Airbus A380
A300 · A310 · A320 · A330 · A340 · A350 · A380
Singapore Airlines 9V-SKA, the first A380 in commercial service
Type	Airliner
Manufacturer	Airbus
Maiden flight	27 April 2005
Introduced	25 October 2007 with Singapore Airlines
Primary user	Singapore Airlines
Produced	2004 – present
Number built	14 as of April 2008
Program cost	€11. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 7 (US$17. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 1) billion[1]
Unit cost	US$317. 2-337. 5 million[2]

The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine airliner manufactured by the European corporation Airbus, an EADS subsidiary. A Double-deck aircraft has two decks for passengers the second deck may be only a partial deck and may be above or below the main deck wide-body aircraft is a large Airliner with twin aisles and typically a fuselage diameter of 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 ft A jet airliner, sometimes contracted to jetliner, is a passenger Airplane (passenger Aeroplane) that is powered by Jet engines. Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS NV ( EADS) is a large European aerospace corporation formed by the merger on July 10, The largest passenger airliner in the world, the A380 made its maiden flight on 27 April 2005 from Toulouse, France,^[3] and made its first commercial flight on 25 October 2007 from Singapore to Sydney with Singapore Airlines. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Singapore Airlines Flight 380 was the first Commercial flight of the Airbus A380, flown on October 25, 2007 between Singapore Changi Airport Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Singapore Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the The aircraft was known as the Airbus A3XX during much of its development phase, but the nickname Superjumbo has since become associated with it. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name.

The A380's upper deck extends along the entire length of the fuselage. The fuselage (from the French fuselé "spindle-shaped" is an Aircraft 's main body section that holds crew and passengers or Cargo This allows for a cabin with 50% more floor space than the next-largest airliner, the Boeing 747-400,^[4] and provides seating for 525 people in standard three-class configuration^[5][6] or up to 853 people in all economy class configuration. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A travel class is a quality of accommodation on public Transport. __FORCETOC__ Economy class, (also called coach class, is the lowest class of seating in Air travel and rail travel ^[7] The A380 is offered in passenger and freighter versions. The A380-800, the passenger model, is the largest passenger airliner in the world, but has a shorter fuselage than the Airbus A340-600 which is Airbus' next biggest passenger aeroplane. The A380-800F, the freighter model, is offered as one of the largest freight aircraft, with a listed payload capacity exceeded only by the Antonov An-225. A cargo aircraft (also known as freighters or freight aircraft) is an Fixed-wing aircraft designed or converted for the carriage of goods rather WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[8] The A380-800 has a design range of 15,200 kilometres (8,200 nmi), sufficient to fly from New York to Hong Kong for example, and a cruising speed of Mach 0. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. The City of New York Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid 85 (about 900 km/h or 560 mph at cruise altitude). ^[5]

Contents 1 Development 1.1 Background 1.2 Design phase 1.3 Production 1.4 Testing 1.5 Delivery delays 1.6 Entry into service 2 Design 2.1 Flight deck 2.2 Engines 2.2.1 Fuel 2.3 Advanced materials 2.4 Avionics architecture 2.5 Systems 2.6 Passenger provisions 2.7 Integration in the infrastructure 2.7.1 Ground operations 2.7.2 Takeoff and landing separation 3 Future variants 3.1 Airbus A380-900 4 Market 5 Orders and deliveries 6 Specifications 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Development

Background

Airbus started the development of a very large airliner (termed Megaliner by Airbus in the early development stages) in the early 1990s, both to complete its own range of products and to break the dominance that Boeing had enjoyed in this market segment since the early 1970s with its 747. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout McDonnell Douglas pursued a similar strategy with its ultimately unsuccessful MD-12 design. McDonnell Douglas was a major American Aerospace manufacturer and Defense contractor, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout As each manufacturer looked to build a successor to the 747, they knew there was room for only one new aircraft to be profitable in the 600 to 800 seat market segment. Each knew the risk of splitting such a niche market, as had been demonstrated by the simultaneous debut of the Lockheed L-1011 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10: both planes met the market’s needs, but the market could profitably sustain only one model, eventually resulting in Lockheed's departure from the civil airliner business. A niche market is a focused targetable portion (subset of a market WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta In January 1993, Boeing and several companies in the Airbus consortium started a joint feasibility study of an aircraft known as the Very Large Commercial Transport (VLCT), aiming to form a partnership to share the limited market.

In June 1994, Airbus began developing its own very large airliner, designated the A3XX. Airbus considered several designs, including an odd side-by-side combination of two fuselages from the A340, which was Airbus’s largest jet at the time. ^[9] The A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeing’s own New Large Aircraft successor to the 747, which evolved into the 747X, a stretched version of the 747 with the fore body "hump" extended rearwards to accommodate more passengers. The Boeing NLA, or New Large Airplane was a 1990s concept for an all-new airliner in the 500+ seat market The joint VLCT effort ended in July 1996, and Boeing suspended the 747X program in January 1997. From 1997 to 2000, as the East Asian financial crisis darkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, targeting a 15 to 20 percent reduction in operating costs over the existing Boeing 747-400. The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The A3XX design converged on a double-decker layout that provided more passenger volume than a traditional single-deck design.

Design phase

On 19 December 2000, the supervisory board of newly restructured Airbus voted to launch a €8. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 8 billion program to build the A3XX, re-christened as the A380, with 55 orders from six launch customers. The A380 designation was a break from previous Airbus families, which had progressed sequentially from A300 to A340. It was chosen because the number 8 resembles the double-deck cross section, and is a lucky number in some Asian countries where the aircraft was being marketed. In Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (吉利 or inauspicious (不利 based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to ^[9] The aircraft’s final configuration was frozen in early 2001, and manufacturing of the first A380 wing box component started on 23 January 2002. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The development cost of the A380 had grown to €11 billion when the first aircraft was completed.

