African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Swahili word meaning disaster terrible occurrence or Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The Military history of African Americans spans from the arrival of the first black slaves during the colonial history of the United The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history Reparations for Slavery is a proposal by some in the United States that some type of compensation should be provided to the descendants of enslaved people in African American culture in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of African ethnic groups to the culture of the United States either as part of or distinct from African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. African American neighborhoods or black neighborhoods are types of Ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States. Historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs) are institutions of Higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention Kwanzaa is a week-long holiday celebrated primarily in the United States, honoring African-American heritage This is an incomplete list of museums which can or may never satisfy any objective standard for completeness African American dances in the vernacular tradition (academically known as "African American vernacular dance" are those dances which have developed within African African American literature is the body of Literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent African American music (also called black music) is an umbrella term given to a range of Music and Musical genres emerging from or influenced by the The term black church or African American church refers to predominantly African-American Christian churches that minister to predominantly black congregations This theology maintains that African Americans must be liberated from multiple forms of bondage — social political economic and religious Black theology refers to a variety of Christian theologies which has as its base in the The Doctrine of Father Divine is the teachings of the late Father Divine (d The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Black Hebrew Israelites (also Black Hebrews, African Hebrew Israelites, and Hebrew Israelites) are groups of people of Black African ancestry Vodou ( Anglicized: Voodoo) or Vaudoo is a family of New World syncretistic religions primarily based on the faiths of the Hoodoo is a form of predominantly African-American traditional folk magic. Santería, also known as La Regla de Lukumi (Lukumi's Rule and The Way of the Saints is an Afro-Cuban religious tradition derived from traditional beliefs Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies Black Capitalism is a movement among African Americans to build wealth through the ownership and development of businesses Black conservatism is an international political and social movement rooted in communities of African descent that aligns largely with the conservative movement Following the collapse of Reconstruction, African Americans created a broad-based independent political movement in the South black populism that influence all The African American left tends to support leftist positions on social issues and an expansive state that aims at bringing about equality of outcome between the African The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established Garveyism is an aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations The Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC) is an American Civil rights organization The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced "snick" was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement The National Urban League ( NUL) formerly known as the National League of black men and women, is a Civil rights organization based in New York City The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, on September 9, The United Negro College Fund ( UNCF) is a Fairfax, Virginia -based American philanthropic organization that fundraises College tuition The National Black Chamber of Commerce was incorporated in 1993 by Harry Alford who in 2007 continues as CEO History The National Pan-Hellenic Council was established in an age when Racial segregation and disenfranchisement plagued African Americans, the rise of each The Links Incorporated is an exclusive non-profit organization based upon the ideals of combining friendship and community service The National Council of Negro Women (NCNW is a Non-profit organization with the mission to advance the opportunities and the quality of life for African American women their Part of the History of baseball in the United States series The Negro leagues were American professional Baseball leagues History The Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, founded on the campus of Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in 1912 is the oldest African-American Conference sports Conference member schools Current members Former members Conference Stadia Championships The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC is a Collegiate athletic conference of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs in the Southeastern "Southwestern Conference" redirects here For the former major conference in Texas and Arkansas see Southwest Conference; for the Ohio High School Conference English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Gullah