Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the environment. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct Irradiance at the Earth 's surface that was observed for several decades after the start of systematic Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky Indoor Air Quality (IAQ deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur For other uses of the term "hypoxia" see Hypoxia. Hypoxia or oxygen depletion is a phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments Marine pollution is the harmful effect caused by the entry into the ocean of chemicals particles, or Plastic debris. For the fictional character see Oil Slick (Transformers. An oil spill is the release of a Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbon into Ship pollution is the pollution of air and Water by Shipping. Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows Thermal pollution is a Temperature change in natural bodies of water caused by human influence Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Waterborne diseases are caused by Pathogenic Microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated Drinking water is consumed Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards Water stagnation occurs when Water stops flowing Stagnant water can be a major Environmental hazard. Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses Microorganisms Fungi, green plants or their Enzymes to return the natural environment altered A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Radioactive contamination is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material in a given environment Actinides in the environment refer to the sources environmental behaviour and effects of Actinides in the environment. Environmental Radioactivity is the study of radioactive materials in the Human environment. Fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large nucleus fissions. Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a Nuclear explosion, so named because it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion Plutonium in the environment is an article which is part of the Actinides in the environment series Radiation poisoning, also called " radiation sickness " or a " creeping dose " is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to This is a subpage of Environmental radioactivity. Radium Radium in quack medicine See the story of Eben Byers for details of one very nasty case Uranium in the environment, this page is about the Science of Uranium in the environment and in animals (including humans Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions Light pollution, also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excess or obtrusive Light created mainly by Humans Among other effects Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life Radio spectrum pollution is the straying of waves in the radio and Electromagnetic spectrums outside their allocations that cause problems for some activities Visual pollution is the term given to unattractive or unnatural (human-made visual elements of a vista a Landscape, or any other thing that a person might not want to For other similarly-named agreements see Montreal Convention (disambiguation. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes, opened for signature on The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, often abbreviated as Air Pollution or CLRTAP, is intended to protect the human environment against Air This is a list of environmental organizations. See also Environmental organization Intergovernmental organizations International organizations The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for environmental protection The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW is a worldwide system established by the World Meteorological Organization a United Nations agency to monitor trends in the Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that apply for outdoor Air Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas ^[1] Air pollution causes deaths^[2] and respiratory disease. Respiratory Disease is the term for Diseases of the Respiratory system. ^[3] Air pollution is often identified with major stationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions is actually mobile sources, mainly automobiles. A major stationary source is a source that emits more than a certain amount of a Pollutant as defined by the U ^[4] Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy.

The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the Troposphere, and below the Mesosphere. Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (

Pollutants

Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD is the technology used for removing Sulfur dioxide (SO2 from the exhaust flue gases in power plants that New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America.

There are many substances in the air which may impair the health of plants and animals (including humans), or reduce visibility. These arise both from natural processes and human activity. Substances not naturally found in the air or at greater concentrations or in different locations from usual are referred to as pollutants.

Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust.

Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.

Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:

• Sulfur oxides (SO_x) especially sulfur dioxide are emitted from burning of coal and oil.
• Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2 Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. In Hydrodynamics, a plume is a column of one fluid moving through another
• Carbon monoxide is colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared
• Volatile organic compounds (VOC), such as hydrocarbon fuel vapors and solvents. This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution.
• Particulate matter (PM), measured as smoke and dust. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas PM₁₀ is the fraction of suspended particles 10 micrometers in diameter and smaller that will enter the nasal cavity. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre PM_{2. 5} has a maximum particle size of 2. 5 µm and will enter the bronchies and lungs.
• Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were worked out by the British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930
• Ammonia (NH₃) emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor
• Odors, such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes
• Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions and war explosives, and natural processes such as radon. Radioactive wastes are Waste types containing radioactive Chemical elements that do not have a practical purpose The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the Troposphere can be divided into four basic categories Blast &mdash40-50% of total energy Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86

Secondary pollutants include:

• Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog, such as nitrogen dioxide. Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog.
• Ground level ozone (O₃) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3 is a key constituent of the Troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the Stratosphere
• Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) similarly formed from NOx and VOCs. Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a peroxyacyl nitrate. It is a secondary pollutant present in Photochemical smog.

