Agricultural science

An agronomist measures and records corn growth and other processes. Agronomists (called Agrologists in Canada are scientists who specialize in Agronomy, which is the science of utilizing plants for food fuel feed and

Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture (Veterinary science, but not animal science, is often excluded from the definition. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife Animal science is described as "studying the Biology of Animals that are under the control of mankind" (http//www )

1 Agriculture and agricultural science
2 Agricultural science: a local science
3 History of agricultural science
- 3.1 Prominent agricultural scientists
4 Agricultural science and agriculture crisis
5 Fields or related disciplines
6 See also
7 External links
8 Further reading

Agriculture and agricultural science

Agriculture

General
Agribusiness · Agriculture Agricultural science · Agronomy Animal husbandry Extensive farming Factory farming · Free range Industrial agriculture Intensive farming Organic farming · Permaculture Sustainable agriculture Urban agriculture
History
History of agriculture Neolithic Revolution Muslim Agricultural Revolution British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution
Particular
Aquaculture · Christmas trees · Dairy farming Grazing · Hydroponics · IMTA Intensive pig farming · Lumber Maize · Orchard Poultry farming · Ranching · Rice Sheep husbandry · Soybean System of Rice Intensification Wheat
Categories
Agriculture by country Agriculture companies Agriculture companies, U.S. Biotechnology Farming history Livestock Meat processing Poultry farming

The two terms are often confused. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture In Agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various Businesses involved in Food production including Farming, Seed Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding Extensive farming (as opposed to Intensive farming) is an agricultural production system that uses little inputs on vast areas of land such as the Great Plains. Factory farming is the practice of raising Farm animals in confinement at high stocking density where a farm operates as a Factory &mdash a practice typical in Free range is a method of Farming Husbandry where the Animals are allowed to roam freely instead of being contained in any manner Industrial agriculture is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of Livestock, Poultry, Fish, and Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is an Agricultural production system characterized by the high Inputs of Capital, Fertilizers Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on Crop rotation, Green manure, Compost, Biological pest control, and mechanical Cultivation The word permaculture, coined by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren during the 1970s is a Portmanteau of perma nent agri' Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities Urban Agriculture and Peri-Urban Agriculture is the practice of cultivating processing and distributing food in or around (peri-urban a village town or city Agriculture was developed at least 10000 years ago and it has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation The Neolithic Revolution was the first Agricultural revolution &mdashthe transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands to Agriculture and The Islamic Golden Age from the 8th century to the 13th century witnessed a fundamental transformation in Agriculture known as the Arab Agricultural The British Agricultural Revolution describes a period of development in Britain between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century which saw a massive increase in agricultural The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including Molluscs Crustaceans and aquatic plants Christmas tree cultivation is an agricultural, Forestry, and horticultural occupation which involves growing Pine, Spruce, and Dairy farming is a class of agricultural, or an Animal husbandry enterprise for long-term production of Milk, which may be either processed on-site or Grazing generally describes a type of Predation in which an Herbivore feeds on Plants (such as Grasses, or more broadly on a multicellular Hydroponics (from the Greek words hydro (water and ponos (labour is a method of growing Plants using mineral Nutrient solutions without Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA is a practice in which the by-products (wastes from one species are recycled to become inputs ( Fertilizers Food) for another Intensive piggeries (or hog lots) are a type of Factory farm specialized for the raising of Domestic pigs up to slaughter weight Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production. Poultry farming is the practice of raising Poultry, such as Chickens turkeys ducks geese, as a subcategory of Animal husbandry A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Sheep husbandry is the raising and breeding of Domestic sheep, and a subcategory of Animal husbandry. The System of Rice Intensification ( SRI) is a method of increasing the yield of Rice produced in Farming. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. However, they cover different concepts:

Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.
Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based agriculture. Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers

Agricultural sciences include research and development on:

Production techniques (e. g. , irrigation management, recommended nitrogen inputs)
Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural Inputs to agricultural Outputs While individual products are usually measured by weight their varying g. , selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques)
Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Cell culture is the process by which prokaryotic, or eukaryotic cells are grown under controlled conditions Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. g. , production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)
Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e. Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk. g. , soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)
Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling
traditional agricultural systems, sometime termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. Soils retrogression and degradation in the French school of pedology are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable Soil Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses Microorganisms Fungi, green plants or their Enzymes to return the natural environment altered Theoretical production ecology tries to quantatively study the growth of crops Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficient farming in which farmers grow only enough food to feed the family and to pay taxes or feudal dues These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological greater than that of industrial agriculture, which in may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems
Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil and the USA. Industrial agriculture is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of Livestock, Poultry, Fish, and

Agricultural science: a local science

With the exception of theoretical agronomy, research in agronomy, more than in any other field, is strongly related to local areas. Theoretical production ecology tries to quantatively study the growth of crops It can be considered a science of ecoregions, because it is closely linked to soil properties and climate, which are never exactly the same from one place to another. An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Many people think an agricultural production system relying on local weather, soil characteristics, and specific crops has to be studied locally. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Others feel a need to know and understand production systems in as many areas as possible, and the human dimension of interaction with nature.

History of agricultural science

Main article: History of agricultural science

Agricultural science is seen by some to have began with Mendel's genetic work, but in modern terms might be better dated from the chemical fertilizer outputs of plant physiological understanding in eighteenth century Germany. Agronomy and the related disciplines of Agricultural science today are very different from what they were before about 1950 Gregor Johann Mendel ( July 20, 1822 &ndash January 6, 1884) was Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of Botany concerned with the function or Physiology, of Plants Closely related fields include Plant morphology Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Today it is very different from what it was even in 1950. Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and developing countries, often referred to as the Green Revolution, was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial fertilizers and phytosanitary products. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest.

