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For the publicly-protected park in northeastern New York, which includes the Adirondack Mountains, see Adirondack Park. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Adirondack Park is a publicly-protected area located in northeast New York.
Adirondack Mountains
Range
none Lake Placid, in the Adirondack region.
Lake Placid, in the Adirondack region.
Country United States
State New York
Highest point Mount Marcy
 - elevation 5,344 ft (1,629 m)
 - coordinates 44°06′45″N 73°55′26″W / 44.1125, -73.92389
Orogeny Grenville Orogeny
Period Tonian
Map of the main regions of the northeast Appalachians.
Map of the main regions of the northeast Appalachians. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The Grenville orogeny was an episode of mountain-building ( Orogeny) associated with the assembly of the ancient Supercontinent Rodinia. The Tonian (from Greek tonas, "stretch" is the first Geologic period in the Neoproterozoic Era and lasted from
A mountaineer near the peak of Basin Mountain.
A mountaineer near the peak of Basin Mountain.

The Adirondack Mountains are a mountain range located in the northeastern part of New York, that runs through Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, Saint Lawrence, Saratoga, Warren, and Washington counties. A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Clinton County is a County located in the US state of New York. Essex County is a County located in the US state of New York. Franklin County is a County located in the US state of New York. Fulton County is a County located in the US state of New York. Hamilton County is a County located in the US state of New York. Herkimer County is a County located in the US state of New York. Lewis County is a County located in the US state of New York. St Lawrence County is a County located in the US state of New York. Saratoga County is a County located in the US state of New York. Warren County is a County in the US state of New York. It is part of the Glens Falls New York Metropolitan Statistical Area Washington County is a County located in the US state of New York.

The mountains are often included by geographers in the Appalachian Mountains, but they are geologically more similar to the Laurentian Mountains of Canada. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. The Laurentian Mountains (French Laurentides) are a Mountain range in southern Quebec, Canada, north of the St Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [1] They are bordered on the east by Lake Champlain and Lake George, which separate them from the Green Mountains in Vermont. Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States Lake George, nicknamed the Queen of American Lakes, is a long narrow Lake at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains, northern New York The Green Mountains are a Mountain range in the US state of Vermont. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. They are bordered to the south by the Mohawk Valley, and to the west by the Tug Hill Plateau, separated by the Black River. The Mohawk Valley ( Yenęˀná•ˀna•č in Tuscarora) region of the U The Tug Hill Plateau is an upland region in upstate New York in the USA, famous for heavy winter snow. The Black River is a blackwater River that empties into the eastern end of Lake Ontario on the shore of Jefferson County New York in the This region is south of the Saint Lawrence River. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway

Contents

Land

State park

The Adirondack Mountains are contained within the 6. 1 million acres (25,000 km²) of the Adirondack Park, which includes a constitutionally-protected Forest Preserve of approximately 2. The Adirondack Park is a publicly-protected area located in northeast New York. New York 's Forest Preserve is all the land owned by the state within the Adirondack and Catskill parks managed by its Department of Environmental 3 million acres (9,300 km²). About 43% of the land is owned by the state, with 57% private inholdings, heavily regulated by the Adirondack Park Agency. An inholding is privately owned land inside the boundary of a National park, National forest, State park, or similar publicly owned Protected The Adirondack Park Agency (APA was created in 1971 by New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller as a governmental agency that performs long-range planning for the [2] The Adirondack Park contains thousands of streams, brooks and lakes, most famously Lake Placid, adjacent to the village of Lake Placid, two-time site of the Olympic Winter Games, the Saranac Lakes, favored by the sportsmen who made the Adirondacks famous, and Raquette Lake, site of many of the first Great Camps. The body of water called Lake Placid is in the Adirondack Mountains in upstate New York in the USA. Lake Placid is a Village in the Adirondack Mountains in Essex County, New York, United States. The Winter Olympic Games are a winter Multi-sport event held every four years Raquette Lake is the source of the Raquette River in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. Great camps refer to the grandiose family compounds of cabins that were built in the latter half of the nineteenth century on lakes in the Adirondacks such as Spitfire

Mountains

Mill Pond, Long Lake Road.
Mill Pond, Long Lake Road.