language (Sea Island Creole English Geechee is a Creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called "Geechees" an African Louisiana Creole is a French Creole language spoken by the mixed Louisiana Creole people of the state of Louisiana. African American Vernacular English ( AAVE) – also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Notable African-Americans or Black Americans For people from current African countries see lists for individual countries List of first African-American mayors for most mayor listings African Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. This is a list of landmark legislation, court decisions, executive orders and proclamations in the United States significantly affecting African Americans This is an alphabetical list of African-American-related topics: A African American African American culture This is a list of articles that are related to African and black people African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Influenced by various cultural traditions, including those of Africa, Europe and the Americas, traditional African American art forms include the range of plastic arts, from basketweaving, pottery and quilting to woodcarving and painting. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America
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History
Antebellum and Civil War eras
From its early origins in slave communities, through the end of the twentieth century, African-American art has made a vital contribution to the art of the United States. [1] During the period between the 1600s and the early 1800s art took the form of small drums, quilts, wrought-iron figures and ceramic vessels in the southern United States these artifacts have similarities with comparable crafts in West and Central Africa. In contrast, black artisans like the New England–based engraver Scipio Moorhead and the Baltimore portrait painter Joshua Johnson created art that, was conceived in a thoroughly western European fashion. [2]
Many slaves arrived from Africa as skilled artisans, having worked in these or similar media in Africa. Others learned their trades or crafts as apprentices to African or white skilled workers. It was often the practice for slaveowners to hire out skilled artisans. With the consent of their masters, some slave artisans also were able to keep wages earned in their free time and thereby save enough money to purchase their, and their families', freedom. [3]
G. W. Hobbs, William Simpson, Robert M. William Simpson may refer to William Dunlap Simpson, Governor of South Carolina from 1879 William Gayley Simpson William Douglas Jr. , Patrick Henry Reason, Joshua Johnson, and Scipio Moorhead were among the earliest known portrait artists, from the period of 1773–1887. Joshua Johnson (c1763&ndash1832 was the first African American painter to make his living by Painting. Scipio Moorhead (active c 1773) was an enslaved African American Artist who lived in Boston Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common While there were no schools during this period in the United States where an African American artist could learn to paint, patronage by some white families allowed for private tutorship in special cases. Many of these sponsoring whites were abolitionists. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies
Harriet Powers 1837 – 1910 was an African American slave folk artist and quilt maker from rural Georgia, United States. Harriet Powers ( October 29, 1837 &ndash January 1, 1910) was an African American slave, Folk artist and Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa A quilt is a type of Bedding — a bed covering composed of a quilt top a layer of batting, and a layer of fabric for backing generally combined using the technique The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Now nationally recognized for her quilts, she used traditional appliqué techniques to record local legends, Bible stories, and astronomical events on her quilts. A quilt is a type of Bedding — a bed covering composed of a quilt top a layer of batting, and a layer of fabric for backing generally combined using the technique In its broadest sense an applique or appliqué is a smaller ornament or device applied to another surface Only two of her quilts have survived: Bible Quilt 1886 and Bible Quilt 1898. Her quilts are considered among the finest examples of nineteenth-century Southern quilting. [4] Like Powers the women of Gee’s Bend developed a distinctive, bold, and sophisticated quilting style based on traditional American (and African American) quilts, but with a geometric simplicity reminiscent of Amish quilts and modern art. History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth The women of Gee’s Bend passed their skills and aesthetic down through at least six generations to the present. The Quilts of Gees Bend were created by a group of women who live in the isolated African American hamlet of Gee's Bend Alabama. [5] Slaves sometimes utilized quilt blocks to alert other slaves about escape plans during the time of the Underground Railroad. Since the late 1980s a theory has been advanced that Slaves utilized Quilt blocks to alert other slaves about escape plans during the time of the Underground Railroad [6] Quilting remains alive as form of artistic expression in the African American community today.
