This article is part of the series on: History of the Assyrian people Early history Ancient Assyria (20th - 10th c. The Assyrian people ( Aramaic: Āṯūrāyē; Akkadian: Aššūrāyu) are descended from the ancient Assyrians of Mesopotamia The Assyrian people ( Aramaic: Āṯūrāyē; Akkadian: Aššūrāyu) are descended from the ancient Assyrians of Mesopotamia Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture BC) Aramaeans (14th - 9th c. The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group BC) Neo-Assyrian Empire (911 - 612 BC) Achaemenid Assyria (539 - 330 BC) Osroene (132 BC - 244 AD) Roman Syria (64 BC - 637 AD) Adiabene (15 - 116 AD) Roman Assyria (116 - 118) Asuristan (226 - 651) Syriac Christianity Syriac Christianity (since 325) Nestorian Schism (5th c. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC "Aturia" redirects here For the Fossil Nautilus Genus, see Aturia (cephalopod. Osroene (also spelled Osrohene, Osrhoene; Syriac:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܥܣܪܐ ܥܝܢܐ Malkuṯā d-Bēt ʿŌsrā ʿĪnē Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic Assyria was one of three provinces (Armenia Mesopotamia and Assyria created by the Roman emperor Trajan in 116 C Asuristan ( Assyria) was a province of the Sassanid Empire ( 226 &ndash 651) Syriac Christianity is a culturally and linguistically distinctive community within Eastern Christianity. The Nestorian Schism was the split between the Byzantine church of the West and the Assyrian church of the East in the 5th century. ) Emirs of Mosul (905-1383) Principality of Antioch (1098-1268) Ottoman Empire (1534-1917) Rise of nationalism Modern History Assyrian Genocide (1914-1920) Assyrian diaspora Independence movement (since 1919) Simele massacre (1933) Post-Saddam Iraq (since 2003)

Map showing kingdoms of Corduene and Adiabene in the first centuries CE. This is a list of the rulers of the Iraqi city of Mosul. Emirs Hamdanid Dynasty Abu'l-Haija 'Abdullah 905-929 The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade The Assyrian people ( Aramaic: Āṯūrāyē; Akkadian: Aššūrāyu) are descended from the ancient Assyrians of Mesopotamia The term Assyrianism or Assyrian nationalism refers to a variant of Syriac Christian Nationalism, which originated in the 19th century and is The Assyrian Genocide (also known as Sayfo or Seyfo; Aramaic: ܩܛܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ or ܣܝܦܐ Since World War I, the Assyrian diaspora has steadily increased so that there are now more Assyrians living in western and eastern Europe, North America The Assyrian independence (also known as the Assyrian Question) is a Political movement and Ideology that supports the creation of an Assyrian homeland The Simele massacre ( Syriac: syr ܦܪܡܬܐ ܕܣܡܠܐ Premta d-Simele) was the first of many massacres committed by the Corduene (also known as Gorduene, Cordyene, Cardyene, Carduene, Gordyene, Gordyaea, Korduene, Korchayk
The blue line shows the expedition and then retreat of the Ten Thousand through Corduene in 401 BC. The Ten Thousand were a group of Mercenary units mainly Greek, drawn up by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire Events By place Persian empire Cyrus the Younger uses a quarrel with Tissaphernes over the Ionian cities as a pretext

Adiabene (from the Greek: Αδιαβηνή, Adiabene, itself derived from Aramaic ܚܕܝܐܒ, Ḥaḏy’aḇ or Ḥḏay’aḇ)^[1] was an ancient Assyrian semi-independent kingdom in Mesopotamia,^[2][3][4] with its capital at Arbela (modern-day Arbil, Iraq). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Aramaic is a Semitic language with The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Arbil (also written Erbil or Irbil; BGN: Arbīl; Kurdish: هه‌ولێر Hewlêr For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Its rulers converted to Judaism in the 1st Century. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. ^[5] The Queen of Adiabene at the time of the conversion to Judaism, Queen Helena of Adiabene, moved for a time to Jerusalem. Helena was queen of Adiabene and wife of Monobaz I. With her husband she was the mother of Izates II and Monobaz II. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the There she built palaces for herself and her sons, Izates bar Monobaz and Monobaz II at the northern part of the city of David, south of the Temple Mount. Izates II or Izates bar Monobaz (also known as Izaates) (ca 1-55 CE was a Proselyte to Judaism who became King of the Parthian client Monobaz II or Monobaz bar Monobaz was the son of Helena of Adiabene and Monobaz I. The City of David, also known as the Ophel (העופל perhaps meaning "fortified hill" is the name of the narrow Promontory beyond the southern The Temple Mount ( הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit) also called the Noble Sanctuary ( الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram According to the Talmud, both Heleni and Monbaz donated large funds for the Temple of Jerusalem. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name