Minor air pollutants include:

• A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. A Clean Air Act describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution in general
• A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter. Persistent organic pollutants ( POP s are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic

Sources

Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas

Using a controlled burn on a field in South Georgia in preparation for spring planting. Stratford is a city in Sherman County, Texas, United States. The population was 1991 at the 2000 census The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule

Puxi area of Shanghai at sunset. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million The sun has not actually dropped below the horizon yet, rather it has reached the smog line. Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog.

Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major categories which are:

Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel

• "Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities, municipal waste incinerators. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of
• "Mobile Sources" as motor vehicles, aircraft etc. Roadway air dispersion modeling is the study of Air pollutant transport from a roadway or other linear emitter
• Marine vessels, such as container ships or cruise ships, and related port air pollution. Container ships are Cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size containers in a technique called Containerization. A cruise ship or cruise liner is a Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo
• Burning wood, fireplaces, stoves, furnaces and incinerators . Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs A fireplace is an architectural element consisting of a space designed to contain a Fire, generally for Heating but sometimes also for Cooking A stove is an enclosed heated space The term is commonly taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating either to heat the space in which the stove is situated A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. Incineration is a waste treatment technology that involves the Combustion of organic materials and/or substances
• Oil refining, and industrial activity in general. An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline
• Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry management, (see Dust Bowl). A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. The Dust Bowl, or the dirty thirties, was a period of severe Dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and
• Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Hair spray (also hair lacquer or spritz) is a common household Aqueous solution that is used to keep Hair stiff or in a certain style Varnish is a transparent, hard protective finish or film primarily used in Wood finishing but also for other materials Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles
• Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas.
• Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the

Natural sources

• Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation. Dust is a general name for minute Solid particles with Diameters less than 500 micrometers.
• Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Flatulence is the production of a mixture of gases in the digestive tract of Mammals that are byproducts of the digestion process Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family
• Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86
• Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. Smoke is the collection of airborne solid and liquid Particulates and Gases ref> ''Smoke Production and Properties'' - SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire,
• Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas

Emission factors

Main article: AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

Air pollutant emission factors are representative values that attempt to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the ambient air with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e. g. , kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution. In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has published a compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a multitude of industrial sources. ^[5] The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and other countries have published similar compilations, as has the European Environment Agency. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page European Environment Agency (EEA agency of the European Union devoted to establishing a monitoring network for the monitoring of the European environment ^{[6][7] [8][9] [10]}

Indoor air quality (IAQ)

Main article: Indoor air quality

A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86 The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (H₂CO) gas. A carpet is any loom-woven felted textile or grass floor covering Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Dust is a general name for minute Solid particles with Diameters less than 500 micrometers. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items. Air fresheners are Consumer products that mitigate unpleasant Odors in indoor spaces Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs A stove is an enclosed heated space The term is commonly taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating either to heat the space in which the stove is situated A fireplace is an architectural element consisting of a space designed to contain a Fire, generally for Heating but sometimes also for Cooking Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly adjusted pilot lights. A pilot light is a small Gas Flame, usually Natural gas or Liquefied petroleum gas, which is kept alight in order to serve as an ignition source Traps are built into all domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas, hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors. Plumbing, from the Latin plumbum for Lead, is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and Plumbing fixtures for Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry cleaning. Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and as perchloroethylene, perchloroethene, perc, and PCE Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for Clothing and Textiles using an organic Solvent rather than Water.

Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of asbestos in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities. Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the Parenchymal tissue of the Lungs It occurs after long-term heavy exposure Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-containing materials in structures. Sufferers have severe dyspnea (shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of lung cancer. Dyspnea or dyspnoea (pronounced disp-nee-ah, IPA /dɪsp'niə/ from Latin dyspnoea, from Greek dyspnoia from Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), these may defined as; asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma (generally a very rare form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos). Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the Parenchymal tissue of the Lungs It occurs after long-term heavy exposure Mesothelioma is a form of Cancer that is almost always caused by previous exposure to Asbestos.

Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, mold forms in walls and generates mycotoxins and spores, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires' disease and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce pollen, dust, and mold. A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals Mites, along with Ticks belong to the subclass Acarina (also known as Acari and the class Arachnida Mites are among the most diverse and successful Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. WikipediaManual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English --> Molds (or Mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης (mykes mukos "fungus" is a Toxin produced by an organism of the Fungus kingdom which includes Mushrooms The term air conditioning refers to the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for Thermal comfort. Legionellosis is an Infectious disease caused by Bacteria belonging to the Genus Legionella. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature.

Health effects

The World Health Organization states that 2. 4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution; with 1. 5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants ^[3] A study by the University of Birmingham has shown a strong correlation between pneumonia related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles. The University of Birmingham (informally Birmingham University) is a British red brick University located in the city of Birmingham Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal ^[11] Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents. Published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually. Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are Bronchitis is an Inflammation of the Bronchi. More specifically it may refer to Acute bronchitis, caused by viruses or bacteria and lasting Emphysema is a chronic obstructive Pulmonary disease ( COPD) formerly termed a chronic obstructive Lung disease (COLD The US EPA estimates that a proposed set of changes in diesel engine technology (Tier 2) could result in 12,000 fewer premature mortalities, 15,000 fewer heart attacks, 6,000 fewer emergency room visits by children with asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States. Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are

The worst short term civilian pollution crisis in India was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Bhopal disaster was an Industrial disaster that occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, resulting in the immediate deaths ^[12] Leaked industrial vapors from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc. , U. S. A. , killed more than 2,000 people outright and injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000 others, some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4 Great Smog of 1952 formed over London. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. The Great Smog, also referred to as the Big Smoke befell London from December 5th to December 9th 1952. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. In six days more than 4,000 died, and 8,000 more died within the following months. An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological warfare laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Sverdlovsk is believed to have been the cause of hundreds of civilian deaths. Anthrax is an acute Disease in humans and animals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis which is highly lethal in some forms Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Between 1924 and 1991 Yekaterinburg Russia was also known as Sverdlovsk and in railway timetables it still is The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the United States of America occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Donora is a Borough in Washington County, Pennsylvania, USA 20 miles (32 km south of Pittsburgh on the Monongahela river ^[13]

The health effects caused by air pollutants may range from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics.

Effects on cystic fibrosis

A study from 1999 to 2000 by the University of Washington showed that patients near and around particulate matter air pollution had an increased risk of pulmonary exacerbations and decrease in lung function. See Washington (disambiguation for other uses The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research University ^[14] Patients were examined before the study for amounts of specific pollutants like P. aeruginosa or B. cepacia as well as their socioeconomic standing. Participants involved in the study were located in the United States in close proximity to an Environmental Protection Agency . During the time of the study 117 deaths were associated with air pollution. A trend was noticed that patients living closer or in large metropolitan areas to be close to medical help also had higher level of pollutants found in their system because of more emissions in larger cities. With cystic fibrosis patients already being born with decreased lung function everyday pollutants such as smoke emissions from automobiles, tobacco smoke and improper use of indoor heating devices could add to the dissemination of lung function. ^[15]

Effects on COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and some forms of asthma. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) is a Disease of the lungs in which the Airways become narrowed Bronchitis is an Inflammation of the bronchi (medium-size airways in the Lungs Acute bronchitis is usually caused by Viruses Emphysema is a chronic obstructive Pulmonary disease ( COPD) formerly termed a chronic obstructive Lung disease (COLD Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are ^[16] Two researchers Holland and Reid conducted research on 293 male postal workers in London during the time of the 1952 London Fog incident and 477 male postal workers in the rural setting. The amount of the pollutant FEV1 was significantly lower in urban employees however lung function was decreased due to city pollutions such as car fumes and increased amount of cigarette exposure. ^[17] It is believed that much like cystic fibrosis, by living in a more urban environment serious health hazards become more apparent. Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF, mucoviscoidosis, or mucoviscidosis) is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus glands of the lungs Studies have shown that in urban areas patients suffer mucus hypersecretion, lower levels of lung function, and more self diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. ^[18]

London Fog of 1952

In the matter of four days a combination of dense fog and sooty black coal smoke came over the London area. ^[19] The fog was so dense residents of London could not see in front of them. The extreme reduction in visibility was accompanied by an increase in criminal activity as well as transportation delays and a virtual shut down of the city. During the 4 day period of the fog 12,000 are believed to have been killed. ^[20]