Boeing, meanwhile, resurrected the 747X programme several times before finally launching the 747-8 Intercontinental in November 2005 (with entry into service planned for 2009). The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005 Boeing chose to develop a derivative for the 400 to 500 seat market, instead of matching the A380's capacity.

Production

Major structural sections of the A380 are built in France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Due to their size, they are brought to the assembly hall in Toulouse in France by surface transportation, rather than by the A300-600ST Beluga aircraft used for other Airbus models. Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Airbus A300-600ST ( S uper T ransporter or Beluga is a version of the standard A300-600 wide-body Airliner Components of the A380 are provided by suppliers from around the world; the five largest contributors, by value, are Rolls-Royce, SAFRAN, United Technologies, General Electric, and Goodrich. Rolls-Royce plc ( is a British Aircraft engine maker and the second-largest in the world behind GE Aviation. Safran ( is a French conglomerate involved in defense, Aerospace propulsion and equipment Communications and Security. United Technologies Corporation (UTC ( is an American multinational conglomerate based in Hartford, Connecticut and is the 20th Goodrich Corporation (formerly the BF Goodrich Company), is an American Aerospace manufacturing company based in Charlotte North Carolina ^[10]

The front and rear sections of the fuselage are loaded on an Airbus Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ship, Ville de Bordeaux, in Hamburg in northern Germany, from where they are shipped to the United Kingdom. The Ville de Bordeaux is a ship carrier designed to transport the elements of the Airbus A380. See also Merchant ship Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro Ships are ferries designed to carry wheeled Cargo such as The Ville de Bordeaux is a ship carrier designed to transport the elements of the Airbus A380. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[11] The wings, which are manufactured at Filton in Bristol and Broughton in North Wales, are transported by barge to Mostyn docks, where the ship adds them to its cargo. Filton is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, situated on the northern outskirts of the city of Bristol, about 4 Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London Broughton (Brychdyn is a small district in Flintshire, Wales, close to the Wales–England border and located to the west of the BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August Mostyn is a small village in Flintshire, North Wales, lying on the estuary of the River Dee, and located near the town of Holywell. In Saint-Nazaire in western France, the ship trades the fuselage sections from Hamburg for larger, assembled sections, some of which include the nose. See also the St Nazaire Raid Saint-Nazaire ( Breton: Sant-Nazer) is a town and ''commune'' in the Loire-Atlantique département This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The ship unloads in Bordeaux. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Afterwards, the ship picks up the belly and tail sections by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA in Cádiz in southern Spain, and delivers them to Bordeaux. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. From there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, and by oversize road convoys to the assembly hall in Toulouse. Langon is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest ^[12] New wider roads, canal systems and barges were developed to deliver the A380 parts. After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg, XFW to be furnished and painted. Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport is an Airport in the quarter Finkenwerder, in the southwest part of Hamburg, Germany. It takes 3,600 litres (950 gallons) of paint to cover the 3,100 m² (33,000 ft²) exterior of an A380.

Airbus sized the production facilities and supply chain for a production rate of four A380s per month. A supply chain or logistics network is the system of organizations people technology activities information and resources involved in moving a product or service from ^[11]

Testing

Five A380s were built for testing and demonstration purposes. Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord ^[13]

The first A380, serial number MSN001 and registration F-WWOW, was unveiled at a ceremony in Toulouse on 18 January 2005. Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Its maiden flight took place at 8:29 UTC (10:29 a. m. local time) 27 April 2005. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This plane, equipped with Trent 900 engines, flew from Toulouse Blagnac International Airport with a flight crew of six headed by chief test pilot Jacques Rosay. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Toulouse Blagnac International Airport or Aéroport de Toulouse - Blagnac is an airport located 6 Test pilots are Aviators who fly new and modified Aircraft in specific maneuvers allowing the results to be measured and the design to be evaluated Jacques Rosay is Vice President Chief Test Pilot of aircraft manufacturer Airbus. After successfully landing three hours and 54 minutes later, Rosay said flying the A380 had been “like handling a bicycle” . ^[14]

On 1 December 2005 the A380 achieved its maximum design speed of Mach 0. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 96 (versus normal cruising speed of Mach 0. 85), in a shallow dive, completing the opening of the flight envelope. In Aerodynamics, the flight envelope or performance envelope of an Aircraft refers to the capabilities of a design in terms of speed and altitude ^[13]

On 10 January 2006 the A380 made its first transatlantic flight to Medellín in Colombia, to test engine performance at a high altitude airport. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Medellín, officially the Municipio de Medellín (Spanish or Municipality of Medellín (English pronunciation mɛdəˈjiːn or, Spanish: or) is the second Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. José María Córdova International Airport is the main Airport serving the Colombian city of Medellín and its surrounding metropolitan area It arrived in North America on 6 February, landing in Iqaluit, Nunavut in Canada for cold-weather testing. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Iqaluit (iqaluit ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ in Inuktitut syllabics; often pronounced ɨˈkæljuːɨt in English is the territorial Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[15]

On 14 February 2006, during the destructive wing strength certification test on MSN5000, the test wing of the A380 failed at 145% of the limit load, short of the required 150% to meet the certification. A banked turn is the term used to describe a car riding along a circle with inclined edges Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Airbus announced modifications adding 30 kg to the wing to provide the required strength. ^[16]

