Adolf Eichmann
March 19, 1906(1906-03-19) – May 31, 1962 (aged 56)
Adolf Eichmann in his SS uniform, 1933
Place of birth	Solingen, Germany
Place of death	Ramla, Israel
Allegiance	Nazi Germany
Service/branch	Schutzstaffel
Rank	Obersturmbannführer, SS
Battles/wars	World War II

Otto Adolf Eichmann (March 19, 1906–May 31, 1962), sometimes referred to as "the architect of the Holocaust", was a Nazi and SS-Obersturmbannführer (equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel). Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Solingen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the northern edge of the region called Bergisches Land, south of the Ruhr Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Ramla (רַמְלָה Ramlāh; الرملة also Ramle and sometimes Rama) is a city in central Israel with a mixed Arab and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Obersturmbannführer was a Paramilitary Nazi Party rank used by both the SA and the SS. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Obersturmbannführer was a Paramilitary Nazi Party rank used by both the SA and the SS. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies Due to his organizational talents and ideological reliability, he was charged by Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with the task of facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe. Obergruppenführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the SA and until 1942 it was the highest Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( 7 March 1904 &ndash 4 June 1942) was an SS - Obergruppenführer, chief Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. During World War II Ghettos were established by the German Nazis to confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. After the war, he traveled to Argentina using a fraudulently obtained laissez-passer issued by the International Red Cross^[1][2] and lived there under a false identity working for Mercedes-Benz until the 1960s. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. A laissez-passer (from the French let pass) is a Travel document issued by a national government or an international treaty organization The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated He was captured by Israeli Mossad agents in Argentina and tried in Israeli court on fifteen criminal charges, including crimes against humanity and war crimes. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied He was convicted and hanged in 1962. Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death

Early life

Born in Solingen, Germany, Adolf Eichmann was the son of a businessman and industrialist, Adolf Karl Eichmann, and Maria née Schefferling. Solingen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the northern edge of the region called Bergisches Land, south of the Ruhr Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ^[3] In 1914, his family moved to Linz, Austria, after his mother died. Linz is the third largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich During the First World War, Eichmann's father served in the Austro-Hungarian Army. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy (1867 - 1918 At the war's conclusion, Eichmann's father returned to the family and had a business in Linz. Eichmann himself left high school (Realschule) without having graduated and began training to become a mechanic, which he also discontinued. In 1923 he started working in the mining company of his father, from 1925 to 1927 he worked as a salesclerk for the Oberösterreichische Elektrobau AG and then until spring 1933 Eichmann worked as district agent for the Vacuum Oil Company AG, a subsidiary of Standard Oil. Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company In July 1933 he moved back to Germany. ^[4]

Eichmann married Veronica Liebl (1909–97)^[5] on March 21, 1935. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The couple had four sons: Klaus Eichmann, (b. 1936 in Berlin), Horst Adolf Eichmann, (b. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. 1940 in Vienna), Dieter Helmut Eichmann, (b. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. 1942 in Prague), and Ricardo Francisco Eichmann, (b. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. 1955 in Buenos Aires). Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern

Work with the Nazi Party and the SS

Adolf Eichmann's "Lebenslauf" (i. e. Curriculum Vitae) for his application for promotion from SS-Hauptscharführer to SS-Untersturmführer in 1937

On the advice of family friend Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the NSDAP (member number 889 895) and of the SS, enlisting on April 1, 1932, as an SS-Anwärter. Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 1903 &ndash 16 October 1946 was a senior Nazi official during World War II. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Anwärter is a German title which translates as “Candidate” He was accepted as a full SS member that November, appointed an SS-Mann, and assigned the SS number 45326. Mann ( German for Man was a paramilitary rank used by several Nazi Party paramilitary organizations between 1925 and 1945

For the next year, Eichmann was a member of the Allgemeine SS and served in a mustering formation operating from Salzburg. The Allgemeine SS (German for "General SS" literally "Universal SS" was the biggest SS branch in terms of members is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg.

