Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Ahl-e Haqq or Yârsân (Yarsan, Kurdish: Yâresân,[1] Yaresan,[2] Ahl-i Haqq, Ahl-e Hakk, Persian: اهل حق. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. ) is a secret, heterodox shia-islamic order, based on the sufi belief of The Four Stages of Religion (Islam). [3] Historically, Ahl-e Haqq and other similar beliefs have been classified as Ghulat, or Extreme Shiites. [4] Ahl-e Haqq is a Kurdish phrase translatable as "People of Truth". The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. The order was founded by Sultan Sahak in the late 14th century in western Iran. Sultan Sahak (born 14th century - died 15th century) also Soltân Sahak was a Kurdish religious leader who founded the secret and syncretistic religion [5]

Its followers are primarily found in western Iran and Iraq. Adherents are mainly from the Kurdish tribes of Guran, Qalkhani, Bajalani and Sanjabi located in western Iran, forming approximately a third of the population in the religiously diverse province of Kermanshah. Kurdsih tribes of Iranian Kurdistan consist of Republic of Azerbaijan * Sheylanli tribe West Azarbaijan Kermanshah Province ( Kermānshāh; Kurdish: کرماشان Kirmaşan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. [6] There are some groups located around Kirkuk in Iraq. Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk; Kurdish: كه‌ركووك Kerkûk; Arabic: كركوك Turkish:Kerkük; For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Most adherents are ethnic Kurds and Laks, though there are also smaller groups of Lur, Azeri, Persian and Arab adherents. The Laks are an Iranian ethnic group in southwestern Iran. They speak Laki (or Lekí) a Western Iranian language. Lorestān ( Persian and Luri لرستان also Luristan) comprises a province and a historic territory of western Iran amidst the The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Arabic-speaking adherents are based in the Iraqi cities of Mandali, Baquba, and Khanaqin. Mandali ( Sanskrit: Mandala = circle connection community is a term that Meher Baba used for his closest disciples Baqubah ( BGN: Ba‘qūbah; also spelled Baquba and Baqouba) is the capital of Iraq 's Diyala Governorate. Khanaqin Kurdish خانه قين, Xaneqîn ( Arabic خانقين,, also transliterated as Khanakin Xanaqin is a city in eastern [7][8] Up to the 20th century, the Ahl-e Haqq belief was strictly for Kurds who were born into the religion. Individuals who were born into it were always known as checkedea (a drop of), but individuals who married into an Ahl-e Haqq family were called chasbedea (attached).

The total number of members of the Ahl-e Haqq religion is estimated at around 1,000,000. [9]

The Ahl-e Haqq call themselves Kaka'i in Iraq.

Contents

Religious beliefs

From the Ahl-e Haqq point of view, the universe is, like other Batini Muslims (e. g. Alevis and Ismailis), comprised of two distinct yet interrelated worlds: The inner world (Batin) and the outer world (Zahir), each having its own order and rules. Although humans are only aware of the outer world, their lives are governed according to the rules of the inner world. Among other important pillars of their belief system are that the Divine Essence has successive manifestations in human form (or mazhariyyat) and the belief in transmigration of souls (or dunaduni in Kurdish). The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. Because of the belief in Reincarnation most orthodox Muslims consider the Ahl-e Haqq belief as being beyond the bounds of Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Ahl-e Haqq do not observe exoteric rites and rituals as orthodox Muslims, as these belong to Sharia stage of Ahl-e Haqq interpretation. [6]

The Yârsâns believe God manifests one primary and seven secondary avatars to form with God the Holy Seven, and re-manifests these avatars in each of the seven epochs. Avatar or Avatara (अवतार IAST Avatāra) is often inaccurately translated into English as incarnation While the avatars of the First Epoch can be closely matched by name to the archangels of the Semitic religions, the avatars of the Second Epoch, which begins with Ali as the primary avatar, are all Muslim figures except for Nusayr. Nusayr may be interpreted as referring to the "Nazarene" (i. e. Jesus), or as Nârsch, the minor avatar who later came to be known as Theophobus. In the Fourth Epoch, the primary avatar is held to be Sultan Sahak. It is said that he was given birth by Dayerak Rezbar, a Kurdish virgin, and as in the case of Mary, it had been a virginal conception. Once while sleeping under a pomegranate tree, a kernel of fruit fell into her mouth, because a bird had nibbled the fruit directly over her and had made the kernel fall. The pomegranate ( Punica granatum) is a Fruit -bearing Deciduous Shrub or small Tree growing to between five and eight metres tall [10]

