| Adrenal gland | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Endocrine system | |
 | |
| Adrenal gland | |
| Latin | glandula suprarenalis |
| Gray's | subject #277 1278 |
| System | Endocrine |
| Artery | superior suprarenal artery, middle suprarenal artery, Inferior suprarenal artery |
| Vein | suprarenal veins |
| Nerve | celiac plexus, renal plexus |
| Lymph | lumbar glands |
| MeSH | Adrenal+Glands |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | g_06/12392729 |
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, "near" or "at" + -renes, "kidneys"). The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Gray's Anatomy the Respiratory apparatus ( Apparatus Respiratorius Respiratory system Respiratory apparatus In Biology, a system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. Each (left and right superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the Inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body The middle suprarenal arteries (middle capsular arteries suprarenal arteries are two small vessels which arise one from either side of the Abdominal aorta, opposite the Each Renal artery gives off some small inferior suprarenal branches to the Suprarenal gland, the Ureter, and the surrounding cellular tissue and muscles In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel The Suprarenal veins are two in number the right ends in the Inferior vena cava. A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. The celiac plexus (also known as the solar plexus) is a complex network of nerves (a Plexus) located in the abdomen The renal plexus is formed by filaments from the Celiac plexus, the Aorticorenal ganglion, and the Aortic plexus. The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph. The lumbar lymph nodes (paraaortic nodes are a group of Lymph nodes residing in the Lumbar region Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Endocrine glands are Glands that secrete their product ( Hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline. Biosynthesis is a phenomenon wherein Chemical compounds are produced from simpler Reagents Biosynthesis unlike Chemosynthesis, takes place within living Corticosteroids are a class of Steroid hormones that are produced in the Adrenal cortex. Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex)
Contents |
Anatomy and function
Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the thoracic abdomen situated atop the kidneys, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles They are also surrounded by the adipose capsule and the renal fascia. The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the Kidney and covered in a thick layer of perinephric Adipose tissue. The Kidney and the Adipose capsule are enclosed in a sheath of fibrous tissue continuous with the Subperitoneal fascia, and named the renal fascia (also In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive their blood supply from the adrenal arteries. The 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the Vertebral column, between the Cervical vertebrae and the Lumbar vertebrae. The adrenal arteries are arteries in the human abdomen that supply blood to the Adrenal glands.
The adrenal gland is separated into two distinct structures, both of which receive regulatory input from the nervous system:
- Adrenal medulla
- As its name suggests, the adrenal medulla is the central core of the adrenal gland, surrounded by the adrenal cortex. The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself The adrenal medulla is part of the Adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland being surrounded by the Adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla is part of the Adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland being surrounded by the Adrenal cortex. The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the catecholamine hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Chromaffin cells are Neuroendocrine cells found in the medulla of the Adrenal gland (suprarenal gland - located above the kidneys and in other ganglia Norepinephrine ( INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE) or noradrenaline ( BAN) (abbreviated NA or NAd) is a These water-soluble hormones, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, are part of the fight-or-flight response initiated by the sympathetic nervous system. Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 Amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize The fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response, hyperarousal or the acute stress response, was first The Sympathetic Nervous System ( SNS) is a branch of the Autonomic nervous system along with the Enteric nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous The adrenal medulla can be considered specialized ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, lacking distinct synapses, instead releasing secretions directly into the blood. The Sympathetic Nervous System ( SNS) is a branch of the Autonomic nervous system along with the Enteric nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous It is also the main source of dopamine, a catecholamine closely related to adrenaline and noradrenaline. Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates
- Adrenal cortex
- By contrast, the adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol. Situated along the perimeter of the Adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids Situated along the perimeter of the Adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids Corticosteroids are a class of Steroid hormones that are produced in the Adrenal cortex. Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Some cells belong to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are the source of cortisol synthesis. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ( HPA or HTPA axis) also known as the Limbic -hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (LHPA axis is a complex set of direct influences Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) Other cortical cells produce androgens such as testosterone, while some regulate water and electrolyte concentrations by secreting aldosterone. Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water In contrast to the direct innervation of the medulla, the cortex is regulated by neuroendocrine hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, as well as by the renin-angiotensin system. Neuroendocrine nʊəroʊˈɛndəkrɪn cells are cells that release a hormone into the circulating blood in response to a neural stimulus The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an Endocrine gland about the size of a Pea. The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis The renin-angiotensin system (RAS or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS is a hormone system that regulates Blood pressure and water ( fluid
Arteries and veins
Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
- The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic
- The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta
- The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery
Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins:
- The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava
- The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein. Each (left and right superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the Inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body The inferior phrenic arteries are two small vessels which supply the diaphragm but present much variety in their origin The middle suprarenal arteries (middle capsular arteries suprarenal arteries are two small vessels which arise one from either side of the Abdominal aorta, opposite the The abdominal aorta is the largest Artery in the Abdominal cavity. Each Renal artery gives off some small inferior suprarenal branches to the Suprarenal gland, the Ureter, and the surrounding cellular tissue and muscles The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the Abdominal aorta, immediately below the Superior mesenteric artery, and supply the Kidneys with In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel The Suprarenal veins are two in number the right ends in the Inferior vena cava. The Suprarenal veins are two in number the right ends in the Inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava (or IVC is the large Vein that carries de-oxygenated Blood from the lower half of the body into the Heart. The Suprarenal veins are two in number the right ends in the Inferior vena cava. The renal veins are Veins that drain the Kidney. They connect the kidney to the Inferior vena cava. The Inferior Phrenic Veins drain the diaphragm and follow the course of the Inferior phrenic arteries; the right ends in the Inferior vena cava;
The suprarenal veins receive blood may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. The Suprarenal veins are two in number the right ends in the Inferior vena cava. An anastomosis (plural anastomoses, from gr ἀναστόμωσις communicating opening) is a Network of streams that both branch out and reconnect The Inferior Phrenic Veins drain the diaphragm and follow the course of the Inferior phrenic arteries; the right ends in the Inferior vena cava;
The adrenal glands and the thyroid gland are the organs that have the greatest blood supply per gram of tissue. The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body Up to 60 arterioles may enter each adrenal gland. [1]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ JE Skandalakis. The fight-or-flight response', also called the fright, fight or flight response, hyperarousal or the acute stress response, was first Geoffrey Howard Bourne ( 17 November 1909 &ndash 19 July 1988) was an Australian U Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic And Anatomic Basis Of Modern Surgery (2004).
General references
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002219
- Virtual Slidebox at Univ. Iowa Slide 272
- Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - "Adrenal Gland"
- Histology at BU 14501loa
- SUNY Labs 40:03-0105 - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: The Retroperitoneal Fat and Suprarenal Glands"
- Adrenal Gland, from Colorado State University
- Cross section at UV pembody/body8a
Dictionary
adrenal gland
-noun
- (anatomy) In mammals, either of a pair of complex endocrine glands, situated above each kidney, secreting hormones which control the heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism.
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