Effects on children

Cities around the world with high exposure to air pollutants has the possibility of children living within them to develop asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections as well as a low initial birth rate. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Protective measures to ensure the youths health is being taken in countries such as New Delhi where buses now use compressed natural gas to help eliminate the “pea-soup” fog. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. ^[21] Research by the World Health Organization shows there is the greatest concentration of particulate matter particles in countries with low economic world power and high poverty and population rates. Examples of these countries include Egypt, Sudan, Mongolia, and Indonesia. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Clean Air Act was passed in 1970, however in 2002 at least 146 million Americans were living in areas that did not meet at least one of the “criteria pollutants” laid out in the 1997 National Ambient Air Quality Standards. A Clean Air Act describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution in general ^[22] Those pollutants included: ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Because children are outdoors more and have higher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution.

Reduction efforts

There are various air pollution control technologies and urban planning strategies available to reduce air pollution.

Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations), expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as lawn trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels (such as bioethanol, biodiesel, or conversion to electric vehicles). A cruise ship or cruise liner is a Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience A chainsaw (or chain saw) is a portable mechanical motorized Saw. A snowmobile (known locally as snowmachine, snowsled or by the Brandname Ski-Doo) is a land vehicle that is commonly propelled by A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle Ethanol fuel is Ethanol (ethyl alcohol the same type of Alcohol found in Alcoholic beverages. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by

Control devices

The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or transportation devices. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in

Legal regulation

Smog in Cairo

In general, there are two types of air quality standards. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Cyclonic separation is a method of removing Particulates from an air gas or water stream without the use of filters through Vortex separation An electrostatic precipitator (ESP or electrostatic air cleaner is a Particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air using Designed to handle heavy dust loads a dust collector consists of a blower dust filter a filter-cleaning system and a dust receptacle or dust removal system (distinguished from air cleaners Wet scrubber is a form of Pollution control technology The term describes a variety of devices that use Pollutants from a Furnace Flue gas This article is about the pollution control device for other uses see Scrubber (disambiguation. Baffle spray scrubbers are a technology for air Pollution control. Cyclonic spray scrubbers are an air Pollution control technology This type of technology is a part of the group of Air pollution controls collectively referred to as Wet scrubbers An ejector or venturi Scrubber Mechanically aided scrubbers are a form of Pollution control technology Spray towers or spray chambers are a form of Pollution control technology Wet scrubber is a form of Pollution control technology The term describes a variety of devices that use Pollutants from a Furnace Flue gas The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric A LO NOx burner is a type of burner that is typically used in utility Boilers to produce Steam and Electricity. Selective catalytic reduction ( SCR) is a means of converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as {{chem|NO|x}} with the aid of a Catalyst into Selective Non Catalytic Reduction ( SNCR) is a method for reducing Nitrogen oxide emissions in conventional power plants that burn Biomass, waste Wet scrubber is a form of Pollution control technology The term describes a variety of devices that use Pollutants from a Furnace Flue gas A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine. This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to gas flare or flare stack is an elevated vertical stack or Chimney found on Oil wells or oil rigs, and in refineries A thermal oxidizer is a process unit for Air pollution control in many Chemical plants that decomposes hazardous gases at a high temperature and releases them into Biofiltration is a Pollution control technique using living material to capture and biologically degrade process pollutants Wet scrubber is a form of Pollution control technology The term describes a variety of devices that use Pollutants from a Furnace Flue gas Vapor (or vapour) recovery is the Process of recovering the Vapors of Gasoline or other Fuels so that they do Acid gas is Natural gas or any other gas mixture which contains significant amounts of Hydrogen sulfide (H2S Carbon dioxide (CO2 Wet scrubber is a form of Pollution control technology The term describes a variety of devices that use Pollutants from a Furnace Flue gas This article is about the pollution control device for other uses see Scrubber (disambiguation. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD is the technology used for removing Sulfur dioxide (SO2 from the exhaust flue gases in power plants that Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Not to be confused with Dioxane or Digoxin. Dioxin is a heterocyclic, organic, antiaromatic compound Furan, also known as furane and furfuran, is a heterocyclic Organic compound. The first class of standards (such as the U. S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards) set maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that apply for outdoor Air Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to result in attainment of these target levels. The second class (such as the North American Air Quality Index) take the form of a scale with various thresholds, which is used to communicate to the public the relative risk of outdoor activity. The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location The scale may or may not distinguish between different pollutants.