Like the Yazidis, followers of Yârsân (or Ahl-e Haqq) believe in reincarnation. They have a famous saying about death: "Men! Do not fear the punishment of death! The death of man is like the dive which the duck makes". Human beings go through a cycle of 1,001 incarnations. During this process, they may become more purified based on their actions. Yârsân is also the native religion of Lak people. [11][12]

Haft-Tan (seven Archangels)

The Haft-Tan (seven Archangels) are key figures in the Ahl-e Haqq belief system and their history. They are (1) Benyamin, who was considered the incarnation of the archangel Gabriel, (2) Davoud (David), the incarnation of archangel Michael, (3) Mustafa, incarnation of archangel Azrael, (4) Pir Musi, (5) Shah Housain, (6) Baba Yadegar, and the only female archangel (7) Khatun-e Razbar, the mother of Sultan, the incarnation of the Virgin Mary, and the mother of Ali. Gabriel ( Latin: Gabrielus; Greek:, Gabriēl; Arabic: جبريل Jibrīl or جبرائيل Michael (מִיכָאֵל Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; Μιχαήλ Mikhaíl; Michael or Míchaël; ميخائيل Mikhā'īl) is an Azrael is the Islamic Archangel of Death. It is an English form of the Arabic name Azra'il (عزرائيل or Azra'eil (عزرایل the name traditionally attributed

Ahl-e Haqq and Islam

Ahl-e Haqq adherents are commonly labeled as Muslims because most of the Ahl-e Haqq community, consider themselves as being Muslims and because of their belief in Muhammad as the last messenger of God. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Additionaly, they are also classified as Shiites, since their veneration of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia Imam, and recognizing Islamic Shiite taqqiyyah (dissimulation). ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Critics of the faith refer to adherents as Ali-Ilahi's or Ali-ullahi's but according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the name is not accurate since Ali is not the dominant figure in their religion. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies.

Many of the elite in the Ahl-e Haqq community, however, converted to orthodox Shi'ah Islam (Jafariyya school) during the 20th century. Some have also theorized that most Kurds who are Jafaris are the descendants of Ahl-e Haqq, who had converted in the past. [13]

Ahl-e Haqq and Christianity

It was Dr. Saeed Khan Kordestani's opinion that the Ahl-e Haqq order was founded by Jesus and not Sultan Sahak. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) [14] He made the argument that Jesus predated both Islam and Sultan, and the fact that he is such a key figure in Ahl-e Haqq history and known as the incarnation of the archangel Gabriel. The Ahl-e Haqq also believe in the virgin birth of Jesus.

The 12 families of the Ahl-e Haqq

The original 7 families or Sadat-e Haqqiqat established during the time of Sultan were Shah Ebrahim, Baba Yadegar, Ali Qalandar, Khamoush, Mir Sour, Seyyed Mosaffa and Hajji Babou Issa. The 5 families established after Sultan Sahak are Atesh Bag, Baba Heydar, Zolnour, Shah Hayas and Hajj Nematollah.

Religious texts

The traditions of Ahl-e Haqq are preserved in a form of poetry known as Kalam-e Saranjam (Word of Saranjam). The Kalam-e Saranjam is the central religious text of the Ahl-e Haqq written in the 15th century based on the teachings of Sultan Sahak. According to Ahl-e Haqq, Kalam are divinely revealed narratives passed down orally through the generations. They believe that these traditions were eventually collected and written down by the golden pen of Pir Musi, the angel in charge of recording human deeds and one of the seven companions of Sultan Sahak. [6] This collection is considered to be the Yârsân's holy book called Serenjam or Kalam-e Saranjam (The Discourse of Conclusion) and it consists of Epochs of Khawandagar (God), Ali, Shah Khoshin, and Sultan Sahak. These are the different manifestations of Divinity. Divinity and divine (sometimes 'the Divinity' or 'the Divine' are broadly applied but loosely defined terms used variously within different faiths and belief systems — The epoch of Shah Khoshin takes place in the Luristan region and the epoch of Sahak is placed in the land of Gorans (Hawraman) near the river Sirwan. Lorestān ( Persian and Luri لرستان also Luristan) comprises a province and a historic territory of western Iran amidst the Hawrāmān (also Húrāmān (هه‌ورامان or Hewraman is a mountainous region located in western Iran or Eastern Kurdistan, which includes the cities of The Diyala River (نهر ديالى Persian: دیاله Kurdish: Sirwan سيروان) is a River and tributary of the Tigris that The sayings attributed to Sultan Sahak are written in Gorani Kurdish, the sacred language of the Ahl-e Haqq. Some of their literature is written in the Persian language. [8]