In 1933 when the Nazis came to power, Eichmann returned to Germany and submitted an application to join the active duty SS regiments. He was accepted, and in November 1933, was promoted to Scharführer and assigned to the administrative staff of the Dachau concentration camp. Scharführer was a Nazi Party title that was used by several paramilitary organizations from 1925 to 1945 Dachau was a Nazi German Concentration camp, and the first one opened in Germany located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions Factory near the

By 1934, Eichmann requested transfer into the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) which had, by that time, become a very powerful and feared organization. The Sicherheitspolizei (security police often abbreviated as SiPo, was a term used in Nazi Germany to describe the state political and criminal investigation security Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934, and he was assigned to the headquarters of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in Berlin. The Sicherheitsdienst (SD Security Service was primarily the Intelligence service of the SS and the NSDAP. Eichmann was promoted to Hauptscharführer in 1935 and, in 1937, commissioned as an SS-Untersturmführer. Hauptscharführer was a Nazi paramilitary rank which was used by the Schutzstaffel (SS between the years of 1934 and 1945 Untersturmführer was a paramilitary rank of the German Schutzstaffel first created in July 1934.

In 1937, Eichmann was sent to the British Mandate of Palestine with his superior Herbert Hagen to assess the possibilities of massive Jewish emigration from Germany to Palestine. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. They landed in Haifa but could obtain only a transit visa so they went on to Cairo. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit "a document that has been seen" is a document issued by a Country giving an individual Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. There, they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the Haganah, who discussed with them the plans of the Zionists and tried to enlist their assistance in facilitating Jewish emigration from Europe. Haganah ( Hebrew: "The Defense" ההגנה was a Jewish Paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the According to an answer Eichmann gave at his trial, he had also planned to meet Arab leaders in Palestine; this never happened because entry to Palestine was refused by the British authorities. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

In 1938, Eichmann was assigned to Austria to help organize SS Security Forces in Vienna after the Anschluss of Austria into Germany. The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi Through this effort, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmführer (1st lieutenant) and, by the end of 1938, Eichmann had been selected by the SS leadership to form the Central Office for Jewish Emigration, charged with forcibly deporting and expelling Jews from Austria. Obersturmführer was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi party that was used by the Schutzstaffel and also as a rank of the SA. The Central Office for Jewish Emigration was established in Vienna in August 1938 and was headed by Adolf Eichmann of the Jewish Department of the SD.

World War II

At the start of World War II, Eichmann had been promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and had made a name for himself with his Office for Jewish Emigration. Hauptsturmführer was a Nazi rank of the SS which was used between the years of 1934 and 1945 Through this work Eichmann made several contacts in the Zionist movement, which he worked with to speed up Jewish emigration from the Third Reich. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

Eichmann returned to Berlin in 1939 after the formation of the Reich Central Security Office (RSHA). The RSHA, or Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Head Office was a subordinate organization of the SS. In December 1939, he was assigned to head RSHA Referat IV B4, the RSHA department that dealt with Jewish affairs and evacuation. In August 1940, he released his Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt (Reich Central Security Office: Madagascar Project), a plan for forced Jewish deportation that never materialized. The Madagascar Plan was a suggested policy of the Nazi government to forcibly relocate the Jewish population of Europe to the island of Madagascar. He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer in late 1940, and less than a year later to Obersturmbannführer. Sturmbannführer was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party which was used by both the Sturmabteilung (SA and the Schutzstaffel Obersturmbannführer was a Paramilitary Nazi Party rank used by both the SA and the SS.

In 1942, Reinhard Heydrich ordered Eichmann to attend the Wannsee Conference as recording secretary, where Germany's anti-Semitic measures were set down into an official policy of genocide. The Wannsee Conference was a Meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Eichmann was given the position of Transportation Administrator of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", which put him in charge of all the trains which would carry Jews to the death camps in the territory of occupied Poland. The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

In 1944, he was sent to Hungary after Germany had occupied that country in fear of a Soviet invasion. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Eichmann at once went to work deporting Jews, sending 400,000 Hungarians to their deaths in the gas chambers. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced

By 1945, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler had ordered Jewish extermination halted and evidence of the Final Solution destroyed. was a special SS rank that existed between the years of 1925 and 1945 Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. Eichmann was appalled by Himmler's turnabout, and continued his work in Hungary against official orders. Eichmann was also working to avoid being called up in the last ditch German military effort, since a year before he had been commissioned as a Reserve Untersturmführer in the Waffen-SS and was now being ordered to active combat duty. Untersturmführer was a paramilitary rank of the German Schutzstaffel first created in July 1934. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron"