On 26 March 2006 the A380 underwent evacuation certification in Hamburg in Germany. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. With 8 of the 16 exits blocked, 853 passengers and 20 crew left the aircraft in 78 seconds, less than the 90 seconds required by certification standards. ^[17]

Three days later, the A380 received European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval to carry up to 853 passengers. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA is an agency of the European Union (EU with offices in Cologne, Germany, which has been given specific regulatory The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of ^[18]

The maiden flight of the first A380 using GP7200 engines - serial number MSN009 and registration F-WWEA - took place on 25 August 2006. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

On 4 September 2006 the first full passenger-carrying flight test took place. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[19] The aircraft flew from Toulouse with 474 Airbus employees on board, in the first of a series of flights to test passenger facilities and comfort. Toulouse Blagnac International Airport or Aéroport de Toulouse - Blagnac is an airport located 6

In November 2006, a further series of route proving flights took place to demonstrate the aircraft's performance for 150 flight hours under typical airline operating conditions.

Airbus obtained type certificate for the A380-841 and A380-842 model from the EASA and FAA on 12 December 2006 in a joint ceremony at the company's French headquarters. A Type Certificate, is awarded by aviation regulating bodies to aerospace manufacturers after it has been established that the particular design of a civil aircraft engine or propeller Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA is an agency of the European Union (EU with offices in Cologne, Germany, which has been given specific regulatory The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[20][21] The A380-861 model obtained the type certificate 14 December 2007. Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[21]

As of February 2008, the five A380s in the test programme had logged over 4,565 hours during 1,364 flights, including route proving and demonstration flights.

Delivery delays

Initial production of the A380 was troubled by delays attributed to the 530 km (330 miles) of wiring in each aircraft. Airbus cited as underlying causes the complexity of the cabin wiring (100,000 wires and 40,300 connectors), its concurrent design and production, the high degree of customization for each airline, and failures of configuration management and change control. Configuration management (CM is a field of Management that focuses on establishing and maintaining consistency of a product's performance and its functional and physical attributes Change control is a general term describing the procedures used to ensure that changes (normally but not necessarily to IT systems are introduced in a controlled and coordinated ^[1][22] Specifically, it would appear that German and Spanish Airbus facilities continued to use CATIA version 4, while British and French sites migrated to version 5. CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application is a multi-platform CAD / CAM / CAE commercial software suite developed by This caused overall configuration management problems, at least in part because wiring harnesses manufactured using aluminium rather than copper conductors necessitated special design rules including non-standard dimensions and bend radii: these were not easily transferred between different versions of the software. ^[23]

Airbus announced the first delay in June 2005 and notified airlines that delivery would slip by six months. This reduced the number of planned deliveries by the end of 2009 from about 120 to 90–100. On 13 June 2006, Airbus announced a second delay, with the delivery schedule undergoing an additional shift of six to seven months. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Although the first delivery was still planned before the end of 2006, deliveries in 2007 would drop to only 9 aircraft, and deliveries by the end of 2009 would be cut to 70–80 aircraft. The announcement caused a 26% drop in the share price of Airbus's parent, EADS, and led to the departure of EADS CEO Noël Forgeard, Airbus CEO Gustav Humbert, and A380 programme manager Charles Champion. The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS NV ( EADS) is a large European aerospace corporation formed by the merger on July 10, Noël Forgeard (born December 8, 1946) is a French Industrialist, and was joint CEO of EADS. Dr Gustav Humbert (born in February 1950 in Celle, Germany) is the former Chief Executive Officer and President of Airbus SAS, and ^[24] On 3 October 2006, upon completion of a review of the A380 program, the CEO of Airbus, Christian Streiff, announced a third delay, pushing the first delivery to October 2007, to be followed by 13 deliveries in 2008, 25 in 2009, and the full production rate of 45 aircraft per year in 2010. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Christian Streiff (born September 21, 1954) was the CEO of the aircraft manufacturer Airbus S ^[25] The delay also increased the earnings shortfall projected by Airbus through 2010 to €4. 8 billion. ^[26]

As Airbus prioritized the work on the A380-800 over the A380-800F, freighter orders were cancelled (FedEx,^[27] UPS^[28]) or converted to A380-800 (Emirates, ILFC^[29]). Airbus suspended work on the freighter version, but said the freighter remained on offer. ^[30] As of March 2008, Airbus do not have a specific date for entry into service for the A380F. ^[31] As of the passenger version, Airbus negotiated an adjusted delivery schedule and compensations with the 13 customers, all of them retaining their orders while some of them placed subsequent orders (Emirates,^[32] Singapore Airlines^[33] Qantas,^[34] Air France,^[35] Qatar,^[36] and Korean Air^[37]).

The first A380 with redesigned wiring harnesses achieved power-on in April 2008, with a 3 1/2 month delay^[38]. On 13 May 2008 Airbus announced reduced deliveries for the years 2008 (12) and 2009 (21) and a slower ramp-up that will be discussed with the customers in the next time. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[39][40]