Post-Civil War
After the Civil War, it became increasingly acceptable for African American- created works to be exhibited in museums, and artists increasingly produced works for this purpose. These were works mostly in the European romantic and classical traditions of landscapes and portraits. Edward Mitchell Bannister, Henry Ossawa Tanner and Edmonia Lewis are the most notable of this time. Edward Mitchell Bannister (ca 1828&ndash January 9, 1901) was an African American painter whose Tonalism and predominantly pastoral Mary Edmonia Lewis ( July 4, 1845 – 1911 was the first African American and Native American ( Chippewa) woman to gain fame and recognition as a sculptor Others include Grafton Tyler Brown, Nelson A. Primus and Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller. Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller (First two names are pronounced Mee-ta Vow; IPA /mɪi tɑ/ /vaʊ/) ( June 9, 1877 - March 18, 1968 The goal of widespread recognition across racial boundaries was first eased within America's big cities, including Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, New York, and New Orleans. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City of New York New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Even in these places, however, there were discriminatory limitations. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Abroad, however, African Americans were much better received. In Europe—especially Paris, France—these artists could express much more freedom in experimentation and education concerning techniques outside of traditional western art. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Freedom of expression was much more prevalent in Paris as well as Munich and Rome to a lesser extent. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2
The Harlem Renaissance to Contemporary art
The Harlem Renaissance was one of the most notable movements in African American art. The Harlem Renaissance was named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke in 1925 Certain freedoms and ideas that were already widespread in many parts of the world at the time had begun to spread into the artistic communities United States during the 1920s. During this period notable artists included Richmond Barthé, Aaron Douglas, janitor turned painter Palmer Hayden, William H. James Richmond Barthé ( January 28, 1901 - March 5, 1989) was an African American sculptor known for his many public works including the Aaron Douglas ( May 26, 1898 &ndash February 3, 1979) was an African American painter and a major figure in the Harlem Palmer C Hayden ( January 15, 1890 &ndash February 18, 1973) was an American painter who depicted African American Johnson, Sargent Johnson, John Biggers, Malvin Gray Johnson, Archibald Motley, Augusta Savage, Hale Woodruff, and photographer James Van Der Zee. Sargent Claude Johnson (1888–1967 was one of the first Californian African-American artists to achieve a national reputation Archibald John Motley, Junior ( September 2, 1891, New Orleans Louisiana – January 16, 1981, Chicago Illinois) was an Augusta Savage born Augusta Christine Fells lived from February 29, 1892 &ndash March 26, 1962. Hale Aspacio Woodruff ( August 26, 1900 - September 1980 was an African American Artist known for his mural paintings and prints James Van Der Zee ( June 29, 1886 - May 15, 1983) was an African American Photographer best known for his portraits of
The establishment of the Harmon Foundation by art patron William E. The Harmon Foundation was established in 1922 by William E Harmon. Harmon in 1922 sponsored many new artists. As it did with many such endeavors, the 1929 Great Depression largely ended funding for the arts for a time. While the Harmon Foundation still existed in this period, its financial support toward artists ended. The Harmon Foundation, however, continued supporting artists until 1967 by mounting exhibitions and offering funding for developing artists.
The U. S. Treasury Department's Public Works of Art Project ineffectively attempted to provide support for artists in 1933. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The Works Progress Administration (renamed in 1939 the Work Projects Administration; WPA) was the largest New Deal agency employing millions of people The WPA provided for all American artists and proved especially helpful to African American artists. Politics, human and social conditions all became the subjects of accepted art forms. Important cities with important African American art circles included Philadelphia, Boston, San Francisco and Washington, D. C. The WPA lead to a new wave of important black art professors. Mixed media, abstract art, cubism, and social realism became not only acceptable, but desirable. Artists of the WPA united to form the 1935 Harlem Artists' Guild, which developed community art facilities in major cities. Leading forms of art included drawing, sculpture, printmaking, painting, pottery, quilting, weaving and photography. By 1939, the costly WPA and its projects all were terminated. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
In 1943, James A. Porter, a professor in the Department of Art at Howard University authored the first major text on African American Art and Artists, Modern Negro Art. James Amos Porter ( December 22, 1905 - February 28 1970) was a pioneer in establishing the field of African-American art history
In the 1950s and 1960s, there were very few widely accepted African American artists. Despite this, The Highwaymen, a loose association of 26 African American artists from Ft. The Highwaymen were a loose association of 26 African American artists from the Fort Pierce, Florida area in the United States. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Pierce, Florida, created idyllic, quickly realized images of the Florida landscape and peddled some 200,000 of them from the trunks of their cars. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the In the 1950s and 1960s, it was impossible to find galleries interested in selling artworks by a group of unknown, self-taught African Americans[7], so they sold their art directly to the public rather than through galleries and art agents. Rediscovered in the mid-1990s, today they are recognized as an important part of American folk history. [8][9]The current market price for an original Highwaymen painting can easily bring in thousands of dollars. In 2004 the original group of 26 Highwaymen were inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame. [10] Currently 7 of the 26 are deceased, including A. Hair, H. Newton, Ellis and George Buckner, A. Moran, L. Roberts, and most recently Hezekiah Baker. The full list of 26 can be found in the Florida Artists Hall of Fame, as well as various highwaymen and Florida art websites.
