing invisible supplies and services, such as fuel. Airlines usually prefer to purchase items visible to their passengers to differentiate themselves from local competitors. If an airline's main domestic competitor flies Boeing airliners, then the airline may prefer to use Airbus aircraft regardless of what the rest of the alliance chooses.

Environmental impacts

Main article: Aviation and the environment

Aircraft engines emit noise pollution, gases and particulate emissions, and contribute to global warming^[3][4] and global dimming. Aviation impacts the environment because Aircraft engines emit noise, particulates gases contribute to Climate change and Global dimming Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct Irradiance at the Earth 's surface that was observed for several decades after the start of systematic ^[5]

Modern turbofan and turboprop engines are considerably more fuel-efficient and less polluting than earlier models. A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine A turboprop engine is a type of aircraft powerplant that uses a Gas turbine engine to drive a Propeller. However, despite this, the rapid growth of air travel in recent years contributes to an increase in total pollution attributable to aviation, offsetting some of the reductions achieved by automobiles. Air travel is a form of Travel using an Airplane. The comfort experienced when traveling by air depends on several factors starting with the airport the Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them In the EU greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87% between 1990 and 2006. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared ^[6]

In the context of climate change and peak oil, there is a debate about possible taxation of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an emissions trading scheme, with a view to ensuring that the total external costs of aviation are taken into account. Emissions trading (or emission trading) is an administrative approach used to control Pollution by providing economic Incentives for In Economics, an externality is an impact on any party not directly involved in an economic decision ^[7]

The airline industry is responsible for about 11 percent of greenhouse gases emitted by the U. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared S. transportation sector. Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E The solution would be blending algae fuels with existing jet fuel: ^[8]

• Boeing and Air New Zealand are collaborating with leading Brazilian biofuels maker Tecbio and Aquaflow Bionomic of New Zealand and other jet biofuel developers around the world. Air New Zealand Limited (, Air New Zealand is a scheduled passenger Airline based in Auckland, New Zealand, and the national Flag carrier Jet fuel is a type of Aviation fuel designed for use in Aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. See also Algology Algae fuel, also called algal fuel, oilgae, algaeoleum or third generation biofuel, is a Biofuel
• Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Green Fund are looking into the technology as part of a biofuels initiative. Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and Virgin Green Fund has been established to invest in companies in the renewable energy and resource efficiency sectors in the US and Europe ^[9]

Call signs

Each operator of a scheduled or charter flight uses a airline call sign when communicating with airports or air traffic control centers. Most of these call-signs are derived from the airline's trade name, but for reasons of history, marketing, or the need to reduce ambiguity in spoken English (so that pilots do not mistakenly make navigational decisions based on instructions issued to a different aircraft), some airlines and air forces use call-signs less obviously connected with their trading name. For example, British Airways uses a Speedbird call-sign, named after the logo of its predecessor, BOAC, while America West used Cactus reflecting that company's home in the state of Arizona and to differentiate itself from numerous other airlines using America and West in their call signs. The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946 America West Airlines was one of the United States ' ten major Airlines The airline was based in Phoenix Arizona, and is now a part of US Airways Group

Airline personnel

The various types of airline personnel include:

• Flight crews, responsible for the operation of the aircraft. Flight crew members include:
  • Pilots (Captain and First Officer: some older aircraft also require a Flight Engineer)
  • Flight attendants, (led by a purser on larger aircraft)
  • in-flight security personnel on some airlines (most notably El Al)
• Groundcrew, responsible for operations at airports. The pilot in command (PIC of an Aircraft is the person aboard the aircraft who is ultimately responsible for its operation and safety during flight In Commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot (sometimes referred to as the "co-pilot" of an Aircraft. In Aviation, a flight engineer is a member of the aircrew of some Aircraft. Flight attendants or cabin crew (historically known as stewards air hosts/hostesses or stewardesses) are members of an Aircrew A ship's purser (also purser or pusser) is the person on a Ship responsible for the handling of Money on board A sky marshal (also known as air marshal or flight marshal) is an undercover law enforcement or security officer on board a commercial Aircraft to El Al (אל על skyward) ( TASE: ELAL is the National airline of Israel. In Aviation, the groundcrew is the support crew supplying the Aircraft with fuel and maintenance as opposed to the Aircrew. Ground crew members include:
  • Aerospace and avionics engineers responsible for certifying the aircraft for flight and management of aircraft maintenance
    • Aerospace engineers, responsible for airframe, powerplant and electrical systems maintenance
    • Avionics engineers responsible for avionics and instruments maintenance
  • Airframe and powerplant technicians
  • Electric System technicians, responsible for maintenance of electrical systems
  • Avionics technicians, responsible for maintenance of avionics
  • Flight dispatchers
  • Baggage handlers
  • Rampers
  • Gate agents
  • Ticket agents
  • Passenger service agents (such as airline lounge employees)
• Reservations agents, usually (but not always) at facilities outside the airport. This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the Avionics means "aviation electronics" It comprises electronic systems for use on aircraft artificial satellites and spacecraft comprising Communications Airframe means the mechanical structure of an Aircraft and as generally used does not include the engines PowerPlant is an Object-oriented GUI toolkit, Application framework and set of class libraries for Mac OS, created by Metrowerks. Avionics means "aviation electronics" It comprises electronic systems for use on aircraft artificial satellites and spacecraft comprising Communications Dispatchers are communications personnel responsible for receiving and transmitting pure and reliable messages tracking vehicles and equipment and recording other important information In the airline industry, a baggage handler is a person who loads and unloads Baggage ( Suitcases or Luggage) and other Cargo (airfreight An airport lounge is a Lounge owned by a particular Airline (or jointly operated in the case of an alliance)

Airlines follow a corporate structure where each broad area of operations (such as maintenance, flight operations, and passenger service) is supervised by a vice president. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Larger airlines often appoint vice presidents to oversee each of the airline's hubs as well. Airlines employ lawyers to deal with regulatory procedures and other administrative tasks. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person

Industry Trends

The pattern of ownership has gone from government owned or supported to independent, for-profit public companies. This occurs as regulators permit greater freedom and non-government ownership, in steps that are usually decades apart. This pattern is not seen for all airlines in all regions.