Canada

In Canada, air quality is typically evaluated against standards set by the Canadian Council of Minister for the Environment (CCME), an inter-governmental body of federal, provincial and territorial Ministers responsible for the environment. The CCME has set Canada Wide Standards(CWS). ^[23][24] These are:

• CWS for PM2. 5 = 30 µg/m3 (24 hour averaging time, by year 2010, based on 98th percentile ambient measurement annually, averaged over 3 consecutive years).

• CWS for ozone = 65 ppb (8-hour averaging time, by year 2010, achievement is based on the 4th highest measurement annually, averaged over 3 consecutive years.

Note that there is no consequence in Canada to not achieving these standards. In addition, these only apply to jurisdictions with populations greater than 100,000. Further, provinces and territories may set more stringent standards than those set by the CCME.

European Union

National Emission Ceilings (NEC) for certain atmospheric pollutants are regulated by Directive 2001/81/EC (NECD). ^[25] As part of the preparatory work associated with the revision of the NECD, the European Commission is assisted by the NECPI working group (National Emission Ceilings – Policy Instruments). The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. ^[26]

United Kingdom

Air quality targets set by the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) are mostly aimed at local government representatives responsible for the management of air quality in cities, where air quality management is the most urgent. The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for environmental protection The UK has established an air quality network where levels of the key air pollutants^[27] are published by monitoring centers. ^[28] Air quality in Oxford, Bath and London^[29] is particularly poor. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. One controversial study^[30] performed by the Calor Gas company and published in the Guardian newspaper compared walking in Oxford on an average day to smoking over sixty light cigarettes. Calor is the Latin word for 'heat' In medical teaching 'calor' is one of the four classical signs of Inflammation. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire,

More precise comparisons can be collected from the UK Air Quality Archive^[31] which allows the user to compare a cities management of pollutants against the national air quality objectives^[32] set by DEFRA in 2000.

Localized peak values are often cited, but average values are also important to human health. The UK National Air Quality Information Archive offers almost real-time monitoring of "current maximum" air pollution measurements for many UK towns and cities. ^[33] This source offers a wide range of constantly updated data, including:

• Hourly Mean Ozone (µg/m³)
• Hourly Mean Nitrogen dioxide (µg/m³)
• Maximum 15-Minute Mean Sulphur dioxide (µg/m³)
• 8-Hour Mean Carbon monoxide (mg/m³)
• 24-Hour Mean PM₁₀ (µg/m³ Grav Equiv)

DEFRA acknowledges that air pollution has a significant effect on health and has produced a simple banding index system^[34] is used to create a daily warning system that is issued by the BBC Weather Service to indicate air pollution levels. ^[35] DEFRA has published guidelines for people suffering from respiratory and heart diseases. ^[36]

United States

Looking down from the Hollywood Hills, with Griffith Observatory on the hill in the foreground, air pollution is visible in downtown Los Angeles on a late afternoon. The Hollywood Hills, an unofficial designation of part of Los Angeles, California, United States, are part of the eastern section of the low transverse Griffith Observatory is located in Los Angeles California, United States. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West

In the 1960s, 70s, and 90s, the United States Congress enacted a series of Clean Air Acts which significantly strengthened regulation of air pollution. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses A Clean Air Act describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution in general Individual U. S. states, some European nations and eventually the European Union followed these initiatives. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Clean Air Act sets numerical limits on the concentrations of a basic group of air pollutants and provide reporting and enforcement mechanisms.

In 1999, the United States EPA replaced the Pollution Standards Index (PSI) with the Air Quality Index (AQI) to incorporate new PM2. The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location 5 and Ozone standards.