Eichmann fled Hungary in 1945 as the Soviets entered, and he returned to Austria, where he met up with his old friend Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Kaltenbrunner, however, refused to associate with Eichmann since the latter's duties as an extermination administrator had left him a marked man by the Allies. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose

After World War II

Adolf Eichmann's Argentine passport

At the end of World War II, Eichmann was captured by the US Army, who did not know that this man who presented himself as "Otto Eckmann" was in fact a much bigger catch. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Early in 1946, he escaped from US custody and hid in various parts of Germany for a few years. In 1948 he obtained a landing permit for Argentina, but did not use it immediately. At the beginning of 1950, Eichmann went to Italy, where he posed as a refugee named Riccardo Klement. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race With the help of a Franciscan friar who had connections with archbishop Alois Hudal, who organized one of the first ratlines, Eichmann obtained an International Committee of the Red Cross humanitarian passport in Geneva and an Argentine visa, both issued to "Riccardo Klement, technician". The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic Alois Hudal (also known as Luigi Hudal; 31 May, 1885 in Graz, Austro-Hungarian Empire – 13 May, 1963 in Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other Fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. "ICRC" redirects here For other uses see ICRC (disambiguation. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking (In early May 2007, this fake passport was discovered in court archives in Argentina by a student doing research on Eichmann's abduction ^[6]. The passport has been handed to the Argentina Holocaust Museum in Buenos Aires. ) He boarded a ship heading for Argentina on July 14, 1950. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the next 10 years, he worked in several odd jobs in the Buenos Aires area (from factory foreman, to junior water engineer and professional rabbit farmer). Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world Eichmann also brought his family to Argentina.

CIA inaction

In June 2006, old CIA documents regarding Nazis and stay-behind networks dedicated to anti-communism were released. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all In a stay-behind operation a country places secret operatives or organisations in its own territory for use in the event that the territory is overrun by an enemy Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Among the 27,000 documents released, a March 1958 memo from the German BND agency to the CIA stated that Eichmann was reported to have lived in Argentina since 1952, using the alias "Clemens". The Bundesnachrichtendienst ( Federal Intelligence Service, BND is the foreign Intelligence agency of the German government under the control of the The CIA took no action on this information, however, because Eichmann's arrest threatened to be an embarrassment to the Americans and Germans by turning public attention to the former Nazis they had recruited after World War II. For example, the West German government at the time, headed by Konrad Adenauer, was worried about what Eichmann might say, especially about the past of Hans Globke, Adenauer's national security adviser, who had worked with Eichmann in the Jewish Affairs department and helped draft the 1935 Nuremberg Laws. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. Hans Josef Maria Globke ( 10 September 1898 – 13 February 1973) was a jurist and high ranking public servant after World War II in The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. ^[7][8][9] At the request of Bonn, the CIA persuaded Life magazine to delete any reference to Globke from Eichmann's memoirs, which it had bought from his family. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia ^[10] By the time the CIA and the BND had this information, Israel had temporarily given up looking for Eichmann in Argentina because they could not figure out his alias. ^[10] Neither the CIA, nor the U. S. government as a whole, at that time had a policy of pursuing Nazi war criminals. The following is a list of people suspected of committing war crimes on behalf of Nazi Germany or any of the Axis Powers during World War II. ^[8] In addition to protecting Eichmann and Globke, the CIA also protected Reinhard Gehlen,^[11] who recruited hundreds of former Nazi spies for the CIA. Reinhard Gehlen ( April 3, 1902 - June 8, 1979) was a Generalmajor ( Major-General) in the German Army ( Wehrmacht The low key attitude toward Nazi war criminals, and more concentration on the Soviet Union even possibly allowed Eichmann to be a member of a private American golf club and travel freely without being discovered.

Capture

Throughout the 1950s, many Jews and other victims of the Holocaust dedicated themselves to finding Eichmann and other notorious Nazis. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Among them was the Jewish Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal. A Nazi-hunter is an individual who tracks down and gathers information on Former Nazis and SS members who were involved in the Holocaust so that they can Simon Wiesenthal ( Buczacz, December 31, 1908 &ndash Vienna, September 20, 2005) was an Austrian Jewish In 1954, Wiesenthal received a postcard from an associate living in Buenos Aires, saying Eichmann was in Argentina.

"Ich sah jenes schmutzige Schwein Eichmann (I saw that dirty pig Eichmann)," the message read in part. "Er wohnt beinahe in Buenos Aires und arbeitet für ein Wassergeschäft (He lives near Buenos Aires and works for a water company). "

With this and other information collected by Wiesenthal, the Israelis had solid leads regarding Eichmann's whereabouts. Isser Harel, the then-head of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, however, later claimed in an unpublished manuscript that Wiesenthal "'had no role whatsoever' in Eichmann's apprehension but in fact had endangered the entire Eichmann operation and aborted the planned capture of Auschwitz doctor Josef Mengele. Isser Harel (איסר הראל born Isser Halperin on 1912 died 18 February 2003) was Spymaster of the intelligence and the The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Dr Josef Mengele ( March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979) was a German SS officer and a Physician in the "^[12]

Also instrumental in exposing Eichmann's identity was Lothar Hermann. He was a worker of Jewish descent who fled to Argentina from Germany following his incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp, where Eichmann had served as an administrator. By the 1950s, Hermann had settled into life in Buenos Aires with his family. His daughter Sylvia became acquainted with Eichmann's family and romantically involved with Klaus, the eldest Eichmann son. Klaus made boastful remarks about his father's life as a Nazi and direct responsibility for the Holocaust. Hermann knew he had struck gold in 1957 after reading a newspaper report about German war criminals — of which Eichmann was one.

Soon after, he sent Sylvia to the Eichmanns' home on a fact-finding mission. She was met at the door by Eichmann himself. She asked for Klaus, and, after learning that he was not home, inquired as to whether she was speaking to his father. Eichmann confirmed this fact. Hermann soon began a correspondence with Fritz Bauer, chief prosecutor for the West German state of Hesse, and provided details about Eichmann's person and life. Fritz Bauer, born on July 16 1903 in Stuttgart, Germany -- died on July 1 1968 in Frankfurt am Main, was a German judge The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the Common law Adversarial system, or the civil law Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area He contacted Israeli officials, who worked closely with Hermann over the next several years to learn about Eichmann and to formulate a plan to capture him.

In 1959, Mossad was informed that Eichmann was in Buenos Aires, Argentina under the name Ricardo Klement (Clement)^[13] and began an effort to locate his exact whereabouts when, through relentless surveillance, it was concluded that Ricardo Klement was, in fact, Adolf Eichmann. Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity The Israeli government then approved an operation to capture Eichmann and bring him to Jerusalem for trial as a war criminal. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied The Mossad agents continued their surveillance of Eichmann through the first months of 1960 until it was judged safe take him down, even watching as he delivered flowers to his wife on their 25th wedding anniversary on March 21.

Eichmann was apprehended by a team of Mossad and Shabak^[14] agents in a suburb of Buenos Aires on May 11, 1960, as part of a covert operation. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations The (שב"כ an acronym for Sherut Bitahon Klali (שירות ביטחון כללי lit Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A covert operation is a Military or political activity carried out in such a way that the parties responsible for the action can be an Open secret, but The Mossad agents had arrived in Buenos Aires in April 1960 after Eichmann's identity was confirmed. After surveilling Eichmann for an extensive period of time, a team of Mossad agents waited for him as he arrived home from his work as foreman at a Mercedes Benz factory. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the One kept lookout waiting for his bus to arrive while two agents pretended to be fixing a broken down car. An unconfirmed fourth would ride on the bus to make sure he would leave. Once Eichmann alighted and began walking the short distance to his home, he was asked by the agent at the car, Zvi Aharoni, for a cigarette. Zvi Aharoni was an Israeli Mossad agent who was instrumental in the capture of Adolf Eichmann. When Eichmann reached in his pocket he was set upon by the two by the car. Eichmann fought but team member Peter Malkin, a Polish Jew and a black belt in karate, knocked Eichmann unconscious with a strike to the back of his neck and bundled him into the car and took him to the safe house. Peter Zvi Malkin ( צבי מלחין) ( May 27 1927 - March 1 2005) was an Israeli Secret agent, and member of The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. ( or is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands from indigenous fighting methods and Chinese Kenpō. In the safe house a preliminary interrogation was conducted and it was proved that Klement (Clement) was undoubtedly the Nazi Eichmann. ^[15] The agents kept him in a safe house until it was judged that he could be taken to Israel without being detected by Argentine authorities. Disguising themselves and a heavily-sedated Eichmann as part of a delegation of Jewish union members, Eichmann was smuggled out of Argentina on board an El Al Bristol Britannia commercial air flight from Argentina to Israel on May 21, 1960. El Al (אל על skyward) ( TASE: ELAL is the National airline of Israel. Bristol Britannia was also a Car produced by Bristol Cars from 1982 to 1993 Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.

There was a backup plan in case the apprehension did not go as planned. If the police happened to intervene, one of the agents was to handcuff himself to Eichmann and make full explanations and disclosure. For some time the Israeli government denied involvement in Eichmann's capture, claiming that he had been taken by Jewish volunteers who eagerly turned him over to Israeli government authorities. This claim was made due to the influence of anti-Semitic sectors in the Argentinian government and military. Negotiations followed between Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and Argentinian president Arturo Frondizi, while the abduction was met from radical right sectors with a violent wave of anti-Semitism, carried on the streets by the Tacuara Nationalist Movement (including murders, torture and bombings). Arturo Frondizi Ercoli ( October 28, 1908 - April 18, 1995) was the President of Argentina between 1 May Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara (MNT Tacuara Nationalist Movement) was an Argentine Far right group in the 1960s which after having violently Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally ^[16]

Ben Gurion then announced Eichmann's capture to the Knesset (Israel's parliament) on May 23, receiving a standing ovation in return. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Isser Harel, head of the Mossad at the time of the operation, wrote a book about Eichmann's capture entitled The House on Garibaldi Street. Some years later, Peter Malkin, a member of the kidnapping team, wrote Eichmann in My Hands, which explores Eichmann's character and motivations, but its veracity has been attacked.

International dispute over capture

In June 1960, after unsuccessful secret negotiations with Israel, Argentina requested an urgent meeting of the United Nations Security Council, to protest what Argentina regarded as the "violation of the sovereign rights of the Argentine Republic". ^[17] In the ensuing debate, the Israeli representative Golda Meir argued that the incident was only an "isolated violation of Argentine law" since the abductors were not Israeli agents but private individuals. Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956 ^[17] Eventually the Council passed a resolution which requested Israel "to make appropriate reparation", while stating that "Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused" and that "this resolution should in no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused. "^[18]

After further negotiations, on August 3, Israel and Argentina agreed to end their dispute with a joint statement that "the Governments of Israel and the Republic of the Argentine, imbued with the wish to give effect to the resolution of the Security Council of June 23, 1960, in which the hope was expressed that the traditionally friendly relations between the two countries will be advanced, have decided to regard as closed the incident that arose out of the action taken by Israel nationals which infringed fundamental rights of the State of Argentina. "^[19]

In the subsequent trial and appeal, the Israeli courts avoided the issue of the legality of Eichmann's capture, relying instead on legal precedents that the circumstances of his capture had no bearing on the legality of his trial. The Israeli Court also determined that because "Argentina has condoned the violation of her sovereignty and has waived her claims, including that for the return of the Appellant, any violation of international law that may have been involved in this incident has thus been remedied. "^[20]

Trial

Eichmann in Jerusalem court. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the See video

Eichmann's trial in front of an Israeli court in Jerusalem started on April 11, 1961. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was indicted on 15 criminal charges, including charges of crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people and membership of an outlawed organization. In accordance with Israeli criminal procedure, his trial was presided over by three judges: Moshe Landau (president), Benjamin Halevi and Yitzhak Raveh. Gideon Hausner, the Israeli attorney general, acted as chief prosecutor. Gideon Hausner (גדעון האוזנר 26 September 1915 – 15 November 1990) was an Israeli jurist and politician The three judges sat high atop a plain dais. The building where the trial was held was the newly built auditorium called Beit Ha'am (House of the People). Eichmann sat inside a bulletproof glass booth, for his own safety. Bulletproof glass is a colloquial term for Glass that is particularly resistant to being penetrated when struck by Bullets Since manufacturing glass of usable