Some African American artists did make it in to galleries in the 1950s and 1960s: Horace Pippin, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis (artist), and Sam Gilliam were among the few who had successfully been received in a gallery setting. Jerry Harris (b Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, b November 23, 1945) is an African American abstract Sculptor, Collagist Horace Pippin ( February 22, 1888 – July 6, 1946) was a self-taught African-American painter who worked in a naive Romare Bearden ( September 2, 1911 &ndash March 12, 1988) was an African-American Artist and Writer. Jacob Lawrence ( September 7, 1917 - June 9, 2000) was an African American painter; he was married to fellow artist Norman W Lewis ( 23 July 1909 &ndash 27 August 1979) was an award-winning African-American painter, scholar and teacher Sam Gilliam (b November 30 1933 in Tupelo Mississippi) is an African American Color field painter associated with the Washington Color The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s led artists to capture and express the times and changes. See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in Galleries and community art centers developed for the purpose of displaying African American art and collegiate teaching positions were created by and for African American artists. By the 1980s and 1990s, most majors cities had developed museums devoted to African American artists. The National Endowment for the Arts provided increasing support for these artists. The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA is a United States federally funded and donation assisted program that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence
Important collections of African American art include the Walter O. Evans Collection of African American Art, the Paul R. Jones Collection of African American Art, the David C. Driskell Art collection, and the Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The Walter O Evans Collection of African American Art, housed in Savannah, Georgia, USA comprises one of the most important collections of African American The Paul R Jones Collection of African American Art, housed in the University Museums at the University of Delaware in Newark Delaware, comprises one of the most David C Driskell (born June 7, 1931) is a scholar in the field of African American art and an artist The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is part of the New York Public Library.
Kara Walker, a contemporary American artist is known for her exploration of race, gender, sexuality, violence and identity in her artworks. Kara Walker (born November 26, 1969) is a contemporary African American artist who explores race, Gender, sexuality Walker's silhouette images work to bridge unfinished folklore in the Antebellum South and are reminiscent of the earlier work of Harriet Powers. A silhouette is a view of some object or scene consisting of the outline and a featureless interior with the silhouette usually being black Harriet Powers ( October 29, 1837 &ndash January 1, 1910) was an African American slave, Folk artist and Her nightmarish yet fantastical images incorporate a cinematic feel. In 2007, Walker was listed among Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World, Artists and Entertainers. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and [11]
Contemporary influential artists include Laylah Ali, Emma Amos, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Dawoud Bey, Camille Billops, Mark Bradford, Edward Clark, Willie Cole, Robert Colescott, Louis Delsarte, David C. Driskell, Mel Edwards, Ricardo Francis, Charles Gaines, Ellen Gallagher, Herbert Gentry, David Hammons, Jerry Harris, Richard Hunt, Martha Jackson-Jarvis, M. Jean-Michel Basquiat ( December 22 1960 - August 12, 1988) was an American Artist. Dawoud Bey (born 1953 is an American Photographer renowned for his large-scale color portraits of adolescents and other often marginalized subjects Mark Bradford (born 1961 is an American artist living and working in Los Angeles. Edward Clark may refer to Edward Clark (governor (1815-1880 governor of Texas Edward Clark (manufacturer (d Robert Colescott ( Robert H Colescott, born in Oakland California, 1925 is an American painter. Louis J Delsarte (born September 1, 1944 in Brooklyn New York) is an African American artist who is known for what has sometimes been David C Driskell (born June 7, 1931) is a scholar in the field of African American art and an artist Mel Edwards (born 1937 Life Edwards is a graduate for the University of Southern California A 30-year retrospective of his sculpture