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محمية عدن
Aden Protectorate
Protectorate of the United Kingdom
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1886 – 1963 →
 
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Location of Aden
The location of Aden Protectorate
Capital Not specified
Language(s) Arabic and English
Political structure Protectorate
History
 - Initial treaty 1886
 - Federation formed February 11, 1959
 - Disestablished January 18, 1963
Area 285,000 km² (110,039 sq mi)

Aden Protectorate (Arabic: محمية عدن‎ [Maḥmiyyat ʿAdan]) was a British protectorate in southern Arabia in the early and middle 20th century. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Federation of Arab Emirates of the South (اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي was an organization of States within the British Aden Protectorate The Federation of South Arabia ( Arabic: اتحاد الجنوب العربي Ittihad al-Janūb al-‘arabī) was an organization of States under The Protectorate of South Arabia was a grouping of States under treaties of protection with Britain in what would become South Yemen. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect The Federation of Arab Emirates of the South (اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي was an organization of States within the British Aden Protectorate Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Together with the Colony of Aden, it subsequently became known as South Arabia and later South Yemen. The Colony of Aden (مستعمرة عدن Mustaʿmarat ʿAdan) was a British Crown colony from 1937 to 1963 and consisted of the port city The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Democratic Yemen, South Yemen or Yemen (Aden was a Socialist republic in present-day southern and Today the territory forms part of the Republic of Yemen. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya

Contents

History

Informal beginnings

What became known as the Aden Protectorate was initially informal arrangements of protection with nine tribes in the immediate hinterland of the port city of Aden:

British expansion into the area was designed to secure the important port that was, at the time, governed from British India. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use The hinterland is the land or district behind the borders of a coast or river ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. The Sultanate of Lahej or Lahij (Arabic سلطنة لحج Laḥij}} or sometimes the Abdali Sultanate (Arabic سلطنة العب دلي al-ʿAbdalī}} This article deals with a former state in what is now Yemen For the religious group prominent in Syria see Alawite. Dhala (الضالع) Amiri (الأميري) or the Emirate of Dhala (إمارة الضالع aḍ-Ḍāliʿ}} was a state in the British Aden Aqrabi (عقربي) or the Aqrabi Sheikhdom (مشيخة العقربي al-ʿAqrabī}} was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation Lower Aulaqi (العوالق السفلى al-Suflī}} or the Lower Aulaqi Sultanate (Arabic سلطنة العوالق السفلى al-ʿAwālaq al-Suflā}} was a state Fadhli (فضلي) or the Fadhli Sultanate (Arabic سلطنة الفضلي al-Faḍlī}} was one of the original "Nine Cantons" that signed protection Haushabi (الحوشبي or الحواشب) or the Haushabi Sultanate (سلطنة الحواشب al-Ḥawāshab}} was one of the original "Nine Cantons" Subeihi or Subayhi (الصبيحي aṣ-Ṣubayḥī or the Subeihi Sultanate (Arabic سلطنة الصبيحي Salṭanat aṣ-Ṣubayḥī or Arabic سلطنة Lower Yafa, Lower Yafa'i (يافع السفلى al-Suflā}} or the Sultanate of Lower Yafa (Arabic سلطنة يافع السفلى Yāfiʿ al-Suflā}} For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British From 1874, these protection arrangements existed with the tacit acceptance of the Ottoman Empire that maintained suzerainty over Yemen to the north and the polities became known collectively as the "Nine Tribes" or the "Nine Cantons. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a North Yemen is a term currently used to designate both the Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990 and its predecessor the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Polity ( Greek: Πολιτεία or Πολίτευμα transliterated as Politeía or Políteuma) was originally a term used in Ancient Greece "