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, "The chief source of information about the Ahl-e Haqq is the Firqan al-Akhbar, written in. . . early 20th century by (Hajj Nematollah). Hajj Nematollah ( 1871 - February 28, 1919)( was born in Jeyhounabad, Persia and is considered one of the greatest leaders . . "[15]

Famous people

The famous Iranian musician and mystic, Nur Ali Elahi, was a high-ranking member of Ahl-e Haqq and published a book titled Burhan al-Haqq which is one of the few reliable sources on the subject. Nur Ali Elahi (or Ostad Elahi var Nūr ‘Alī Ilāhī Nour Ali Elahi) ( September 11, 1895 - October 19, 1974) was a spiritual Burhan al-Haqq ( is a 1963 (1342 Persian calendar) seminal work by Nur Ali Elahi which is a theological and spiritual work dedicated to showing the inner spiritual Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, the self-proclaimed King of Kingdom of Kurdistan after World War I, claimed to be descended from the brother of Sultan Sahak in the twelfth generation

Sects

Ahl-i Haq and other variants of this term are at times used to refer to only one of the sects of the Ahl-e Haqq, those who clearly follow the teachings on Nur Ali Elahi and have tried to present an image of being a Shi'ite sect to end the persecution they feel that they suffered at the hands of Shi'ite Muslims until at least the 1920s. Sheikh Mahmmud Barzanji ( 1878 - October 9, 1956) was the leader of several Kurdish uprisings against the British Mandate of The Kingdom of Kurdistan can refer to two kingdoms formed in the 1920s in the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan. Nur Ali Elahi (or Ostad Elahi var Nūr ‘Alī Ilāhī Nour Ali Elahi) ( September 11, 1895 - October 19, 1974) was a spiritual [16] However, in most cases, this term is used for all followers of the religion.

Tâyifasân are another sect, who have began to embrace this course, but are less enthusiastic about it.

Yarsan is used for and embraced most by those who reject being part of Islam and do not embrace the attempts at reconciliation by some of the elite. [17]

Ahl-e Haqq and Islam

Eliz Sanasarian in Religious Minorities in Iran totally ignores the Ahl-e Haqq evidently assuming that they are part of Islam. [18] Some might say that Sanasarian just ignored the Ahl-e Haqq because of their size, but this only makes sense if Sanasarian felt they were too numerous to constitute a religious minority, since groups he did study such as the Jews and Zoroastrians number well under 100,000 in Iran, and no sepcific Christian group such as the Armenians comes close to being as large as the Ahl-e Haqq. [19]

References

  1. ^ Hamzeh'ee, M. Reza Fariborz (1995). in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, et. al. , ed. : Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East, pp. 101-117. ISBN 9004108610.  
  2. ^ P. G. Kreyenbroek (1992). Review of The Yaresan: A Sociological, Historical and Religio-Historical Study of a Kurdish Community, by M. Reza Hamzeh'ee, 1990, ISBN 392296883X. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 565-566.
  3. ^ [1] at Ahl-e Haqq.
  4. ^ [2]Political Theory of the Shiites.
  5. ^ Elahi, Bahram (1987). The path of perfection, the spiritual teachings of Master Nur Ali Elahi. ISBN 0712602003.
  6. ^ a b c Z. Mir-Hosseini (1994). "Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 267-269.
  7. ^ Kjeilen, Tore. Ahl-e Haqq. Encyclopaedia of the Orient. Retrieved on 2006-09-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
  8. ^ a b Leezenberg, Michiel. Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing? (RTF).
  9. ^ Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thompson Gale, 2004) p. 82
  10. ^ Nebez, Jamal (1997-09-19). Jamal Nebez ( Kurdish Cemal Nebez) (b 1933 is a renowned Kurdish linguist Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. The Kurds: History and Culture (PDF). Western Kurdistan Association. Retrieved on 2006-09-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
  11. ^ Religion: Cult of Angels. Encyclopaedia Kurdistanica. Retrieved on 2006-09-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
  12. ^ Yazdanism. Encyclopaedia of the Orient. Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
  13. ^ McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds (New York: I. B. Tauris, 1996) p. 11
  14. ^ Yonan, Isaac Malek (1934). The Beloved Physician of Teheran. Nashville: Cokesbury Press. OCLC 1862832. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  15. ^ Firqan-al-Akhbar at Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
  16. ^ http://www.kurdistanica.com/english/religion/yazdani/yaresan/yarasan.html
  17. ^ http://www.kurdistanica.com/english/religion/yazdani/yaresan/yarasan.html
  18. ^ see p. 1 of Sanasarian, Eliz. Religious Minorities in Iran
  19. ^ see p. 36-37 in Sanasarian's book to see his own estimates of the numbers of these religious minorities in Iran

See also

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic