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"We will defeat the drought, too!". A late-1940s Soviet poster showing Marshal Stalin over a map of the national afforestation program. The map shows forest strips to be planted in the steppes of southern Russia.
"We will defeat the drought, too!". A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply A late-1940s Soviet poster showing Marshal Stalin over a map of the national afforestation program. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The map shows forest strips to be planted in the steppes of southern Russia. A windbreak or shelterbelt is a Plantation usually made up of one or more rows of Trees or Shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced

Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest on land that is not a forest, or has not been a forest for a long time by planting trees or their seeds. The term may also be applied to the legal conversion of land into the status of royal forest. A royal forest is an area of land where certain rights are reserved for a Monarch or the Aristocracy, usually set aside for Hunting (see Medieval hunting

The term reforestation generally refers to the reestablishment of the forest after its removal, for example from a timber harvest. Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted with native tree stock Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Since the industrial revolution many countries have experienced centuries of deforestation, and some governments and non-governmental organisations directly engage in programs of afforestation to restore forests and assist in preservation of biodiversity. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth.

The United States and northwestern Europe have more forest cover than at the beginning of the twentieth century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [1] However, significant deforestation in South and Central America and in South Asia continues, although several nations such as Malaysia have worked hard to create a "green" environment. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and

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Afforestation in areas of degraded soil

In various arid, tropical, or sensitive areas, forests cannot re-establish themselves without assistance due to a variety of environmental factors. In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and One of these factors is that, once forest cover is destroyed in arid zones, the land quickly dries out and becomes inhospitable to new tree growth. Other critical factors include overgrazing by livestock, especially animals such as goats, and over-harvesting of forest resources. Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to Livestock Grazing for extended periods of time or without sufficient recovery periods Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Together these may lead to desertification and the loss of topsoil; without soil, forests cannot grow until the very long process of soil creation has been completed - if erosion allows this. Desertification is the degradation of land in arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting primarily from human activities and influenced by climatic variations Topsoil is the upper outermost layer of soil usually the top 2 to 8 inches Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind In some tropical areas, the removal of forest cover may result in a duricrust or duripan that effectively seal off the soil to water penetration and root growth. Duricrust refers to a thin hard layer on or near the surface of Soil, usually a few millimeters to a few centimeters thick A duripan is a diagnostic Soil horizon that is cemented by illuvial silica into a subsurface Hardpan. In many areas, reforestation is impossible above all because the land is in use by people. In these areas, reforestation requires the planting of tree seedlings, treeplanting. Treeplanting is the Process of Transplanting tree seedlings, generally for forestry land reclamation or landscaping purposes In other areas, mechanical breaking up of duripans or duricrusts is necessary, careful and continued watering may be essential, and special protection, such as fencing, may be required.

World regions

Brazil

Because of the extensive Amazon deforestation during the last several decades and ongoing,[2] the small efforts of afforestation are insignificant on a national scale of the Amazon Rainforest. [3]

China

China has deforested the majority of its historical wooded areas. Although it has set official goals for re-forestation, these goals were set for a 80 year time horizon and are not significantly met by 2008. China has reached the point where timber yields have declined far below historic levels, due to overharvesting of trees beyond sustainable yield. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely [4]

Europe

The European Union has paid farmers for afforestation since 1990, offering grants to turn farmland back into forest and payments for the management of forest. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Between 1993 and 1997, EU afforestation policies made possible the re-forestation of over 5,000 square kilometres of land. A second program, running between 2000 and 2006, afforested in excess of 1000 square kilometres of land (precise statistics not yet available). A third such program began in 2007.

Iran

Iran is considered a low forest cover region of the world with present cover approximating seven percent of the land area. This is a value reduced by an estimated six million hectares of virgin forest, which species include oak, almond and pistacio. The Almond ( Prunus dulcis, syn Prunus amygdalus Batsch Amygdalus communis L The pistachio ( Pistacia vera L Anacardiaceae or sometimes Pistaciaceae) is a small Tree native to mountainous regions of [5] Due to the challenges of soil substrates that exist in Iran, it is difficult to achieve afforestation on a large scale compared to other temperate areas endowed with more fertile and less rocky and arid soil conditions. [5] Consequently, most of the afforestation is conducted with non-native species,[5] which practise is a form of habitat destruction for native flora and fauna, resulting in accelerating loss of biodiversity. Habitat destruction is the process in which natural Habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species originally present In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time [2]

See also

Line notes

  1. ^ G. Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted with native tree stock W. Heil, 2007
  2. ^ a b E. O. Wilson, 2002
  3. ^ A. Cattaneo, 2002
  4. ^ G. A. McBeath, 2006
  5. ^ a b c J. A. Stanturf, 2004

References

Dictionary

afforestation

-noun

  1. The act or process of creating a new forest where none had existed before, or reforestation of areas long deforested.
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