Entry into service

The first aircraft sold, MSN003 registered 9V-SKA, was handed over on 15 October 2007, following a lengthy acceptance test phase, and entered into service on 25 October 2007 with a commercial flight between Singapore and Sydney (flight number SQ380). Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 An aircraft registration is a unique Alphanumeric string that identifies an Aircraft, in similar fashion to a licence plate on an automobile Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Singapore Airlines Flight 380 was the first Commercial flight of the Airbus A380, flown on October 25, 2007 between Singapore Changi Airport ^[41] Two months later Singapore Airlines CEO Chew Choong Seng said that the A380 was performing better than both the airline and Airbus had anticipated, burning 20% less fuel per passenger than the airline's existing 747-400 fleet. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[42] The second A380 for Singapore Airlines, MSN005, was handed over by Airbus on 11 January 2008 and registered as 9V-SKB. Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[43] Singapore Airlines operated its first two aircraft, in a 471-seat configuration, between Singapore and Sydney. Singapore Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 This was then expanded to include Singapore–London from 18 March 2008 after the third aircraft was delivered. Singapore London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[44] The A380 of Singapore Airlines (9V-SKB) touched down at London's Heathrow Airport on 18 March 2008, completing the plane's first-ever commercial flight to Europe. Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[45] A fourth aircraft was delivered to Singapore Airlines on the 26 April 2008 which enabled it to use the type on the Singapore-Tokyo route from 20 May. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Subsequent routes may include the Singapore–San Francisco route via Hong Kong, Melbourne to Singapore and direct flights to Paris and Frankfurt. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Singapore Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

The first aircraft for Qantas (third airline to take delivery of the A380), MSN014, had its maiden flight on 25 January 2008. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Qantas has announced it will use the A380, in a 450-seat configuration,^[46] on its Melbourne to Los Angeles route initially. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Subsequent routes may include Sydney to Los Angeles and Melbourne and Sydney to London routes. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

The first Engine Alliance powered A380 MSN011, which is due to enter service with Emirates Airline (second airline to take delivery of the A380), had its maiden flight on 4 September 2007. Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Emirates Airline (shortened form Emirates) ( Arabic: طيران الإمارات Tayarān al-Imārāt) is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[47] Emirates will receive the aircraft on 28 July 2008 and will start flights to New York on 1 August 2008. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[48] It will fly from London on 1 December 2008 and Auckland via Sydney on 1 February 2009. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. ^[49] Air France has said that its A380s will be used on its Paris to Montreal and New York routes. Air France (formally Société Air France) is one of the world's largest Airlines Air France is based in Paris, France, and is a subsidiary of Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

Design

The new Airbus is sold in two models. __FORCETOC__ Economy class, (also called coach class, is the lowest class of seating in Air travel and rail travel Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing The A380-800 was originally designed to carry 555 passengers in a three-class configuration^[50] or 853 passengers (538 on the main deck and 315 on the upper deck) in a single-class economy configuration. A travel class is a quality of accommodation on public Transport. In May 2007, Airbus began marketing the same aircraft to customers with 30 fewer passengers (now 525 passengers) traded for 370 km (200 nmi) more range, to better reflect trends in premium class accommodation. ^[6] The design range for the -800 model is 15,200 km (8,200 nmi). ^[5] The second model, the A380-800F freighter, will carry 150 tonnes of cargo 10,400 km (5,600 nmi). This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. ^[51] Future variants may include an A380-900 stretch seating about 656 passengers (or up to 960 passengers in an all economy configuration) and an extended range version with the same passenger capacity as the A380-800. ^[9]

The A380's wing is sized for a Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) over 650 tonnes in order to accommodate these future versions, albeit with some strengthening required. The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off ^[9] The stronger wing (and structure) is used on the A380-800F freighter. This common design approach sacrifices some fuel efficiency on the A380-800 passenger model, but Airbus estimates that the size of the aircraft, coupled with the advances in technology described below, will provide lower operating costs per passenger than all current variants of Boeing 747. Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense is the same as Thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The A380 also features wingtip fences similar to those found on the A310 and A320 to alleviate the effects of wake turbulence, increasing fuel efficiency and performance. Wingtip devices are usually intended to improve the efficiency of Fixed-wing aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Wake turbulence is Turbulence that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air

Flight deck

Airbus used similar cockpit layout, procedures and handling characteristics to those of other Airbus aircraft, to reduce crew training costs. Accordingly, the A380 features an improved glass cockpit, and fly-by-wire flight controls linked to side-sticks. A glass cockpit is an Aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. Aircraft flight control systems consist of Flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls connecting linkages and the necessary operating mechanisms to control A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling ^[52] The improved cockpit displays feature eight 15-by-20 cm (6-by-8-inch) liquid crystal displays, all of which are physically identical and interchangeable. These comprise two Primary Flight Displays, two navigation displays, one engine parameter display, one system display and two Multi-Function Displays. A primary flight display or PFD is a modern aircraft instrument dedicated to flight information A Multi-function display (MFD is a small screen ( CRT or LCD) in an Aircraft surrounded by multiple buttons that can be used to display information These MFDs are new with the A380, and provide an easy-to-use interface to the flight management system—replacing three multifunction control and display units. A flight management system or FMS is a Computerized Avionics Component found on most commercial and business Aircraft They include QWERTY keyboards and trackballs, interfacing with a graphical "point-and-click" display navigation system. QWERTY (ˈkwɜː(rti is the most common modern-day Keyboard layout on English-language computer and Typewriter keyboards It takes its Point-and-click is the action of a Computer user moving a cursor to a certain location on a screen ( point) and ^[53] One or two HUD (Head Up Display) is optional. [2]

Engines

The A380 can be fitted with two different types of engines: A380-841, A380-842 and A380-843F with Rolls-Royce Trent 900, and the A380-861 and A380-863F with Engine Alliance GP7000 turbofans. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 Sixteen customers have ordered the Airbus A380. Total firm orders for the Airbus A380 stand at 198 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine The Trent 900 is a derivative of the Trent 800, and the GP7000 has roots from the GE90 and PW4000. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Pratt & Whitney PW4000 is a family of high-bypass turbofan Aircraft Engines with certified Thrust ranging from 52000 to 99040 The Trent 900 core is a scaled version of the Trent 500, but incorporates the swept fan technology of the stillborn Trent 8104. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[54] The GP7200 has a GE90-derived core and PW4090-derived fan and low-pressure turbo-machinery. ^[55] Only two of the four engines are fitted with thrust reversers. Thrust reversal, also called reverse thrust, is the temporary diversion of an Aircraft engine 's exhaust or changing of propeller pitch so that the thrust produced ^[56]

Noise reduction was an important requirement in the A380's design, and particularly affects engine design. ^[57][58] Both engine types allow the aircraft to achieve QC/2 departure and QC/0. 5 arrival noise limits under the Quota Count system set by London Heathrow Airport, which is expected to become a key destination for the A380. Quota Count is a system used by London's Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted airports to limit the amount of noise generated by night-time aircraft movements ^[9]

Fuel

The A380 can run on mixed synthetic jet fuel with a natural-gas-derived component. A three hour test flight on Friday, February 1, 2008 between the Airbus company facility at Filton in the UK to the main Airbus factory in Toulouse, France, was a success. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common One of the A380's four engines used a mix of 60 percent standard jet kerosene and 40 percent gas to liquids (GTL) fuel. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Gas to liquids or GTL is a refinery process to convert Natural gas or other gaseous Hydrocarbons into Longer-chain hydrocarbons The aircraft needed no modification to use the GTL fuel, which was designed to be mixed with regular jet fuel. Sebastien Remy, head of Airbus SAS's alternative fuel program, said the GTL used was no cleaner in CO₂ terms than regular fuel but it had local air quality benefits because it contains no sulphur. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single ^[59][60]

Advanced materials

While most of the fuselage is aluminium, composite materials make up 25% of the A380's airframe, by weight. Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical Carbon-fibre reinforced plastic, glass-fibre reinforced plastic and quartz-fibre reinforced plastic are used extensively in wings, fuselage sections (such as the undercarriage and rear end of fuselage), tail surfaces, and doors. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic ( CFRP or CRP) is a very strong light and expensive Composite material or fiber reinforced plastic. Glass-reinforced plastic ( GRP) is a Composite material or Fiber-reinforced plastic made of a Plastic reinforced by fine fibers WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The A380 is the first commercial airliner with a central wing box made of carbon fibre reinforced plastic, and it is the first to have a wing cross-section that is smoothly contoured. Other commercial airliners have wings that are partitioned span-wise in sections. The flowing, continuous cross-section allows for maximum aerodynamic efficiency. Thermoplastics are used in the leading edges of the slats. A thermoplastic is a Plastic that Melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a Brittle, very Glassy state when cooled sufficiently Slats is also a nickname for Australian cricketer Michael Slater, and NHL executive Glen Sather Slats are Aerodynamic The new material GLARE (GLAss-REinforced fibre metal laminate) is used in the upper fuselage and on the stabilizers' leading edges. GLARE is a "GLAss-REinforced" Fibre Metal Laminate ( FML) composed of several very thin layers of metal (usually Aluminium) interspersed with layers of This aluminium-glass-fibre laminate is lighter and has better corrosion and impact resistance than conventional aluminium alloys used in aviation. WikipediaNaming Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre see Spelling differences) is material made from extremely fine Fibers of Glass. A laminate is a material constructed by uniting two or more layers of material together An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Unlike earlier composite materials, it can be repaired using conventional aluminium repair techniques. ^[61] Newer weldable aluminium alloys are also used. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. This enables the widespread use of laser beam welding manufacturing techniques^[62] — eliminating rows of rivets and resulting in a lighter, stronger structure. Laser beam welding (LBW is a Welding technique used to join multiple pieces of metal through the use of a Laser. A rivet is a mechanical Fastener. Before it is installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end

Avionics architecture

The A380 employs an Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) architecture, first used in advanced military aircraft such as the F-22 Raptor and the Eurofighter Typhoon. Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA represent real-time computer network airborne systems WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout It is based on a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) design. Commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS) is a term for Software or Hardware, generally technology or computer products that are ready-made and available for sale Many previous dedicated single-purpose avionics computers are replaced by dedicated software housed in onboard processor modules and servers. This cuts the number of parts, provides increased flexibility without resorting to customised avionics, and reduces costs by using commercially available computing power. ^[53] Together with IMA, the A380 avionics are very highly networked. The data communication networks use Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet, following the ARINC 664 standard. Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX is a deterministic data network for safety critical applications that utilizes dedicated bandwidth while providing Quality of Service The data networks are switched, full-duplexed, star-topology and based on 100baseTX fast-Ethernet. A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions Star networks are one of the most common Computer network topologies. ^[63] This reduces the amount of wiring required and minimizes latency. Latency is a time delay between the moment something is initiated and the moment one of its effects begins or becomes detectable ^[64] The Network Systems Server (NSS) is the heart of A380 paperless cockpit. It eliminates the bulky manuals and charts traditionally carried by the pilots. The NSS has enough inbuilt robustness to do away with onboard backup paper documents. The A380's network and server system stores data and offers electronic documentation, providing a required equipment list, navigation charts, performance calculations, and an aircraft logbook. All are accessible to the pilot from two additional 27 cm (11 inch) diagonal LCDs, each controlled by its own keyboard and control cursor device mounted in the foldable table in front of each pilot. ^[64]