The legal basis of the charges against Eichmann was the 1950 "Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law". ^[21]

The trial caused huge international controversy as well as an international sensation. The Israeli government allowed news programs all over the world to broadcast the trial live with few restrictions. The trial began with various witnesses, including many Holocaust survivors, who testified against Eichmann and his role in transporting victims to the extermination camps. One key witness for the prosecution was an American judge named Michael A. Musmanno, who was a U.S. naval officer in 1945 who questioned the Nuremberg defendants. Michael Angelo Musmanno ( April 7, 1897 - October 12, 1968) was an United States jurist politician and naval officer The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after He testified that the late Hermann Göring "made it very clear that Eichmann was the man to determine, in what order, in what countries, the Jews were to die. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member "

When the prosecution rested, Eichmann's defense lawyers, Dr. Robert Servatius and Dieter Wechtenbruch, opened up the defense by explaining why they did not cross-examine any of the prosecution witnesses. Dr Robert Servatius b 1895 in Cologne, Germany - d 1988 in Cologne, Germany) was a 20th century German Lawyer. See Structure of policy debate for cross-examination in Policy debate. Eichmann himself, speaking in his own defense, said that he did not dispute the facts of what happened during the Holocaust. During the whole trial, Eichmann insisted that he was only "following orders" — the same defense used by some of the Nazi war criminals during the 1945–1946 Nuremberg Trials. The Nuremberg Defense is a Legal defense that essentially states that the defendant was " only following orders " ("Befehl ist Befehl" literally The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after He explicitly declared that he had abdicated his conscience in order to follow the Führerprinzip. Conscience is a hypothesized Ability or faculty that distinguishes whether our actions are right or wrong The, German for "leader principle" prescribes a system with a hierarchy of leaders that resembles a military structure Eichmann claimed that he was merely a "transmitter" with very little power. He testified that: "I never did anything, great or small, without obtaining in advance express instructions from Adolf Hitler or any of my superiors. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately "

Defense witnesses, all of them former high-ranking Nazis, were promised immunity and safe conduct from their German and Austrian homes to testify in Jerusalem for Eichmann's behalf. All of them refused to travel to Israel, but they sent court depositions. None of the depositions supported Eichmann's "following orders" defense, however. One deposition was from Otto Winkelmann, a former senior SS police leader in Budapest in 1944. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, He stated in his memo that "(Eichmann) had the nature of a subaltern, which means a fellow who uses his power recklessly, without moral restraints. A subaltern is a Military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning " Subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers He would certainly overstep his authority if he thought he was acting in the spirit of his commander (Adolf Hitler)". A former brigadier general in the German secret service named Franz Six said in his deposition that Eichmann was an absolute believer in National Socialism and would act to the most extreme of the party doctrine, and that Eichmann had greater power than other department chiefs. This article is about the form of gov policing For other meanings see Secret Service (disambiguation. Dr Franz Alfred Six ( August 12 1909 in Mannheim - July 9 1975 in Bolzano) was a Nazi official who was

After 14 weeks of testimony with more than 1,500 documents, 100 prosecution witnesses (90 of whom were Nazi concentration camp survivors) and dozens of defense depositions delivered by diplomatic couriers from 16 different countries, the Eichmann trial ended on August 14. At that point, the judges began deliberations in seclusion. On December 11, the three judges announced their verdict: Eichmann was convicted on all counts. On December 15, he was sentenced to death. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Eichmann appealed the verdict, mostly relying on legal arguments about Israel's jurisdiction and the legality of the laws under which he was charged. In Law, an appeal is a process for requesting a formal change to an official decision He also claimed that he was protected by the principle of "Acts of State" and repeated his "superior orders" defense. On May 29, 1962 Israel's Supreme Court, sitting as a Court of Criminal Appeal, rejected the appeal and upheld the District Court's judgment on all counts. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the On May 31, Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi turned down Eichmann's petition for mercy. Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (יצחק בן צבי ( November 24, 1884 &ndash April 23, 1963) was a historian Labor Zionist leader and the second A large number of prominent persons sent requests for clemency. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it ^[22] Ben-Zvi replied quoting a passage from the First Book of Samuel: "As your sword bereaved women, so will your mother be bereaved among women. The Books of Samuel ( Hebrew: Sefer Sh'muel ספר שמואל are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaism 's Hebrew Bible) and also of " (1 Samuel 15:33, Samuel's words to Agag, king of the Amalekites). Agag (ˈeɪɡæɡ (אגג was the king of the Amalekites mentioned by Balaam in Numbers xxiv According to the Book of Genesis and 1 Chronicles, Amalek ( Arabic, عماليق, was the son of Eliphaz and the grandson of ^[23]