was held in 1993 at David Hammons (born 1943 is an African-American artist mostly known for his works in and around New York City during the 1970s and 1980s Jerry Harris (b Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, b November 23, 1945) is an African American abstract Sculptor, Collagist There have been a number of people named Richard Hunt: Richard Hunt (artist (born 1951 a Canadian carver and artist Richard Hunt (editor Scott Johnson, Glenn Ligon, Al Loving, Kerry James Marshall, Eugene J. Martin, Richard Mayhew, Sam Middleton, Thaddeus Mosley, Sana Musasama, Senga Nengudi, Martin Puryear, Adrian Piper, Howardena Pindell, Faith Ringgold, Alison Saar, Betye Saar, Raymond Saunders, Joyce Scott, Gary Simmons, Lorna Simpson, Renee Stout, Kara Walker, William T. Williams, Carrie Mae Weems, John Wilson, Fred Wilson, Richard Yarde, and Purvis Young among others. Glenn Ligon is an American Conceptual artist. Life and works Born in 1960 in the Bronx, he graduated with a B Kerry James Marshall (October 17 1955 -) is an artist born in Birmingham Alabama. Eugene James Martin (b Washington DC, July 24, 1938 - d Lafayette Louisiana, January 1 2005) was a Richard Mayew (1439/40–1516 was an English academic who became Bishop of Hereford (1504 to 1516 and a diplomat for Henry VII of England. Thaddeus G Mosley is a United States Sculptor who works mostly in wood and is based in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. Martin Puryear (born May 23, 1941) is an African Adrian Margaret Smith Piper (born September 20, 1948) is a first-generation Conceptual artist who began exhibiting her work internationally at the age Faith Ringgold (born October 8 1930 is an African American Artist, best known for her painted story Quilts Life and work Faith Ringgold Alison Saar is an American artist who was born in Los Angeles California in 1956 and grew up in Laurel Canyon California Betye Irene Saar ( July 30, 1926 in Los Angeles, California) is an American artist known for her work in the field of Assemblage Raymond Saunders is an American Artist born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1934. Gary Simmons (born July 19, 1944 in Charlottetown Prince Edward Island) is a former Ice hockey Goaltender. Lorna Simpson (born 1960 is an African American Artist and Photographer who made her name in the 1980s and 1990s with artworks such as Guarded Renee Stout (born 1958) is a contemporary artist known for assemblage artworks dealing with her personal history and African American heritage Kara Walker (born November 26, 1969) is a contemporary African American artist who explores race, Gender, sexuality William T Williams was born in Cross Creek North Carolina, United States. Carrie Mae Weems (born 1953) is an award winning photographer and artist Conceptual artist Fred Wilson, born in 1954 in the Bronx, describes himself as of "African American Indian European and Amerindian" descent Purvis Young, born February 4 1943 Liberty City Miami Florida is a folk artist now living in Overtown Miami Florida.
See also
- African American Literature
- African American Music
- James A. Porter Colloquium on African American Art
References
- ^ African-American Art By Sharon F. African American music (also called black music) is an umbrella term given to a range of Music and Musical genres emerging from or influenced by the The James A Porter Colloquium is a three-day scholarly program at Howard University exploring African American Art history and cultural development Patton. Published 1998. Oxford University Press
- ^ African American Art By Richard Powell Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience Oxford University Press. April 2005
- ^ Romare Bearden, Harry Henderson, A history of African-American Artists. From 1792 to the Present, New York: Pantheon Books 1993
- ^ Harriet Powers Early Women Masters
- ^ The Quilts of Gees Bend
- ^ Hidden in Plain View, written by Raymond Dobard, Jr. , Ph. D. , and Jacqueline Tobin (1999)
- ^ Painting Florida
- ^ The Highwaymen By Ken Hall
- ^ Updates & Snapshots 2006
- ^ The Florida Highwaymen
- ^ Kruger, Barbara (2007)"Kara Walker" Time online. Retrieved 26 July 2007
- Romare Bearden, Harry Henderson, A history of African-American Artists. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Romare Bearden ( September 2, 1911 &ndash March 12, 1988) was an African-American Artist and Writer. From 1792 to the Present, New York: Pantheon Books 1993
- Sylvester, Melvin R. African Americans in Visual Arts: A Historical Perspective. Long Island University. Retrieved January 23, 2005.
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