The effects of these laws have been very positive. In the United States between 1970 and 2006, citizens enjoyed the following reductions in annual pollution emissions:^[37]

• carbon monoxide emissions fell from 197 million tons to 89 million tons
• nitrogen oxide emissions fell from 27 million tons to 19 million tons
• sulfur dioxide emissions fell from 31 million tons to 15 million tons
• particulate emissions fell by 80%
• lead emissions fell by more than 98%

In an October 2006 letter to EPA, the agency's independent scientific advisors warned that the ozone smog standard “needs to be substantially reduced” and that there is “no scientific justification” for retaining the current, weaker standard. The scientists unanimously recommended a smog threshold of 60 to 70 ppb after they conducted an extensive review of the evidence. ^[38]

The EPA has proposed, in June 2007, a new threshold of 75 ppb. This falls short of the scientific recommendation, but is an improvement over the current standard.

Polluting industries are lobbying to keep the current (weaker) standards in place. Environmentalists and public health advocates are mobilizing to support compliance with the scientific recommendations.

The National Ambient Air Quality Standards are pollution thresholds which trigger mandatory remediation plans by state and local governments, subject to enforcement by the EPA. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that apply for outdoor Air

An outpouring of dust layered with man-made sulfates, smog, industrial fumes, carbon grit, and nitrates is crossing the Pacific Ocean on prevailing winds from booming Asian economies in plumes so vast they alter the climate. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Almost a third of the air over Los Angeles and San Francisco can be traced directly to Asia. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city With it comes up to three-quarters of the black carbon particulate pollution that reaches the West Coast. The " West Coast " " Western Seaboard " or " Pacific Seaboard " are terms for the westernmost coastal states of the Western United States ^[39]

Statistics

Most Polluted Cities

Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated metropolitan areas, especially in developing countries where environmental regulations are generally relatively lax. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Chongqing ( Postal map spelling: Chungking; Wade-Giles: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is the largest and most populous of the People's Republic of China Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning However, even populated areas in developed countries attain unhealthy levels of pollution.

Counties in the United States that violate National Ambient Air Quality Standards, as of June 2007. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that apply for outdoor Air Air pollution is a health concern even in developed countries like the U. S.

Carbon dioxide emissions

Total CO₂ emissions

10⁶ Tons of CO₂ per year:^[41]

• United States: 2,790
• China: 2,680
• Russia: 661
• India: 583
• Japan: 400
• Germany: 356
• Australia: 226
• South Africa: 222
• United Kingdom: 212
• South Korea: 185

Per capita CO₂ emissions

Tons of CO₂ per year per capita:^[41]

• Australia: 10
• United States: 8. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single 2
• United Kingdom: 3. 2
• China: 1. 8
• India: 0. 5

Atmospheric dispersion

Main article: Atmospheric dispersion modeling

The basic technology for analyzing air pollution is through the use of a variety of mathematical models for predicting the transport of air pollutants in the lower atmosphere. Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere. Note The term model has a different meaning in Model theory, a branch of Mathematical logic. The principal methodologies are:

• Point source dispersion, used for industrial sources. Air pollution dispersion terminology describes the words and Technical terms that have a special meaning to those who work in the field of Air pollution dispersion modeling
• Line source dispersion, used for airport and roadway air dispersion modeling
• Area source dispersion, used for forest fires or duststorms
• Photochemical models, used to analyze reactive pollutants that form smog

Visualization of a buoyant Gaussian air pollution dispersion plume as used in many atmospheric dispersion models

The point source problem is the best understood, since it involves simpler mathematics and has been studied for a long period of time, dating back to about the year 1900. Air pollution dispersion terminology describes the words and Technical terms that have a special meaning to those who work in the field of Air pollution dispersion modeling Roadway air dispersion modeling is the study of Air pollutant transport from a roadway or other linear emitter Air pollution dispersion terminology describes the words and Technical terms that have a special meaning to those who work in the field of Air pollution dispersion modeling A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of Chemistry, is the study of the interactions between Atoms, small Molecules, and light (or Electromagnetic radiation Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. It uses a Gaussian dispersion model for buoyant pollution plumes to forecast the air pollution isopleths, with consideration given to wind velocity, stack height, emission rate and stability class (a measure of atmospheric turbulence). Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777 &ndash 1855 is the Eponym of all of the topics listed below A contour line (also Level set, isopleth, isoline, isogram or isarithm) of a function of two In Fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic Stochastic property changes ^[42][43] This model has been extensively validated and calibrated with experimental data for all sorts of atmospheric conditions.