The Adirondacks do not form a connected range, but is an eroded dome consisting of many summits, isolated or in groups, often with little apparent order. There are over one hundred summits, ranging from under 1200 to over 5000 feet (370 m to 1500 m) in altitude; the highest peak, Mount Marcy (sometimes also called Tahawus, although that was never its true name), at 5344 ft (1629 m), is near the eastern part of the group.

Other noted High Peaks include:

High peaks

Main article: Adirondack High Peaks

Forty-six of the tallest mountains are considered "the 46" Adirondack High Peaks — those over 4,000 ft (1,219 m), thanks to a survey done around the start of the 20th century. The High Peaks is the name for the 46 highest Mountain peaks in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, USA, and the region around them The High Peaks is the name for the 46 highest Mountain peaks in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, USA, and the region around them Since then, better surveys have shown that four of these peaks (Blake Peak, Cliff Mountain, Nye Mountain, and Couchsachraga Peak) are in fact just under 4,000 ft, and one peak just over 4,000 ft (MacNaughton Mountain) was overlooked. Blake Peak (or Blake Mountain) is a Mountain located in Essex County, New York. Cliff Mountain is a Mountain located in Essex County, New York. Nye Mountain is a Mountain located in Essex County, New York, named after William B Couchsachraga Peak is a Mountain located in Essex County, New York. MacNaughton Mountain is a Mountain located in Essex County, New York, named after James MacNaughton (1851–1905 the grandson of Archibald McIntyre

There are many fans of the Adirondack Mountains who make an effort to climb all of the original 46 mountains (and most go on to climb MacNaughton as well), and there is a Forty Sixers club for those who have successfully reached each of these peaks. The Adirondack Forty-Sixers are an organization of Hikers who have climbed all forty-six of the traditionally recognized High Peaks of the Adirondack Twenty of the 46 remain trailless, so climbing them requires bushwhacking or following herd paths to the top.

Geology and physiography

The Adirondack Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian physiographic division. The physiographic regions of the world are a means of defining the Earth's landforms into distinct regions based upon Nevin Fenneman 's classic three-tiered approach of divisions The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. [3]

The mountains consist primarily of metamorphic rocks, mainly gneiss, surrounding a central core of intrusive igneous rocks, most notably anorthosite, in the high peaks region. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change Gneiss (ˈnaɪs is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally In Geology, an intrusion is a body of Igneous rock that has Crystallized from molten Magma below the surface of the Earth. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Anorthosite (æˈnɔrθəsaɪt/ /ə- is a Phaneritic, Intrusive Igneous rock characterized by a predominance of Plagioclase Feldspar These crystalline rocks are a lobe of the Precambrian Grenville Basement rock complex and represent the southernmost extent of the Canadian Shield,[4] a cratonic expression of igneous and metamorphic rock 880 million to 1 billion years in age that covers most of eastern and northern Canada and all of Greenland. The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current Basement or Basement Rock music was a sub-genre coined in 2006 in an article by music magazine TGR The Canadian Shield &mdash also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien (French &mdash is a large geological shield covered by A craton ( Greek kratos / κρἀτος ( neut. "strength" is an old and stable part of the Continental crust that has survived Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Although the rocks are ancient, the uplift that formed the Adirondack dome has occurred within the last 5 million years — relatively recent in geologic time — and is ongoing. The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other The dome itself is roughly circular, approximately 160 miles (260 km) in diameter and about one mile (1. 6 km) high. The uplift is almost completely surrounded by Palaeozoic strata which lap up on the sides of the underlying basement rocks. The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" In Geology and related fields a stratum (plural strata) is a layer of rock or Soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes [1]

The rate of uplift in the Adirondack dome is the subject of some debate, but in order to have the rocks which constitute the Adirondacks rise from the depth where they were formed to their present height, within the last 20 million years, an uplift rate of 1-3mm a year is required. [5] This rate is greater than the rate of erosion in the region today and is considered a fairly high rate of movement. Earthquakes in the region have exceeded 5 on the Richter scale.