The overall trend of demand has been consistently increasing. In the 1950s and 1960s, annual growth rates of 15% or more were common. Annual growth of 5-6% persisted through the 1980s and 1990s. Growth rates are not consistent in all regions, but countries with a de-regulated airline industry have more competition and greater pricing freedom. This results in lower fares and sometimes dramatic spurts in traffic growth. The U.S., Australia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Mexico,India and other markets exhibit this trend. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The industry has been observed to be cyclical in its financial performance. Four or five years of poor earnings precede five or six years of improvement. But profitability even in the good years is generally low, in the range of 2-3% net profit after interest and tax. In times of profit, airlines lease new generations of airplanes and upgrade services in response to higher demand. Since 1980, the industry has not earned back the cost of capital during the best of times. Conversely, in bad times losses can be dramatically worse. Warren Buffett once said that despite all the money that has been invested in all airlines, the net profit is less than zero. Warren Buffett (born August 30 1930 is an American Investor, Businessman, and Philanthropist. He believes it is one of the hardest businesses to manage.

As in many mature industries, consolidation is a trend. Airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships, long-term, multi-faceted alliances between carriers, equity arrangements, mergers, or takeovers. In business a takeover is the purchase of one company (the target) by another (the acquirer, or bidder) Since governments often restrict ownership and merger between companies in different countries, most consolidation takes place within a country. In the U. S. , over 200 airlines have merged, been taken over, or gone out of business since deregulation in 1978. Many international airline managers are lobbying their governments to permit greater consolidation to achieve higher economy and efficiency.

See also

• Air ferry
• Air safety
• Airline timetable
• Airliners.net
• Airport security
• Beyond rights
• Cargo airline
• Charter airline
• Federal Aviation Administration
• Flight planning
• FlightAware
• Government contract flight
• IATA – industry standards organization
• Low-cost carrier
• Red-eye flight
• Regional airline
• Transportation Security Administration

Airline related lists

• List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners
• List of airline mergers and acquisitions
• List of airlines
• List of defunct airlines
• List of hub airports
• List of largest airlines
• List of low-cost airlines
• List of national airlines
• Timeline of airline bankruptcies
• Special Service Request (SSR) Codes

External links

• Chasing the Sun - History of commercial aviation, from PBS
• Global Aviation Markets Whitepaper on global markets for airlines
• Airline Quality Rating
• Airline History Slideshow - The history of bankrupt airlines put to music. An air ferry is a Ferry service in which cars and passengers are transported by aircraft Air safety is a term encompassing the theory investigation and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation as well as through Airline timetables are booklets that many Airlines worldwide use to inform passengers of several different things such as schedules fleet security in-flight entertainment Airlinersnet is an Aviation website founded by Johan Lundgren in 1997 evolving from his previous Pictures of Modern Airliners site started in 1994 Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in protecting Airports and Aircraft from Crime. "Beyond rights" or "Fly beyond rights" in the International Airline Service is the right for international airline companies to perform business Cargo airlines (or airfreight carriers, and derivatives of these names are Airlines dedicated to the Transport of Cargo. A charter airline, also sometimes referred to as an Air taxi, operates Aircraft on a charter basis that is flights that take place outside normal schedules by a The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Flight planning is the process of producing a Flight plan to describe a proposed Aircraft flight FlightAware is an Aviation software and data services company A government contract flight is a type of Charter airline operation contracted with a government agency A red-eye flight is a flight operated by an Airline departing late at night and arriving early the next morning typically between the period from 900 p Regional airlines commonly called commuter airlines or feeder airlines, when they provide service to smaller communities that do not generate sufficient passengers The Transportation Security Administration ( TSA) is a US government agency that was created as part of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act This list of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft is grouped by the years in which the accidents and incidents occurred This article lists airline mergers and acquisitions with a brief history of each Air West *1968 - Pacific Air Lines (originally Southwest Airways Bonanza This is a list of Airlines in operation, arranged alphabetically by country within their respective continents This is a list of defunct airlines. For airlines currently in operation see the List of airlines. Africa Algeria Houari Boumedienne Airport Air Algérie Oued Irara Airport There are several methods to measure the size of an airline so several different lists of the world's largest airlines are available The following is a list of Low cost carriers organized by home country *be aware that some may be run by the larger airlines which may not be terribly conducive to ongoing competition! A flag carrier refers to a Transportation company such as an Airline or Shipping company that is locally registered in a given Country This is a timeline of bankruptcies affecting United States Airlines which are still currently operating Special Service Requests (SSRs are used by Airlines to capture information about special meal requests special baggage handling requests unanccompanied minors and disabled
• Airline Industry Video and Audio on MarketWatch

Notes

References

1. "A history of the world's airlines", R.E.G. Davies, Oxford U. Ronald Edward George Davies (born 1921 is a specialist in airline and air transport history P, 1964
2. "The airline encyclopedia, 1909-2000. ” Myron J. Smith, Scarecrow Press, 2002
3. "Flying Off Course: The Economics of International Airlines," 3rd edition. Rigas Doganis, Routledge, New York, 2002.
4. "The Airline Business in the 21st Century. " Rigas Doganis, Routledge, New York, 2001.

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