Execution

Eichmann was hanged a few minutes after midnight on May 31, 1962, at Ramla prison. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Ramla (רַמְלָה Ramlāh; الرملة also Ramle and sometimes Rama) is a city in central Israel with a mixed Arab and This remains the only civil execution ever carried out in Israel, which has a general policy of not using the death penalty. Eichmann allegedly refused a last meal, preferring instead a bottle of Carmel, a dry red Israeli wine. The last meal is a customary part of a condemned prisoner's last day Carmel Winery is a Vineyard and Winery in Israel. Founded in 1882 by Edmond James de Rothschild, its products are exported to over 40 countries He consumed about half of the bottle. He also refused to don the traditional black hood for his execution.

According to an official account, there were two people who would pull the lever simultaneously, so neither would know for sure by whose hand Eichmann died. ^[24]

Eichmann's last words were, reportedly, "Long live Germany. Long live Austria. Long live Argentina. These are the countries with which I have been most closely associated and I shall not forget them. I had to obey the rules of war and my flag. I am ready. "^[25]

Shortly after the execution, Eichmann's body was cremated. Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire The next morning, his ashes were scattered at sea over the Mediterranean, in international waters. International waterways Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas This was to ensure that there could be no future memorial and that no nation would serve as his final resting place. ^[26]

Eichmann analysis

Since Eichmann's death, historians have speculated on certain facts regarding his life. The critical question is how responsible Eichmann was for the implementation of the Holocaust. Some argue that Eichmann knew exactly what he was doing, while others state that he was unfairly judged and that he was doing only his duty as a soldier. Eichmann's son, Rudolph, condemned his father's actions, and said he harbored no resentment toward Israel for executing his father. ^[27] Eichmann himself said he joined the SS not because he agreed or disagreed with its ethos, but because he needed to build a career. ^[28]

A third analysis came from political theorist Hannah Arendt, a Jew who fled Germany before Hitler's rise to power, and who reported on Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry In Eichmann in Jerusalem, a book formed by this reporting, Arendt concluded that, aside from a desire for improving his career, Eichmann showed no trace of an antisemitic personality or of any psychological damage to his character. Eichmann in Jerusalem A Report on the Banality of Evil is a book written by political theorist Hannah Arendt, originally published in 1963 Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility She called him the embodiment of the "Banality of Evil", as he appeared at his trial to have an ordinary and common personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred. The Banality of Evil is a phrase coined in 1963 by Hannah Arendt in her work Eichmann in Jerusalem. She suggested that this most strikingly discredits the idea that the Nazi criminals were manifestly psychopathic and different from ordinary people. Psychopathy ( is a psychological construct that describes chronic immoral and Antisocial behavior

Stanley Milgram, who interpreted Arendt's work as stating that even the most ordinary of people can commit horrendous crimes if placed in the right situation and given the correct incentives, wrote: "I must conclude that Arendt's conception of the banality of evil comes closer to the truth than one might dare imagine. Stanley Milgram ( August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was a Social psychologist at Yale "^[29] Arendt did not, however, suggest that Eichmann was normal or that any person placed in his situation would have done as he did. According to her account, Adolf Eichmann had abdicated his will to make moral choices, and thus his autonomy. Will, or willpower is a philosophical concept that is defined in several different ways Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government ^[30] Eichmann claimed he was just following orders, and that he was therefore respecting the duties of a "bureaucrat". Arendt thus argued that he had essentially forsaken the conditions of morality, autonomy and the ability to question orders (see Führerprinzip). The, German for "leader principle" prescribes a system with a hierarchy of leaders that resembles a military structure

In Becoming Eichmann, David Cesarani has claimed that Eichmann was in fact extremely anti-Semitic, and that these feelings were important motivators of his genocidal actions. David Cesarani (* 1956) is an English Historian who specialises in Jewish history especially The Holocaust. ^[31]

A footnote to Eichmann's SS career focuses on the point as to why he was never promoted to the rank of full SS-Colonel, known as Standartenführer. Standartenführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was used in both the S With Eichmann's record and responsibilities, he would have been a prime candidate for advancement. After 1941, however, his SS record contains no evidence that he was ever even recommended for another promotion.