As the oldest and largest human intervention in nature, the environmental impact of agriculture in general and more recently intensive agriculture, industrial development, and population growth have raised many questions among agricultural scientists and have led to the development and emergence of new fields. Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is an Agricultural production system characterized by the high Inputs of Capital, Fertilizers These include technological fields that assume the solution to technological problems lies in better technology, such as integrated pest management, waste treatment technologies, landscape architecture, genomics, and agricultural philosophy fields that include references to food production as something essentially different from non-essential economic 'goods'. In Agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM is a pest control strategy that uses an array of complementary methods mechanical devices physical devices Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Landscape architecture involves the investigation and designed response to the landscape Genomics is the study of an organism's entire Genome. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale Genetic Agricultural Philosophy is the love of search after and wisdom associated with agriculture as one of humankind's founding components of civilization The food industry is the complex global collective of diverse Businesses that together supply much of the Food energy consumed by the World population. In fact, the interaction between these two approaches provide a fertile field for deeper understanding in agricultural science.

New technologies, such as biotechnology and computer science (for data processing and storage), and technological advances have made it possible to develop new research fields, including genetic engineering, agrophysics, improved statistical analysis, and precision farming. Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct Agrophysics is a new Branch of science bordering on Physics and Agronomy,whose objects of study are the Ecosystem and the biological objects Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Precision farming or precision agriculture is an agricultural concept relying on the existence of in-field variability. Balancing these, as above, are the natural and human sciences of agricultural science that seek to understand the human-nature interactions of traditional agriculture, including interaction of religion and agriculture, and the non-material components of agricultural production systems.

Prominent agricultural scientists

Eli Whitney

Agricultural science and agriculture crisis

Agriculture sciences seek to feed the world's population while preventing biosafety problems that may affect human health and the environment. Robert Bakewell (1725 - 1795 was a revolutionary in the field of Selective breeding. Norman Ernest Borlaug (born March 25 1914 is an American Agronomist, Humanitarian, Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the Luther Burbank ( March 7 1849 – April 11, 1926) was an American botanist, Horticulturist and a pioneer in Agricultural Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Gregor Johann Mendel ( July 20, 1822 &ndash January 6, 1884) was René Dumont ( March 13, 1904 – June 18, 2001) was a French engineer in agronomy, a sociologist, and an environmental George Washington Carver (January 1864 – January 5 1943 was an African American Scientist, Botanist, Educator, and Inventor Biosafety: prevention of large-scale loss of Biological integrity, focusing both on Ecology and Human health See also Natural environment The '''biophysical''' environment is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the Biological This requires promoting good management of natural resources and respect for the environment, and increasingly concern for the psychological wellbeing of all concerned in the food production and consumption system. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form

Economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture sciences are subjects of ongoing debate. Recent crises (such as Avian Flu, mad cow disease and issues such as the use of genetically modified organisms) illustrate the complexity and importance of this debate. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE) commonly known as Mad-Cow Disease ( MCD) is a fatal Neurodegenerative disease in Cattle This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified

Fields or related disciplines

Agricultural economics
Agricultural engineering
Agricultural philosophy
Agricultural plant science
Soil science
Aquaculture
Agronomy
Agrophysics
Biosystems engineering
Environmental science
Food science
Horticulture
Irrigation and water management
Animal science
Plant fertilization, animal and human nutrition
Plant protection and animal health
Water science
Biotechnology, genetic engineering, and microbiology
Waste management
Theoretical production ecology

External links

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
International Livestock Research Institute
The National Agricultural Library (NAL) - The most comprehensive agricultural library in the world. Agricultural economics originally applied the principles of Economics to the production of Crops and Livestock — a discipline known as Agronomics Agricultural engineering' is the engineering discipline that applies Engineering science and technology to Agricultural production and processing living systems and to the Agricultural Philosophy is the love of search after and wisdom associated with agriculture as one of humankind's founding components of civilization Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Agricultural soil science is a branch of Soil science that deals with the study of edaphic conditions as they relate to the production of food and fiber Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including Molluscs Crustaceans and aquatic plants Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber Agrophysics is a new Branch of science bordering on Physics and Agronomy,whose objects of study are the Ecosystem and the biological objects Biological Engineering (including Biological systems engineering and Bioengineering) is a form of Biotechnology that uses broad-based Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. Food science is a discipline concerned with all technical aspects of Food, beginning with Harvesting or slaughtering, and ending with its Cooking Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Water management is the practices of planning developing distribution and optimum utilizing of water resources under defined water polices and regulations Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact natural economic and Social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Theoretical production ecology tries to quantatively study the growth of crops Agricultural soil science is a branch of Soil science that deals with the study of edaphic conditions as they relate to the production of food and fiber Agrology (from Greek grc ἀγρός agros, "field tilled land" and grc -λογία -logia) is the branch of soil science dealing Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food fuel feed and fiber Agronomy and the related disciplines of Agricultural science today are very different from what they were before about 1950 The University of Florida ’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS is a federal-state-county partnership dedicated to developing knowledge in agriculture Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact natural economic and Social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding The International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development ( IAASTD) is a international effort initiated by the World Bank that evaluated

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