Systems

Power-by-wire flight control actuators are used for the first time in civil service, backing up the primary hydraulic flight control actuators. Aircraft flight control systems consist of Flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls connecting linkages and the necessary operating mechanisms to control For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering During certain maneuvers, they augment the primary actuators. They have self-contained hydraulic and electrical power supplies. They are used as electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHA) in the aileron and elevator, and as electrical backup hydrostatic actuators (EBHA) for the rudder and some spoilers. For the band with a similar name see The Ailerons Ailerons are hinged control surfaces attached to the Trailing edge of the Wing of a Fixed-wing An elevator or lift is a Transport device used to move people or goods vertically from one floor to another ^[65]

The aircraft's 350 bar (35 MPa or 5,000 psi) hydraulic system is an improvement over the typical 210 bar (21 MPa or 3,000 psi) system found in other commercial aircraft since the 1940s. The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. The pound per square inch or more accurately pound-force per square inch (symbol psi or lbf/in² or lbf/in²) is a unit of First used in military aircraft, higher pressure hydraulics reduce the size of pipelines, actuators and other components for overall weight reduction. The 350 bar pressure is generated by eight de-clutchable hydraulic pumps. Pipelines are typically made from titanium and the system features both fuel and air-cooled heat exchangers. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient Heat transfer from one medium to another whether the media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix or the media The hydraulics system architecture also differs significantly from other airliners. Self-contained electrically powered hydraulic power packs, instead of a secondary hydraulic system, are the backups for the primary systems. This saves weight and reduces maintenance.

The A380 uses four 150 kVA variable-frequency electrical generators eliminating the constant speed drives for better reliability. The A380 uses aluminium power cables instead of copper for greater weight savings due to the number of cables used for an aircraft of this size and complexity. The electrical power system is fully computerized and many contactors and breakers have been replaced by solid-state devices for better performance and increased reliability. A relay is an electrical Switch that opens and closes under the control of another Electrical circuit. ^[65]

The A380 features a bulbless illumination system. LEDs are employed in the cabin, cockpit, cargo and other fuselage areas. The cabin lighting features programmable multi-spectral LEDs^[66] capable of creating a cabin ambience simulating daylight, night or shades in between. On the outside of the aircraft, HID lighting is used to give brighter, whiter and better quality illumination. A High-intensity discharge (HID lamp is a type of electrical lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between Tungsten Electrodes These two technologies provide brightness and a service life superior to traditional incandescent light bulbs.

The A380 was initially planned without thrust reversers, as Airbus believed it to have ample braking capacity. The FAA disagreed, and Airbus elected to fit only the two inboard engines with them. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of The two outboard engines do not have reversers, reducing the amount of debris stirred up during landing. The A380 features electrically actuated thrust reversers, giving them better reliability than their pneumatic or hydraulic equivalents, in addition to saving weight.

Passenger provisions

The A380 produces 50% less cabin noise than a 747 and has higher cabin air pressure (equivalent to an altitude of 1500 metres (5000 feet) versus 2500 metres (8000 feet)); both features are expected to reduce the effects of travel fatigue. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[67] The upper and lower decks are connected by two stairways, fore and aft, wide enough to accommodate two passengers side-by-side. In a 555-passenger configuration, the A380 has 33% more seats than a 747-400 in a standard three-class configuration but 50% more cabin area and volume, resulting in more space per passenger. Its maximum certified carrying capacity is 853 passengers in an all-economy-class configuration. ^[17]

Compared to a 747, the A380 has larger windows and overhead bins, and 60 cm (2 feet) of extra headroom. The wider cabin allows for 48 cm (19 inch) wide economy seats instead of 43 cm (17 inch) seats on a 747, although the seat pitch of 81 cm (32 inch) is the same as that on a 747. ^[68] Singapore Airline's economy-class seats feature 27 cm (10. 6 inch) LCD screens in each seatback, as well as an AC power supply in most seats; business-class seats are 84 cm (34 inches) wide, can lie flat for sleeping, and have 39 cm (15. 4 inch) LCD screens. ^[69]

Airbus' initial publicity stressed the comfort and space of the A380's cabin,^[70] anticipating installations such as relaxation areas, bars, duty-free shops, and beauty salons. Virgin Atlantic Airways already offers a bar as part of its "Upper Class" service on its A340 and 747 aircraft, and has announced plans to include casinos, double beds, and gymnasiums on its A380s. Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[71][72] Singapore Airlines offers twelve fully-enclosed first-class suites on its A380, each with one full and one secondary seat, full-sized bed, desk, personal storage, and 58-cm (23-inch) LCD screen at a 20% to 25% price premium over standard first class seating. Four of these suites are in the form of two "double" suites featuring a double bed. ^[73] Emirates has not yet revealed their front-end A380 product^[74] although Qantas Airways has shown their product which features a long flat-bed that converts from the seat but does not have privacy doors. ^[75] The Times (UK) newspaper has revealed that Emirates' first class passengers will be able to shower on the A380. ^[76]

Integration in the infrastructure

Ground operations

Early critics claimed that the A380 would damage taxiways and other airport surfaces. In Aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels that supports an Aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi However, the pressure exerted by its wheels is lower than that of a Boeing 747 or Boeing 777 because the A380 has 22 wheels, four more than the 747, and eight more than the 777. ^[77] Airbus measured pavement loads using a 540-tonne (595 short tons) ballasted test rig, designed to replicate the landing gear of the A380. In Aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels that supports an Aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi The rig was towed over a section of pavement at Airbus' facilities that had been instrumented with embedded load sensors. ^[78]