Location

Adiabene occupied a district in Mesopotamia between the Upper Zab River (Lycus) and the Lower Zab (Caprus), though Ammianus speaks of Nineveh, Ecbatana, and Gaugamela as also belonging to it. Amiricanus Gambilinus (325/330-after 391 was a fourth-century Roman historian. Nineveh ( Akkadian: Ninua; Aramaic: ܢܝܢܘܐ Hebrew נינוה Nīnewē; Arabic نينوى Naīnuwa) Ecbatana ( Old Persian: Haŋgmatana, written Agbatana in Aeschylus and Herodotus, Agámtanu by Nabonidos The Battle of Gaugamela (ˌgɔːgəˈmiːlə (Γαυγάμηλα took place in 331 BC between Alexander the Great of Macedonia and Darius III ^[6] Although nominally a dependency of the Parthian Empire, for some centuries, beginning with the first century BC, it was semi-independent. In the Talmudic writings the name occurs as חדייב ,חדייף and הדייב, which is parallel to its Syriac form "Hadyab" or "Hedayab. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language " Its chief city was Arbela (Arba-ilu), where Mar Uqba had a school, or the neighboring Hazzah, by which name the Arabs also called Arbela. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[7]

In Kiddushin 72a the Biblical Habor is identified with Adiabene (compare Yebamot 16b et seq. Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Khabur River (also Habur Habor Kebar Chebar Chaboras; Aramaic: ܚܒܘܪ, Kurdish: Çemê Xabûr, Turkish: Habur Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women , Yalqut Daniel 1064), but in Yerushalmi Megillah i. The Jerusalem Talmud or Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי often the Yerushalmi for short is a collection 71b with Riphath. Riphath (ree-fath- a crusher Gomer 's second son (Gen 103 1 Chronicles 16 supposed to have been the ancestor of the Paphlagonia. ^[8] In the Targum to Jeremiah li. A targum ( Hebrew: תרגום plural targumim, lit "translation interpretation" is an Aramaic Translation of the Hebrew Jeremiah ( jirmɛ'jahu; Septuagint Greek: Ἰερεμίας was one of the 'greater prophets ' of the Hebrew Bible. 27, Ararat, Mini, and Ashkenaz are paraphrased by Kordu, Harmini, and Hadayab, i. The Mini is a small car that was produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC and its successors from 1959 until 2000 Ashkenaz is Gomer 's first son brother of Riphath, and Togarmah (Gen e. , Corduene, Armenia, and Adiabene; while in Ezekiel xxvii. Corduene (also known as Gorduene, Cordyene, Cardyene, Carduene, Gordyene, Gordyaea, Korduene, Korchayk Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani According to religious texts Ezekiel ((יְחֶזְקֵאל Yehezkel, jəx 23 Harran, Caneh, and Eden are interpreted by the Aramaic translator as "Harwan, Nisibis, and Adiabene. Aramaic is a Semitic language with "

Population

Adiabene had a mixed population. In the account of Adiabene's conversion to Judaism in Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, the royal family and aristocracy all bear Hellenistic names, pointing to their origin as ruling class during the Seleucid Empire. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews ( Antiquitates Judaicae in Latin) was a work published by the important Jewish historian Flavius Josephus about the The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i The work also shows that there was a substantial Jewish population in the kingdom, which led to the establishment of a prominent rabbinic academy in Arbela. During the Sassanid era, Iranians came to the fore politically. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Adiabene was home to Christians, Zoroastrians and Manichees. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating The difficult mixing of cultures can be seen in the story of the martyrdom of Mahanuš, a prominent Iranian Zoroastrian who converted to Christianity. ^[9] In later times Adiabene became an archbishopric, with the seat of the metropolitan at Arbela. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or ^[10]