The roadway air dispersion model was developed starting in the late 1950s and early 1960s in response to requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act and the U.S. Department of Transportation (then known as the Federal Highway Administration) to understand impacts of proposed new highways upon air quality, especially in urban areas. Roadway air dispersion modeling is the study of Air pollutant transport from a roadway or other linear emitter The National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA) is a United States environmental law that was signed into law on January 1, 1970 by U The United States Department of Transportation ( DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with Transportation Several research groups were active in this model development, among which were: the Environmental Research and Technology (ERT) group in Lexington, Massachusetts, the ESL Inc. Lexington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. group in Sunnyvale, California and the California Air Resources Board group in Sacramento, California. Sunnyvale ( or) is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. The California Air Resources Board, also known as ( CARB) is the "clean air agency" in the Government of California. The research of the ESL group received a boost with a contract award from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to validate a line source model using sulfur hexafluoride as a tracer gas. Sulfur hexafluoride is an Inorganic compound with the formula. This program was successful in validating the line source model developed by ESL inc. Some of the earliest uses of the model were in court cases involving highway air pollution, the Arlington, Virginia portion of Interstate 66 and the New Jersey Turnpike widening project through East Brunswick, New Jersey. Interstate 66 (I-66 is an Interstate highway in the eastern United States. The New Jersey Turnpike (or simply The Turnpike as it is known to New Jersey residents is a Toll road in New Jersey and is one of the most heavily traveled This article is about the township in New Jersey for the suburb in Melbourne Victoria see Brunswick East Victoria East Brunswick is a Suburban

Area source models were developed in 1971 through 1974 by the ERT and ESL groups, but addressed a smaller fraction of total air pollution emissions, so that their use and need was not as widespread as the line source model, which enjoyed hundreds of different applications as early as the 1970s. Similarly photochemical models were developed primarily in the 1960s and 1970s, but their use was more specialized and for regional needs, such as understanding smog formation in Los Angeles, California. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

Environmental impacts

Main articles: Ocean acidification and Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon whereby greenhouse gases, create a condition in the upper atmosphere causing a trapping of heat and leading to increased surface and lower tropospheric temperatures. The Greenhouse effect refers to the change in the Thermal equilibrium temperature of a planet or moon by the presence of an Atmosphere containing gas that absorbs The Greenhouse effect refers to the change in the Thermal equilibrium temperature of a planet or moon by the presence of an Atmosphere containing gas that absorbs Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its Water vapor and It shares this property with many other gases, the largest overall forcing on Earth coming from water vapour. This is a list of anthropogenic Greenhouse gases as used by the IPCC TAR In Climate science radiative forcing is (loosely defined as the change in net Irradiance at the Tropopause. General properties of water vapor Evaporation/sublimation Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface it is said to have evaporated Other greenhouse gases include methane, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, NOx, and ozone. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Perfluorocarbons (PFCs are compounds derived from Hydrocarbons by replacement of Hydrogen Atoms by Fluorine atoms The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Many greenhouse gases, contain carbon, and some of that from fossil fuels. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust.

This effect has been understood by scientists for about a century, and technological advancements during this period have helped increase the breadth and depth of data relating to the phenomenon. Currently, scientists are studying the role of changes in composition of greenhouse gases from natural and anthropogenic sources for the effect on climate change. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences

A number of studies have also investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight increases in the acidity of ocean waters and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems. However, carbonic acid is a very weak acid, and is utilized by marine organisms during photosynthesis. Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3 Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy.

See also

References

External links

Air quality science and general information

• International Conference on Urban Air Quality.
• UNEP Urban Issues
• European Commission > Environment > Policies > Air >Air Quality.
• UNEP Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles

Air quality modelling

• Stuff in the Air Standard air quality modelling procedure for industrial sources.
• Wiki on Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling. Addresses the international community of atmospheric dispersion modellers - primarily researchers, but also users of models. Its purpose is to pool experiences gained by dispersion modellers during their work.
• Air Dispersion Modeling Conversions and Formulas One of six technical articles devoted to air quality and air pollution dispersion modeling.

Effects on human health

• Air Pollution Triggers Blood Clots.