Based on its wingspan, the U. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip S. FAA classifies the A380 as a Design Group VI aircraft, and originally required a width of 60 m (200 ft) for runways and 30 m (100 ft) for taxiways, compared with 45 m (150 ft) and 23 m (75 ft) for Design Group V aircraft such as the Boeing 747. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of ^[79] The FAA also considered limiting the taxi speed of the A380 to 25 km/h (15 mph) when operating on Group V infrastructure, but issued waivers related to the speed restriction and some of the proposed runway widening requirements. ^[80][81] Airbus claimed from the beginning that the A380 could safely operate on Group V runways and taxiways, without the need for widening. A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. A taxiway is a path on an Airport connecting Runways with ramps Hangars terminals and other facilities In July 2007, the FAA and EASA agreed to let the A380 operate on 45 m runways without restrictions. ^[82]

The A380 was designed to fit within an 80 × 80 m airport gate,^[83] and can land or take off on any runway that can accommodate a Boeing 747. A Gate in Aviation is a section at an Airport terminal for transferring Passengers and airline crews to an Aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Its large wingspan can require some taxiway and apron reconfigurations, to maintain safe separation margins when two of the aircraft pass each other. A taxiway is a path on an Airport connecting Runways with ramps Hangars terminals and other facilities The airport ramp or apron is part of an Airport. It is usually the area where Aircraft are parked unloaded or loaded refueled or boarded Taxiway shoulders may be required to be paved to reduce the likelihood of foreign object damage caused to (or by) the outboard engines, which overhang more than 25 m (80 ft) from the centre line of the aircraft. Any taxiway or runway bridge must be capable of supporting the A380's maximum weight. The terminal gate must be sized such that the A380's wings do not block adjacent gates, and may also provide multiple jetway bridges for simultaneous boarding on both decks. An airport terminal is a building at an Airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from Airplanes The word “jetway” is sometimes used for a high-altitude airway. ^[84] Service vehicles with lifts capable of reaching the upper deck should be obtained,^[85] as well as tractors capable of handling the A380's maximum ramp weight. In Aviation, pushback is an Airport procedure during which an Aircraft is pushed backwards away from an Airport gate by external ^[86] The A380 test aircraft have participated in a campaign of airport compatibility testing to verify the modifications already made at several large airports, visiting a number of airports around the world. ^[87]

Takeoff and landing separation

In 2005, the ICAO recommended that provisional separation criteria for the A380 on takeoff and landing be substantially greater than for the 747 because preliminary flight test data suggested a stronger wake turbulence. Flight test is a branch of Aeronautical engineering that develops and gathers data during flight of an aircraft and then analyses the data to evaluate the flight characteristics Wake turbulence is Turbulence that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air These criteria were in effect while the ICAO's wake vortex steering group, with representatives from the JAA, Eurocontrol, the FAA, and Airbus, refined its 3-year study of the issue with additional flight testing. The Joint Aviation Authorities, or JAA, is an associated body of the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC representing the Civil aviation regulatory European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation ( EUROCONTROL) is an International organisation, founded in 1963 whose primary objective is the development The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing Flight test is a branch of Aeronautical engineering that develops and gathers data during flight of an aircraft and then analyses the data to evaluate the flight characteristics In September 2006, the working group presented its first conclusions to the ICAO,^[88] which rendered new interim recommendations on the issue in November 2006.

The ICAO advised that an aircraft trailing an A380 during approach should maintain a separation of 6 nmi, 8 nmi and 10 nmi respectively for non-A380 "Heavy", "Medium", and "Light" ICAO aircraft categories, compared with 4 nmi, 5 nmi and 6 nmi spacing for other "Heavy" aircraft. A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. Another A380 following an A380 should maintain a separation of 4 nmi. On departure behind an A380, non-A380 "Heavy" aircraft are required to wait two minutes, and "Medium"/"Light" aircraft three minutes for time based operations. The ICAO also advised to use the suffix "Super" to the air traffic control to distinguish the A380 from other "Heavy" aircraft. Air traffic control ( ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct Aircraft on the ground and in the air ^[89]

Airbus continued undertaking extensive comparative trials until December 2007 and expects the ICAO's wake vortex steering group to issue revised distances similar to those required by the Boeing 747. ^[90][91]

Future variants

Airbus A380-900

Airbus top sales executive and COO John Leahy confirmed the plans for an enlarged variant, the A380-900 which is a slight stretch of the A380-800. A chief operating officer or chief operations officer ( COO) is a Corporate officer responsible for managing the day-to-day activities of the Corporation John Leahy may refer to John Leahy (airline executive (born 1950 American executive at Airbus John Leahy (diplomat (born 1928 former ^[92] This version would have a seat capacity of 650 passengers in standard configuration, and around 900 passengers in economy-only configuration. The development of the A380-900 is planned to start once production of the A380-800 variant reaches 40 planes per year, expected to be in 2010. Given this timeline, the first A380-900s could be delivered to customers around 2015 at about the same time as the freighter variant A380-800F. Airlines, including Emirates,^[93] Virgin Atlantic,^[94] Cathay Pacific,^[95], and Air France ^[96], along with leasing company ILFC have already expressed interest in the extended model. ^[97] According to an interview in Airliner World magazine's December issue, Singapore Airlines CEO Chew Choon Seng revealed at the delivery of their first A380-800 that the airline is keeping their options open with their order, by only defining their first ten A380s as -800s; the remaining nine aircraft could be switched to -900s. Airliner World is an Aviation magazine published by Key Publishing LTD from Lincs, United Kingdom and distributed by Seymour