The mountains form the drainage divide between the Hudson watershed and the Great Lakes Basin/St. Lawrence River watershed. The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami The Great Lakes Basin consists of the Great Lakes and the surrounding lands of the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway On the south and south-west the waters flow either directly into the Hudson, which rises in the center of the group, or else reach it through the Mohawk River. The Mohawk River is a long River in the US state of New York. On the north and east the waters reach the St. Lawrence by way of Lakes George and Champlain, and on the west they flow directly into that stream or reach it through Lake Ontario. Lake George, nicknamed the Queen of American Lakes, is a long narrow Lake at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains, northern New York Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. The tiny Lake Tear-of-the-Clouds, nestled in the heart of the High Peaks area between Mt. Lake Tear of the Clouds ( is a small tarn, in Essex County New York, on the southwest slope of Mount Marcy; it is both the highest lake in the state and Marcy and Skylight, is considered to be the source of the mighty Hudson. The most important streams within the area are the Hudson, Black, Oswegatchie, Grasse, Raquette, Saranac, Schroon and Ausable River rivers. The Black River is a blackwater River that empties into the eastern end of Lake Ontario on the shore of Jefferson County New York in the The Oswegatchie River enters the Saint Lawrence River at the City of Ogdensburg. The Grasse River is a River in northern New York, in the United States. The Raquette River, sometimes spelled Racquette, originates at Raquette Lake in the Adirondack Mountains in New York. Saranac River is a River in the US state of New York. In its upper reaches is a region of mostly flat water and lakes The Schroon River is a river in the Southern Adirondack Mountains of New York, beginning at the confluence of Crowfoot Brook and New Pond Brook in Underwood The Ausable River (ɔːˈseɪbəl originally written as " Au Sable " runs in the U

The region was once covered, with the exception of the higher summits, by the Laurentian Glacier, whose erosion, while perhaps having little effect on the larger features of the country, has greatly modified it in detail, producing lakes and ponds, whose number is said to exceed 1300, and causing many falls and rapids in the streams. The Laurentide Ice Sheet was a massive sheet of ice that covered hundreds of thousands of square miles including most of Canada and a large portion of the northern Among the larger lakes are Lake George, The Fulton Chain, the Upper and Lower Saranac, Big and Little Tupper, Schroon, Placid, Long, Raquette and Blue Mountain. The Fulton Chain Lakes are a string of eight Lakes located in the Adirondack Park in upstate New York in the United States of America. Saranac Lake is a Village located in the state of New York, United States. Saranac Lake is a Village located in the state of New York, United States. Tupper Lake is a Lake in New York in the USA. The lake is in the Adirondack Park and crosses the county lines of St Tupper Lake is a Lake in New York in the USA. The lake is in the Adirondack Park and crosses the county lines of St Schroon is a Town in the Adirondack Park, in Essex County, New York, United States. The body of water called Lake Placid is in the Adirondack Mountains in upstate New York in the USA. Raquette Lake is the source of the Raquette River in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. This article is about Blue Mountain Lake Arkansas for Blue Mountain Lake NY, click here Blue Mountain Lake is a Lake in Arkansas, The region known as the Adirondack Wilderness, or the Great North Woods, embraces between 5000 and 6000 square miles (13,000 km² and 16,000 km²) of mountain, lake, plateau and forest. The Great North Woods are spread across four northeastern US states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New York and into the

Mining was once a significant industry in the Adirondacks. The region is rich in magnetic iron ores, which were mined for many years. Other mineral products are graphite, garnet used as an abrasive, pyrite, wollastonite, and zinc ore. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. The garnet group includes a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 There is also a great quantity of titanium, which was mined extensively. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22

Naming, spelling and pronunciation

The mountains were given the name 'Adirondacks' in 1838 by Ebenezer Emmons; the name is sometimes spelled Adirondaks, without a c. Ebenezer Emmons (1799-1863 American Geologist, was born at Middlefield Massachusetts, on the 16th of May 1799 son of Ebenezer and Mary (Mack Emmons Some of the place names in the vicinity of Lake Placid have peculiar phonetic spellings attributed to Melville Dewey, who was a principal influence in developing that town and the Lake Placid Club. Melvil Dewey (1851 &ndash 1931 was an American Librarian, Educator, and the Inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification system for Library The Lake Placid Club was a social and recreation club founded in 1895 in Lake Placid New York. The Adirondak Loj (pronounced lodge), a popular hostel and trailhead run by the Adirondack Mountain Club in the high peaks region, is one example. Adirondak Loj is a historic lodge near Lake Placid in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. The Adirondack Mountain Club (ADK is a Nonprofit organization founded in 1922

