An advocatus was an attorney at law in the Middle Ages. An attorney at law (or attorney-at-law) in the United States is a practitioner in a court of law who is legally qualified to prosecute It was used in Continental Europe as the title of the lay lord charged with the protection and representation in secular matters of an abbey. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or The office is traceable as early as the beginning of the 5th century in the Roman Empire, the churches being allowed to choose defensores from the body of advocates to represent them in the courts. The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In the Frankish Kingdom, under the Merovingians, these lay representatives of the churches appear as agentes, defensores and advocati; and under the Carolingians it was made obligatory on bishops, abbots and abbesses to appoint such officials in every county where they held property. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight The word abbot, meaning Father, is a title given to the head of a Monastery in various traditions including Christianity. An abbess ( Latin abbatissa fem form of abbas Abbot) is the female superior, or Mother Superior, of an Abbey A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual The office was not hereditary, the advocatus being chosen, either by the abbot alone, or by the abbot and bishop concurrently with the count. A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin The same causes that led to the development of the feudal system also affected the advocatus. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed In times of confusion churches and abbeys needed not so much a legal representative as an armed protector, while as feudal immunities were conceded to the ecclesiastical foundations, these required a representative to defend their rights and to fulfill their secular obligations to the state, such as leading the ecclesiastical levies to war. Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units A new class of advocatus thus arose, whose office, commonly rewarded by a grant of land, crystallized into a fief, which, like other fiefs, had by the beginning of the 12th century become hereditary. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing
In France, the advocati (avoués) were of two classes. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The first class was the great barons, who held the advocateship of an abbey or abbeys rather as an office than a fief, though they were indemnified for the protection they afforded by a domain and preach revenues granted by the abbey: thus the "duke of avoué". Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and A sermon is an oration by a Prophet or member of the Clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, or religious topic Normandy was advocatus of nearly all the abbeys in the duchy. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. A duchy is a territory fief, or domain ruled by a Duke or Duchess. The second class was the petty seigneurs, who held their avoueries as hereditary fiefs and often as their sole means of subsistence. This article is about the medieval system "Manors" redirects here The avoid of an abbey, of this class, corresponded to the vidame of a bishop. Vidame, a French corruption of the official Latin term vicedominus ('vice-lord' was a Feudal title in France. Their function was generally to represent the abbot in his capacity as feudal lord; to act as his representative in the courts of his superior lord; to exercise secular justice in the abbot's name in the abbatial court; to lead the retainers of the abbey to battle under the banner of the patron saint. JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members
In England, the word advocatus was never used to denote a hereditary representative of an abbot; but in some of the larger abbeys there were hereditary stewards whose functions and privileges were not dissimilar to those of the continental advocati. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The word advocatus, however, was in constant use in England to denote the patron of an ecclesiastical benefice, whose sole right of any importance was a hereditary one of presenting a parson to the bishop for institution. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization Originally a benefice was a gift of land ( Precaria) for life as a reward for services rendered In the pre- Reformation church a parson was the priest of an independent Parish church, that is a parish church not under the control of a larger ecclesiastical or In this way the hereditary right of presentation to a benefice came to be called in English an "advowson" (advocatio). For the process for appointing a parish priest in the Church of England see Parish.
The advocatus played a more important part in the feudal polity of the Empire and of the Low Countries than in France, where his functions, confined to the protection of the interests of religious houses, were superseded from the 13th century onwards by the growth of the central power and the increasing efficiency of the royal administration. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos They had, indeed, long ceased to be effective for their original purpose; and from the time when their office became a fief they had taken advantage of their position to pillage and suppress those whom it was their function to defend. The medieval records, not in France only, are full of complaints by abbots of their usurpations, exactions and acts of violence. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes
In Germany, the title of advocatus (Vogt) was given not only to the advocati of churches and abbeys, but to the officials appointed, from early in the Middle Ages, by the German emperor to administer their immediate domains, in Vogt contradistinction to the counts, who had become hereditary princes of the Empire. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and The territory so administered was known as Vogtland (terra advocatorum), a name still sometimes employed to designate the strip of country which embraces the principalities of Reuss and adjacent portions of Saxony, Prussia and Bavaria. Reuss (Reuß was the name of several historical states located in present-day Thuringia, Germany. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 These imperial advocati tended in their turn to become hereditary. An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that Sometimes the emperor himself assumed the title of Vogt of some particular part of his immediate domain. In the Netherlands as well as in Germany advocati were often appointed in the cities, by the overlord or by the emperor, sometimes to take the place of the bailiff, sometimes alongside this official. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Bailiff (from Late Latin baiulivus, Adjectival form of baiulus) is a Governor or Custodian (cf
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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