Market

Parallel to the design of the A380, Airbus conducted the most extensive and thorough ever undertaken market analysis in commercial aviation. ^[10] As of 2007, Airbus estimated a demand for 1,283 passenger planes in the category VLA (Very Large Aircraft, with more than 400 seats) for the next 20 years if the airport congestion remains at the actual level. If the congestion increases, the demand could reach up to 1,771 VLAs. Most of this demand will be due to the urbanization and rapid economic growth in Asia. ^[98]

The A380 will be used at relatively few routes, between the most saturated airports. Airbus also estimates a demand for 415 freighters in the category 120-tonne plus. Boeing, who offers the only competition in that class, the 747-8, estimates the demand for passenger VLAs at 590 and that for freighter VLAs at 370 for the period 2007-2026. The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced in 2005 ^[99] In 2006 two industry analysts anticipated 400 and 880 A380 sales respectively by 2025. ^[10]

As of February 2008, there were 191 orders for the A380, while there were 20 for the 747-8I (both not including VIP orders) and 81 for the 747-8F. PortalCurrent events International holidays February 2 - Candlemas February 5 - Shrove The break-even for the A380 was initially supposed to be reached at 270 units. In Economics, specifically Cost accounting, the break-even point (BEP is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal there is no net loss or gain Due to the delays and the falling exchange rate of the US dollar, it increased to 420 units. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[1] In April 2007, Airbus CEO Louis Gallois said that break-even had risen further, but declined to give the new figure. As of April 2008, the list price of an A380 was US$ 317. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 2 to 337. 5 million, depending on equipment installed. ^[2]

Orders and deliveries

Main article: List of Airbus A380 orders and deliveries

Sixteen customers have ordered the A380, including an order from aircraft lessor ILFC and one VIP order. The International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC is an Aircraft lessor headquartered in Los Angeles California. Total orders for the A380 stand at 192 as of 31 May 2008. ^[100] A total of 27 orders originally placed for the freighter version, A380-800F, were either cancelled (20) or converted to A380-800 (7), following the production delay and the subsequent suspension of the freighter program. Airbus' new schedule is to deliver 12 A380s in 2008 and 21 in 2009, the further ramp-up is being discussed with the customers. ^[39]

Orders and deliveries by year

		2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	Total
Orders	A380-800	78	0	34	10	10	24	33	3	192
	A380-800F	7	10	0	0	10	-17	-10	0	0
Deliveries	A380-800	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	3	4

Specifications

Measurement	A380-800	A380-800F
Cockpit crew	Two
Seating capacity	525 (3-class)[5] 644 (2-class) 853 (1-class)	12 couriers
Length	73 m (239 ft 6 in)
Span	79. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 8 m (261 ft 10 in)
Height	24. 1 m (79 ft 1 in)
Wheelbase	30. 4 m (99 ft 8 in)
Outside fuselage width	7. 14 m (23 ft 6 in)
Cabin width, main deck	6. 60 m (21 ft 8 in)
Cabin width, upper deck	5. 94 m (19 ft 6 in)
Wing area	845 m² (9,100 sq ft)
Operating empty weight	276,800 kg (610,200 lb)	252,200 kg (556,000 lb)
Maximum take-off weight	560,000 kg (1,235,000 lb)	590,000 kg (1,300,000 lb)
Maximum payload	90,800 kg (200,000 lb)	152,400 kg (336,000 lb)
Cruising speed	Mach 0. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid 85
Maximum cruising speed	Mach 0. 89
Maximum speed	Mach 0. 96 [101]
Take off run at MTOW	2,750 m (9,020 ft)[83]	2,900 m (9,510 ft)[83]
Range at design load	15,200 km (8,200 nmi)	10,400 km (5,600 nmi)
Service ceiling	13,115 m (43,000 ft)
Maximum fuel capacity	310,000 L (81,890 US gal)	310,000 L (81,890 US gal), 356,000 L (94,000 US gal) option
Engines (4 x)	GP7270 (A380-861) Trent 970/B (A380-841) Trent 972/B (A380-842)	GP7277 (A380-863F) Trent 977/B (A380-843F)

Sources: Airbus A380 specifications^[5]

See also

• Competition between Airbus and Boeing
  

Related development

• Airbus A350
  

Comparable aircraft

• Antonov An-124
• Antonov An-225
• Boeing 747
• C-5 Galaxy
• McDonnell Douglas MD-12
  

Related lists

• List of Airbus A380 orders
• List of airliners
• List of civil aircraft
  

References

External links

• Official Airbus A380 page
  • Airbus A380 Navigator
  • A380 Airplane CharacteristicsPDF (5. 81 MB) (Technical data)
• Everything about the A380 at FlightGlobal.com
  • Special Report on the A380PDF (1. 58 MB)
  • A380 cutaway diagram
• A380 overviews and technical data at Airliners.net, Aerospace-Techonology.com and Aerospaceweb.org
• A380 photos at Airbus, Airliners.net, PlanePictures.net, Futura Sciences, Pictaero, MyAviation.net, BBC News, Google, AirplanePhotoZone.Com, JetPhotos.Net and AviationCorner.Net.
• A380 videos at Airbus, Google Video, PopularMechanics.com, FlightLevel350.com, A380 TV and Compilation of aA380 videos
• HD A380 video
• A380 production list at PlaneSpotters.net
• How the Airbus A380 Works at HowStuffWorks.com
• Singapore Airlines' First To Fly The A380 web page
• The Airbus saga: Hubris and haste snarled the A380 - Herald Tribune
• Giant plane a testimony to 'old Europe', by Jorn Madslien, BBC News
• Snodgrass, James. 'Luxury living at 35,000 feet: The customized Airbus 380', CNN, July 20, 2007
• Flash-based view of A380's cockpit.

Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

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