More interesting is the meaning of the word 'Adirondacks. ' It is an Anglicized version of the Mohawk latilontaks (ratirontaks), meaning they eat bark, a derogatory name which the Mohawk historically applied to neighboring Algonquian-speaking tribes. When food was scarce, the Algonquians would eat the inside of the bark of the white pine. The Mohawk word is composed of several morphemes, as is usual in the language: lati, a third-person plural masculine agent prefix; lonta, an incorporated noun root for 'bark'; k, a verbal root for 'eat'; s, an active state aspect suffix.

The word carries stress on the third syllable: [ədɪˈɾɔndəks]. A common nickname for the area is 'the Dax'.

Tourism and recreation

Ski jumps.
Ski jumps.
Tupper Lake Country Club.
Tupper Lake Country Club.
Adirondack Style Bench.
Adirondack Style Bench.

The mountain peaks are usually rounded and easily scaled. There used to be many railroads in the region but most are no longer functioning. The surface of many of the lakes lies at an elevation above 1500 ft (450 m); their shores are usually rocky and irregular, and the wild scenery within their vicinity has made them very attractive to tourists. Cabins, hunting lodges, villas and hotels are numerous. The resorts most frequented are in and around Lake Placid, Lake George, Saranac Lake, Schroon Lake and the St. Lake Placid is a Village in the Adirondack Mountains in Essex County, New York, United States. Lake George, nicknamed the Queen of American Lakes, is a long narrow Lake at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains, northern New York Saranac Lake is a Village located in the state of New York, United States. Schroon is a Town in the Adirondack Park, in Essex County, New York, United States. Regis Lakes.

Although the climate during the winter months can be severe, with absolute temperatures sometimes falling below −30 °F (−35 °C) pre wind chill, a number of sanatoriums were located there in the early 1900s because of the positive effect the air had on tuberculosis patients. A sanatorium (also sanitorium, sanitarium) is a medical facility for long-term illness typically Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common The heavily forested region is the most southerly distribution of the boreal forest or taiga in the North American continent. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests The forests of the Adirondacks include spruce, pine and broad-leafed trees. Spruce refers to Trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of Coniferous Evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. Lumbering, once an important industry, has been much restricted since the establishment of the State Park in 1892.

Hunting and fishing are allowed in the Adirondack Park, although in many places there are strict regulations. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Because of these regulations, the large tourist population has not overfished the area, and as such, the brooks, rivers, ponds and lakes are well stocked with trout and black bass. Trout is the common name given to a number of Species of Freshwater Fish belonging to the Salmonidae family Micropterus ( Lacépède, 1802) is a Genus of Freshwater Fish in the sunfish family (family Centrarchidae In Adirondack Park, approximately 260 species of birds have been recorded, of which over 170 breed here. Because of its unique taiga habitat, the park has many breeding birds not found in most areas of New York and other mid-Atlantic states, such as Boreal Chickadees, Gray Jays, Bicknell's Thrushes, Spruce Grouse, Philadelphia Vireos, Rusty Blackbirds, American Three-toed Woodpeckers, Black-backed Woodpeckers, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Bay-breasted Warblers, Mourning Warblers, Common Loons and the crossbills. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Boreal Chickadee ( Poecile hudsonicus, formerly Parus hudsonicus) is a small Songbird, a Passerine Bird in the The Gray Jay, Perisoreus canadensis, is a member of the crow and jay family ( Corvidae) found in the Boreal forests across North America The Bicknell's Thrush, Catharus bicknelli, is a medium-sized thrush. The Spruce Grouse, Dendragapus canadensis, is a medium-sized Grouse. The Philadelphia Vireo, Vireo philadelphicus, is a small Songbird. The Rusty Blackbird, Euphagus carolinus, is a medium-sized blackbird. The American Three-toed woodpecker, Picoides dorsalis is a medium-sized Woodpecker ( family Picidae) The Black-backed Woodpecker ( Picoides arcticus) is a medium-sized Woodpecker inhabiting the forests of North America. The Ruby-crowned Kinglet ( Regulus calendula) is a very small Songbird of the Kinglet family Regulidae native to North America. The Bay-breasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea, is a New World warbler. The Mourning Warbler, Oporornis philadelphia, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family The Great Northern Diver, known in North America as the Common Loon ( Gavia immer) is a large member of the Loon, or diver Family The crossbills are birds in the Finch family Fringillidae. The three to five (or possibly many more species are all classified in the genus Loxia

