Adenosine diphosphate
Identifiers
CAS number	[58-64-0]
PubChem	197
SMILES	Nc1ncnc2[n](cnc12)[C@@H]3O[C@H] (COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)([O-])=O)C(O)C3O
Properties
Molecular formula	C10H15N5O10P2
Molar mass	427. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 201
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Pyrophosphoric acid, also known under the name diphosphoric acid, is a syrupy liquid or a viscous off-white solid See also Adenosine triphosphate (ATP Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. In Chemistry, the Anion, the Salts and the Esters of Pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions A pentose is a Monosaccharide with five Carbon Atoms They either have an Aldehyde Functional group in position 1 ( aldopentoses Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Ribose (ɹˈaɪbəʊs ɹˈaɪbəɹʊs primarily seen as D-ribose, is an Aldopentose — a Monosaccharide containing five Carbon Structure The "skeleton" of adenine Adenine is a Purine with a variety of roles in Biochemistry including Cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich Adenosine

ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Dephosphorylation is the essential process of removing Phosphate groups from an Organic compound (as ATP) by Hydrolysis. ATPases are a class of Enzymes that catalyze the Decomposition of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP into Adenosine diphosphate (ADP and ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. An ATP synthase ( is a general term for an Enzyme that can synthesize Adenosine triphosphate (ATP from Adenosine diphosphate (ADP and inorganic ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in cells. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called

ADP is stored in dense bodies inside blood platelets and is released upon platelet activation. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells €”such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1), leading to further platelet activation. In the field of Molecular biology, the P2Y12 Protein is found on the surface of Blood Platelet cells and is an important regulator ^[1] ADP in the blood is converted to adenosine by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via adenosine receptors. Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of Purinergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptors with Adenosine as Endogenous The anti-platelet drug Plavix (clopidogrel) inhibits the P2Y12 receptor. Clopidogrel is a potent oral antiplatelet agent often used in the treatment of Coronary artery disease, Peripheral vascular disease, and Cerebrovascular

ADP is the end-product that results when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule. ^[2] The conversion of these two molecules plays a critical role in supplying energy for many processes of life. ^[3] The deletion of one of ATP’s phosphorous bonds generates about the same amount of energy derived from human digestion of a single peanut, approximately 7. 3 kilocalories per Mole of ATP. ^[4] ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the chemical energy available in food; in humans this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. ^[5] Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store the energy from sunlight, via conversion of ADP to ATP. ^[6] Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance. ^[7]

See also

• Nucleoside
• Nucleotide
• DNA
• RNA
• Oligonucleotide
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Apyrase

References

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org