The Adiabene was the country between upper and lower Zab and that is the land of Kurds; and the Kurdish vocabulary does in fact contain numerous expressions which were borrowed directly from the old Semitic Iraq before the Arab period and which are foreign to all other Iranian dialects. ^[11]

After islamization of the area by invading Muslim Arabs, the Hadhabanis are recorded as inhabitants of the area, whom Arab geographers named al-’Akrād (الأکراد, Kurds). Hadhabani (also Hadhbani) was an 11th century Kurdish dynasty centered at Ushnu. According to Vladimir Minorsky, Hadhbani Kurds have been named after Adiabene. Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky (Владимир Фёдорович Минорский February 5 1877 - March 25 1966 was a highly respected Russian Orientalist ^[12]

(For subsequent history, see Arbil; Kurdish people, Assyrian people, Kurdistan). Arbil (also written Erbil or Irbil; BGN: Arbīl; Kurdish: هه‌ولێر Hewlêr The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes

History

Under the Achamenid Persian kings Adiabene seems for a time to have been a vassal state of the Persian Empire. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia At times the throne of Adiabene was held by a member of the Achamenid house; Ardashir III (361-338 BC), before he came to the throne of Persia, had the title "King of Hadyab". Ardashir III (c 621&ndash 27 April 630) was the twenty-fourth Sassanid King of Persia from 628 to 630 ^[13] The Ten Thousand, an army of Greek mercenaries, retreated through Adiabene on their march to the Black Sea after the Battle of Cunaxa. The Ten Thousand were a group of Mercenary units mainly Greek, drawn up by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in 401 BC between Cyrus the Younger and his elder brother Arsaces who had inherited the Persian throne as Artaxerxes The little kingdom may have had a series of native rulers nominally vassal to the Macedonian and later Seleucid empires. The Ancient Macedonians (Μακεδόνες Makedónes were an ancient tribe which inhabited the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axius, north The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i It later became one of the client kingdoms of the Parthian empire. During the first century BC and the first century AD, it gained a certain prominence under a series of kings descended from Izates I and his son Monobaz I. Izates I was king of Adiabene in the late first century BCE and father of Monobaz I. Monobaz I (also known as Bazeus or Monobazus) was king of the Parthian Client state of Adiabene in the 20s and 30s Monobaz I is known ot have been allied with king Abennerig of Characene, in whose court his son Izates bar Monobaz lived for a time and whose daughter Symacho Izates married, as well as the rulers of other small kingdoms on the periphery of the Parthian sphere of influence. Mesene redirects here For the Genus of Metalmark butterflies, see Mesene (butterfly. Izates II or Izates bar Monobaz (also known as Izaates) (ca 1-55 CE was a Proselyte to Judaism who became King of the Parthian client Symacho (fl early 1st c CE was the daughter of King Abinergaos I of Characene. A sphere of influence ( SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural economic military or political domination

Izates, the son of Monobaz I and his wife Helena of Adiabene, became a Jew. Helena was queen of Adiabene and wife of Monobaz I. With her husband she was the mother of Izates II and Monobaz II. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ His conversion to Judaism took place before he ascended the throne and while he lived in Charax Spasinu. A conversion to Judaism (גיור giyur) is a formal act undertaken by a non-Jewish person who wishes to be recognised as a full member of the Jewish community Charax Spasinu, or Charax Pasinu, Charax Spasinou (Χάρακα του Σπασίνου Alexandria (Greek Αλεξανδρία and Antiochia in At about the same time his mother, Helena, was also converted. The period was characterized by chaos in the Parthian empire, with a string of Parthian kings and counter-kings following each other in quick succession. Artabanus II of Parthia was king of Atropatene. Artabanus II of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire from about AD 10 to 38 Atropatene was the Seleucid -era Koine Greek name given to a kingdom established in the 4th century BCE and the nominal ancestor of the name ' Azerbaijan He had succeeded Vonones I, who, having been educated entirely at Rome, was unsympathetic toward the Parthians. Vonones I of Parthia (ΟΝΩΝΗΣ on his coins ruled the Parthian Empire from about 8 to 12 AD. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Artabanus soon had to flee to Hyrcania to escape from the rival king, Tiridates III. Hyrcania was the the name of a Satrapy located in the territories of present day Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan and part of Turkmenistan Tiridates may refer to;Parthia Tiridates I of Parthia (d 211 BC brother of Arsaces I Tiridates II of Parthia, ruled c He returned, however, in 36, and, being afraid of a conspiracy, took refuge at the court of Izates, who was powerful enough to induce the Parthians to reinstate Artabanus. For this service certain kingly honors were granted Izates, and the city of Nisibis was added to his dominions. Nusaybin ancient Nisibis, Nisibia Nisibin is a city in Mardin Province, southeastern Turkey populated by Turks, Aramean-Syriacs However, around 40, Gotarzes II, an adopted son of Artabanus, was raised to the throne by the nobles, in preference to Vardanes I, his half-brother. Gotarzes II of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire intermittently between about 40 and 51 Vardanes I of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire from about 40–47 In 49 Meherdates Mithridates, a son of Vonones, was sent from Rome by Claudius to take possession of the throne of Parthia. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to Izates played a double game, though he secretly sided with Gotarzes. A few years later, Vologeses I set out with the intention of invading Adiabene and of punishing Izates; but a force of Dacians and Scythians had just entered Parthia, and Vologeses had to return home. Vologases I of Parthia (in Persian Balash or Valakhsh ruled the Parthian Empire from about 51 to 78 The Dacians ( Lat Daci, Gr Dákai) were a Thracian people the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic

Izates was followed on the throne by his elder brother, Monobaz II. Monobaz II or Monobaz bar Monobaz was the son of Helena of Adiabene and Monobaz I. It is related that in the year 61 he sent a contingent of soldiers to Armenia to assist the Parthian candidate, Tiridates, against Tigranes, who had made an incursion into the territory of Adiabene. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Tiridates I ( Տրդատ Ա EA: Trdat I WA: Drtad I was King of Armenia beginning in AD 53 and the founder of the Arshakuni Dynasty Julius Tigranes, also known as Tigranes VI was among one of the Kings of Armenia who lived in the 1st century. The troops of Monobaz, however, were beaten back at Tigranocerta. Tigranakert ( Armenian: Տիգրանակերտ transliterated "Tigranakert" and also spelled "Dikranagerd" in Western Armenian; Latin Monobaz was present when peace was concluded at Rhandea between Parthia and Rome in the year 63. He later sent assistance to the Jews in their rebellion against Rome in the late 60's and early 70's AD.

The "Tomb of the Kings", built outside the walls of Jerusalem by Queen Helena in the mid first century AD. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the From a lithograph by William Henry Bartlett. William Henry Bartlett (born March 26 1809 &ndash September 13 1854) was a British Artist, best known for his numerous

The chief opponent of Trajan in Mesopotamia during the year 115 was the last king of independent Adiabene, Meharaspes. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Meharaspes ( Pers Mehrashapa) was the Parthian Client king of Adiabene in the early 2nd century CE He had made common cause with Ma'nu (Mannus) of Singar (Singara). Sinjar ( Kurdish: Şingar) is the name of a region and a town in northwestern Iraq 's Ninawa Governorate near the Syrian border Trajan invaded Adiabene, and made it part of the Roman province of Assyria; under Hadrian in 117,^[3] however, Rome gave up possession of Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Armenia. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after In the summer of 195 Septimus Severus was again warring in Mesopotamia, and in 196 three divisions of the Roman army fell upon Adiabene. Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) ( April 11 145 - February 4 211) was a Roman general and Roman Emperor According to Dio Cassius, Caracalla took Arbela in the year 216, and searched all the graves there, wishing to ascertain whether the Arsacid kings were buried there. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Many of the ancient royal tombs were destroyed.

As a province of Sassanid Persia

Despite the overthrow of the Parthians by the Sassanids, the feudatory dynasties remained royal to the Parthians, and resisted Sassanid advance into Adiabene and Atropatene. Atropatene was the Seleucid -era Koine Greek name given to a kingdom established in the 4th century BCE and the nominal ancestor of the name ' Azerbaijan Due to this, and religious differences, Adiabene was never regarded as an integral part of Iran, even though the Sassanids controlled it for several centuries. After the Roman empire declared Christianity its official religion, the inhabitants of Adiabene, who were Christians, sided with Christian Rome rather than the Zoroastrian Sassanids. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Byzantine empire sent many armies to the region during the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, but this did nothing to change the territorial boundaries. Adiabene remained a provinces of the Sassanid Empire until the Islamic conquests of Persia. The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656 led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual extirpation of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia ^[14]