At the head of Lake Placid stands Whiteface Mountain, from whose summit one of the finest views of the Adirondacks can be obtained. Two miles (3 km) southeast of this lake, at North Elba, is the old farm of the abolitionist John Brown, which contains his grave and is frequented by visitors. North Elba is a Town in Essex County, New York, United States. John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery Lake Placid outflow is a major contributor to the Ausable River, which for a part of its course flows through a rocky chasm 100 feet to 175 feet (30 m to 53 m) deep and rarely more than 30 ft (10 m) wide. The Ausable River (ɔːˈseɪbəl originally written as " Au Sable " runs in the U At the head of the Ausable Chasm are the Rainbow Falls, where the stream makes a vertical leap of 70 ft (20 m). Ausable Chasm is a Sandstone Gorge located in Keeseville, New York.

Another impressive feature of the Adirondacks is Indian Pass, a gorge about between Algonquin and Wallface Mountains. The latter is a majestic cliff rising several hundred feet from the pass. Keene Valley, in the center of the High Peaks, is another picturesque region, presenting a pleasing combination of peaceful valley and rugged hills.

July 4th, 2006, marked the dedication and opening celebration of The Wild Center/Natural History Museum of the Adirondacks. The 30 million dollar facility is in Tupper Lake, NY. The new museum, designed by the firm that built the Air & Space Museum in Washington, DC, has extensive exhibits about the natural history of the region. Many of the exhibits are live, including otters, birds, fish and porcupines. The Museum has trails to a river and pond on its campus.

History

Algonquian and Mohawk Indians used the Adirondacks for hunting and travel, but they had no settlements in the area. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America Samuel de Champlain sailed up the Saint Lawrence and Rivière des Iroquois near what would become Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain in 1609, and thus may have been the first European to encounter the Adirondacks. Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer The Richelieu River is a river in Quebec, Canada. It flows from Lake Champlain about 171 km (106 miles north ending into the St Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States Jesuit missionaries and French trappers were among the first Europeans to visit the region, as early as 1642.

Part of the French and Indian War (1754-1763) was played out on the edge of the Adirondacks. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The British built Fort William Henry on the south end of Lake George in 1755; the French countered by building Fort Carillon on the north end, which was renamed Fort Ticonderoga after it was captured by the British. The British Fort William Henry on the shores of Lake George, New York (NY was built during the French and Indian War ( 1754 - Lake George, nicknamed the Queen of American Lakes, is a long narrow Lake at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains, northern New York Fort Ticonderoga is a large Eighteenth-century Fort built at a strategically important narrows in Lake Champlain where a short traverse gives access In 1757, French General Montcalm, captured Fort William Henry. Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon Marquis de Saint-Veran ( February 28, 1712 &ndash September 14, 1759) was the commander of the French The British Fort William Henry on the shores of Lake George, New York (NY was built during the French and Indian War ( 1754 -

Adirondack guides (standing) and their sports.
Adirondack guides (standing) and their sports.