John Zerzan first used the metaphor "Little Eichmann" in 1995. John Zerzan (born 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist Philosopher and author Little Eichmanns is a phrase coined by anarcho-primitivist John Zerzan to describe the complicity of those who participate in destructive and immoral systems The term was used again by Ward Churchill in his controversial essay about the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2 1947 is an American writer and political activist. Ward Churchill, former Ethnic studies professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder, wrote an essay in September The controversy surrounding the essay and his use of the phrase "Little Eichmanns" created notable media coverage throughout the U. S. for years after 2001.

Awards and decorations

• War Merit Cross 1st Class with Swords
• War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords

See also

• Joel Brand
• Command responsibility
• History of the Jews in Hungary
• Rudolf Kastner
• Emanuel Schäfer
• Rudolf Vrba

Notes

30 111274. blogspot

References

• Arendt, Hannah, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (1963) ISBN 0-14-018765-0
• David Cesarani, Eichmann: His Life and Crimes (2004) ISBN 0-434-01056-1
• Harry Mulisch, Case 40/61; report on the Eichmann trial (1963) ISBN 0-8122-3861-3
• Jochen von Lang, Eichmann Interrogated (1982) ISBN 0-88619-017-7
• Moshe Pearlman, The Capture of Adolf Eichmann, 1961. David Cesarani (* 1956) is an English Historian who specialises in Jewish history especially The Holocaust. Harry Mulisch (born July 29, 1927) is a Dutch author Along with W Eichmann Interrogated is a book containing selections from the pre-trial interrogation of high-ranking former Nazi official Adolf Eichmann. (cited in Hannah Arendt: Eichmann in Jerusalem, Penguin, 1994, p. 235) LCC DD247.E5 P39
• Pierre de Villemarest, Untouchable — Who protected Bormann & Gestapo Müller after 1945. The Library of Congress Classification ( LCC) is a system of Library classification developed by the Library of Congress. Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945 Heinrich Müller can refer to Heinrich Müller (Gestapo Heinrich Müller (physiologist . . , Aquilion, 2005, ISBN 1-904997-02-3 (Gestapo Müller was one of the chiefs of Adolf Eichmann)
• Hanna Yablonka (Ora Cummings trans. Hanna Yablonka ( Hebrew: חנה יבלונקה born 1950 is an Israeli historian and scholar of the Holocaust. ) (2004). The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann (New York: Schocken Books) ISBN 0805241876
• Zvi Aharoni, Wilhelm Dietl: Der Jäger – Operation Eichmann, DVA GmbH, 1996, ISBN 3-421-05031-7
• My Role in Operation Eichmann. Tuviah Friedman Institute of Documentation. Zvi Aharoni was an Israeli Mossad agent who was instrumental in the capture of Adolf Eichmann. Tuviah Friedman is a retired Nazi hunter and director of the Institute for the Documentation of Nazi War Crimes in Haifa, Israel. Israel

External links

• Biography of Adolf Eichmann The History Place
• CIA papers: U.S. failed to pursue Nazi War Criminal Adolf Eichmann
• BBC: Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal
• The Capture of Adolf Eichmann from the Jewish Virtual Library
• Declassified CIA names file on Adolf Eichmann - Provided by the National Security Archive
• Eichmann trial: The complete transcripts - Provided by the Nizkor Project
• Authority After Adolph Eichmann and the Endlösung
• Eichmann Prosecutor Interview: A Conversation with Justice Gabriel Bach, Senior Prosecutor in the Adolf Eichmann Trial
• Postwar Germany, the Vatican and CIA shielded Eichmann, World Socialist Web Site
• Scott Shane: CIA Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show (New York Times, 7 June 2006)
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Adolf Eichmann
• Works by or about Adolf Eichmann in libraries (WorldCat catalog)