Rulers of Adiabene

1. Izates I (c. Izates I was king of Adiabene in the late first century BCE and father of Monobaz I. 15 AD)
2. Bazeus Monobazus I (20?–30?)
3. Heleni (c. Monobaz I (also known as Bazeus or Monobazus) was king of the Parthian Client state of Adiabene in the 20s and 30s Helena was queen of Adiabene and wife of Monobaz I. With her husband she was the mother of Izates II and Monobaz II. 30–58)
4. Izates II bar Monobazus (c. Monobaz II or Monobaz bar Monobaz was the son of Helena of Adiabene and Monobaz I. 34–58)
5. Vologases (a Parthian rebel opposing Izates II) (c. 50)
6. Monobazus II bar Monobazus (58 – middle of the 70s)
7. Meharaspes (?–116)
8. To the Roman Empire (116–117)
9. Narsai (c. Monobaz II or Monobaz bar Monobaz was the son of Helena of Adiabene and Monobaz I. Meharaspes ( Pers Mehrashapa) was the Parthian Client king of Adiabene in the early 2nd century CE The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Adiabene (from the Αδιαβηνή Adiabene, itself derived from Aramaic syr ܚܕܝܐܒ Ḥaḏy’aḇ or Ḥḏay’aḇ) was 170–200)
10. unknown (200 – c. 310)
11. Aphraates (c. 310)
12. To the Sassanid Empire (226–649)

Bishops of Adiabene

1. Pkidha (104–114)
2. Semsoun (120–123)
3. Isaac (135–148)
4. Abraham (148–163)
5. Noh (163–179)
6. Habel (183–190)
7. Abedhmiha (190–225)
8. Hiran of Adiabene (225–258)
9. Saloupha (258–273)
10. Ahadabuhi (273–291)
11. Sri'a (291–317)
12. Iohannon (317–346)
13. Abraham (346–347)
14. Maran-zkha (347–376)
15. Soubhaliso (376–407)
16. Daniel (407–431)
17. Rhima (431–450)
18. Abbousta (450–499)
19. Joseph (499–511)
20. Huana (511–?)

References

Notes

• Brauer, E. , The Jews of Kurdistan, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1993.
• Solomon Grayzel, A History of the Jews ,New York: Mentor, 1968.
• Gottheil, Richard. "Adiabene". Jewish Encyclopedia. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906. ; which cites:

• Josephus, Jewish Antiquities xx. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews ( Antiquitates Judaicae in Latin) was a work published by the important Jewish historian Flavius Josephus about the 2, § 4;

• idem, Wars of the Jews. The Wars of the Jews (or The History of the ii. 19, § 2; iv. 9, § 11; v. 2, § 2; 3, § 3; 4, § 2; 6, § 1, noting that Josephus probably got his information from Adiabene Jews in Jerusalem (Von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften, iii. 4).

• Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, v. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. 66, vi. 44 et seq.
• Ammianus, History, xviii. Amiricanus Gambilinus (325/330-after 391 was a fourth-century Roman historian. 7, § 1; xxiii. 6, § 21
• Strabo, Geography, xvi. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. 745 et seq.
• Brüll, Adiabene, in Jahrbuch i. 58 et seq.
• Grätz, Heinrich, in Monatsschrift, 1877, xxvi. Heinrich Graetz ( October 31, 1817 - September 7, 1891) was amongst the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish 241 et seq. , 289 et seq.
• Von Gutschmid, Gesch. Irans, pp. 140 et seq.
• Schürer, Gesch. ii. 562.

External links

• Adiabene Was Assyrian, Not Kurdish
• Bishops of Adiabene
• History of Aramaic (includes references to Adiabene)
• University of Chicago
• Adiabene, Jewish Kingdom of Mesopotamia
• History of Christianity in Iran
• The forced conversion of the Jewish community of Persia and the beginnings of the Kurds
• The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East, American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 69, 1095-1112, 2001.
• The history of Judaism in Kurdistan.
• Josephus' Antiquities book 20 chapter 2: HOW HELENA THE QUEEN OF ADIABENE AND HER SON IZATES, EMBRACED THE JEWISH RELIGION
• "Assyria" at Livius.org
• "Arbela" at Livius.org
• Adiabene, Jewish Kingdom of Mesopotamia (different page see above)
• Info from Jewish Encyclopedia