At the end of the 18th century rich iron deposits were discovered in the Champlain Valley, precipitating land clearing, settlement and mining in that area, and the building of furnaces and forges. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 The Champlain Valley is a region of the United States around Lake Champlain in Vermont and New York. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body A growing demand for timber pushed loggers deeper into the wilderness. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Millions of pine, spruce, and hemlock logs were cut and floated down the area's many rivers to mills built on the edges. This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. Spruce refers to Trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of Coniferous Evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae Tsuga (from ツガ ja 栂 the name for Tsuga sieboldii) is a genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. Logging continued slowly but steadily into the interior of the mountains throughout the 19th century and farm communities developed in many of the river valleys.

The area wasn't formally named the Adirondacks until 1837; an English map from 1761 labels it simply "Deer Hunting Country. " Serious exploration of the interior did not occur until after 1870; the headwaters of the Hudson River at Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy were not discovered until more than fifty years after the discovery of the headwaters of the Columbia River in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia. The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Lake Tear of the Clouds ( is a small tarn, in Essex County New York, on the southwest slope of Mount Marcy; it is both the highest lake in the state and The Columbia River (known as The Canadian Rockies comprise the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains range. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C

One consequence of the American Civil War was that many people who might otherwise never have left their home town got to see a great deal of the country; as a result, interest in outdoor life and adventure travel became commonplace. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Although sportsmen had always shown some interest in the Adirondacks, the publication of William H. H. Murray's Adventures in the Wilderness; Or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks in 1869 started a flood of tourists to the area, leading to a rash of hotel building and the development of stage coach lines. William Henry Harrison Murray (1840 – 1904 also known as Adirondack Murray, was a clergyman and author of an influential series of articles and books which popularized the For other meanings see Stagecoach (disambiguation. A stagecoach (also called diligence) is a type of four-wheeled enclosed Thomas Clark Durant, who had helped to build the Union Pacific railroad, acquired a large tract of central Adirondack land and built a railroad from fashionable Saratoga Springs to North Creek. Dr Thomas Clark Durant, 1820&ndash1885 was an American financier and railroad promoter Saratoga Springs is a City in Saratoga County, New York, USA. North Creek is a hamlet in the Adirondack Park, in the town of Johnsburg, in Warren County, New York, United States By 1875 there were more than two hundred hotels in the Adirondacks, some of them with several hundred rooms; the most famous was Paul Smith's Hotel. Paul Smith's Hotel, formally known as the Saint Regis House was founded in 1859 by Apollos (Paul Smith in the town of Brighton Franklin County New York in About this time, the "Great Camps" of the Adirondacks evolved near Raquette Lake, where William West Durant, son of Thomas C. Great camps refer to the grandiose family compounds of cabins that were built in the latter half of the nineteenth century on lakes in the Adirondacks such as Spitfire William West Durant (1850 &ndash 1934 was a designer and developer of camps in the Adirondack Great Camp style including Camp Pine Knot and Sagamore Durant, built luxurious compounds. Two of them, Camp Pine Knot and Sagamore Camp, both near Raquette Lake, have been designated as National Historic Landmarks, as has Santanoni Preserve, near Newcomb, NY. Sagamore Camp is one of several historic Great Camps located in the Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State, which were built for the super-rich Raquette Lake is the source of the Raquette River in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. The Santanoni Preserve, once a private estate of some 13000 acres (53 km² in the Adirondack Mountains, now is the property of the State of New York at Newcomb New York Newcomb is a Town in Essex County, New York, United States. The population was 481 at the 2000 census Camps Sagamore and Santanoni are open to the public seasonally.

An Adirondack guide (left) and his sport.
An Adirondack guide (left) and his sport.

Romanticism had also played a part in popularizing the area, as mountains previously seen as dreaded and forbidding were celebrated by the Romantics. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Part of James Fenimore Cooper's 1826 The Last of the Mohicans: A narrative of 1757 is set in the Adirondacks. James Fenimore Cooper (September 15 1789 &ndash September 14 1851 was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century Frederic Remington canoed the Oswegatchie River, and William James Stillman, painter and journalist, spent the summer of 1857 painting near Raquette Lake. Frederic Sackrider Remington ( October 4, 1861 - December 26, 1909) was an American painter, Illustrator, The Oswegatchie River enters the Saint Lawrence River at the City of Ogdensburg. William James Stillman ( June 1, 1828 – July 6, 1901) United States was an American painter journalist and photographer Raquette Lake is the source of the Raquette River in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. The next year he returned with a group of friends to a spot on Follensby Pond that became known as the Philosophers Camp. The group included James Russell Lowell, Louis Agassiz, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.'s brother John. James Russell Lowell (February 22 1819 – August 12 1891 was an American Romantic poet critic editor and Diplomat. Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz ( May 28 1807 — December 14 1873) was a Swiss - American Zoologist, Glaciologist Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr ( March 8, 1841 &ndash March 6, 1935) was an American Jurist who served on the Supreme

In 1873 Verplanck Colvin developed a report urging the creation of a state forest preserve covering the entire Adirondack region, based on the need to preserve the watershed as a water source for the Erie Canal, which was vital to New York's economy at the time. Verplanck Colvin (1847&ndash1920 was a Lawyer and topographical engineer whose understanding and appreciation for the environment of the New York 's Forest Preserve is all the land owned by the state within the Adirondack and Catskill parks managed by its Department of Environmental A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The Erie Canal is a popular canal in New York state from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, approximately 360 miles connecting the Great Lakes In 1883 he was appointed superintendent of the New York state land survey, and in 1885 the Adirondack Forest Preserve was created, followed in 1892 by the Adirondack Park. When it became clear that the forces seeking to log and develop the Adirondacks would soon reverse the two measures through lobbying, environmentalists sought to amend the State Constitution. Lobbying includes all attempts to influence Legislators and officials whether by other legislators constituents or organized groups Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. In 1894, Article VII, Section 7, (renumbered in 1938 as Article XIV, Section 1)[6] of the New York State Constitution was adopted, which reads in part:

The lands of the State. . . shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold, or exchanged, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed or destroyed.

The restrictions on development and lumbering embodied in Article XIV have withstood many challenges from timber interests, hydropower projects, and large scale tourism development interests. [7] Further, the language of the article, and decades of legal experience in its defense, are widely recognized as having laid the foundation for the U.S. National Wilderness Act of 1964. The Wilderness Act of 1964 ( was written by Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society. As a result of the legal protections, many pieces of the original forest of the Adirondacks have never been logged: they are old growth. [8]

The Adirondack Mountains from the top of Whiteface Mountain.
The Adirondack Mountains from the top of Whiteface Mountain.

See also

Knollwood Club, a Great Camp on Lower Saranac Lake.
Knollwood Club, a Great Camp on Lower Saranac Lake. Knollwood Club is an Adirondack Great Camp on Shingle Bay Lower Saranac Lake, near the village of Saranac Lake New York. Great camps refer to the grandiose family compounds of cabins that were built in the latter half of the nineteenth century on lakes in the Adirondacks such as Spitfire Lower Saranac Lake is one of three connected lakes part of the Saranac River, near the village of Saranac Lake in the Adirondacks in northern New

References

  1. ^ a b Isachsen, Yngvar W. (Editor) (2000), The Geology of New York: A Simplified Account. New York State Museum Press. See also The Andirondack Mountains: New Mountains From Old Rocks
  2. ^ Adirondack Park Agency
  3. ^ Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S.. U. S. Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2007-12-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
  4. ^ http://www.nygeo.org/ny_geo.html Physical Geography of New York
  5. ^ Adirondack 1995 GPS Results
  6. ^ McMartin, Barbara (1994), “Introduction”, in McMartin, Barbara & Long, James McMartin, Celebrating the Constitutional Protection of the Forest Preserve: 1894-1994, Silver Bay, New York: Symposium Celebrating the Constitutional Protection of the Forest Preserve, pp. 9-10 
  7. ^ Woodworth, Neil F. (1994), “Recreational Use of the Forest Preserve under the Forever Wild Clause”, in McMartin, Barbara & Long, James McMartin, Celebrating the Constitutional Protection of the Forest Preserve: 1894-1994, Silver Bay, New York: Symposium Celebrating the Constitutional Protection of the Forest Preserve, pp. 27-37 
  8. ^ McMartin, Barbara (1994), The Great Forest of the Adirondacks, Utica, New York: North Country Books, ISBN 0-925168-29-7 

Sources

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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