Formal treaties of protection

Beginning with a formal treaty of protection with the Hadhrami Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra in 1886, Britain embarked on a slow formalization of protection arrangements that included over 30 major treaties of protection with the last signed only in 1954. A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. Hadhramaut, Hadhramout or Hadramawt (حضرموت) is a historical region of the south Arabian Peninsula along the Gulf of Aden in the The Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra (سلطنة المهرة في قشن و سقطرة Mahrah fī Qishn wa Suquṭrah}} or sometimes the Mahra Sultanate of Ghayda and Socotra Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) These treaties, together with a number of other minor agreements, created the Aden Protectorate that extended well east of Aden to Hadhramaut and included all of the territory that would become South Yemen except for the immediate environs and port of the British colonial capital, Aden city, which together with several offshore islands was known as the Colony of Aden, the only part where no Arab ruler retained jurisdiction. Hadhramaut, Hadhramout or Hadramawt (حضرموت) is a historical region of the south Arabian Peninsula along the Gulf of Aden in the The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Democratic Yemen, South Yemen or Yemen (Aden was a Socialist republic in present-day southern and The Colony of Aden (مستعمرة عدن Mustaʿmarat ʿAdan) was a British Crown colony from 1937 to 1963 and consisted of the port city In exchange for British protection, the rulers of the constituent territories agreed not to enter into agreement with or cede territory to any other foreign power.

In 1917, control of Aden Protectorate was transferred from the Government of India, which had inherited the British East India Company's interests in various princely states on the strategically important naval route from Europe to India, to the British Foreign Office. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting For administrative purposes, the protectorate was informally divided into the Eastern Protectorate (with its own Political Officer, a British advisor, stationed at Mukalla in Qu'aiti from 1937 to ca. Al Mukalla (المكلا is the capital city of the Hadramaut coastal region in the southern part of Yemen on the Gulf of Aden. Qu'aiti (القعيطي) officially the Qu'aiti State in Hadhramaut (Arabic السلطنة القعيطية في حضرموت or the Qu'aiti State of Shihr and 1967) and the Western Protectorate (with its own Political Officer, stationed at Lahej from 1 April 1937 to 1967), for some separation of administration. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne

The Eastern Protectorate (ca. 230,000 km²) came to include the following entities (mostly in Hadhramaut):

A postage stamp from the Aden Protectorate state of Kathiri, 1942
A postage stamp from the Aden Protectorate state of Kathiri, 1942

The Western Protectorate (ca. Hadhramaut, Hadhramout or Hadramawt (حضرموت) is a historical region of the south Arabian Peninsula along the Gulf of Aden in the A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services Kathiri (الكثيري) officially the Kathiri State of Seiyun in Hadhramaut (Arabic السلطنة الكثيرية - سيؤن - حضرموت al-Kathīrīyah - Sayʾūn The Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra (سلطنة المهرة في قشن و سقطرة Mahrah fī Qishn wa Suquṭrah}} or sometimes the Mahra Sultanate of Ghayda and Socotra Qu'aiti (القعيطي) officially the Qu'aiti State in Hadhramaut (Arabic السلطنة القعيطية في حضرموت or the Qu'aiti State of Shihr and Wahidi Balhaf (واحدي بالحاف Bālḥāf}} or the Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf (Arabic سلطنة الواحدي بالحاف al-Wāḥidī Bālḥāf}} was Wahidi Bir Ali (واحدي بير علي Bīr ʿAlī}} or the Wahidi Wilayah of Bir Ali (Arabic ولاية الواحدي بير علي al-Wāḥidī Bīr ʿAlī}} Wahidi Haban (واحدي حبان Ḥabbān}} or the Wahidi Sultanate of Haban (Arabic سلطنة الواحدي حبان al-Wāḥidī Ḥabbān}} was one of several 55,000 km²) included:

The boundaries between these polities and even their number fluctuated over time. This article deals with a former state in what is now Yemen For the religious group prominent in Syria see Alawite. Aqrabi (عقربي) or the Aqrabi Sheikhdom (مشيخة العقربي al-ʿAqrabī}} was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation Audhali (العوذلي or العواذل) or the Audhali Sultanate (Arabic سلطنة العوذلي al-ʿAwdhalī}} was a state in the British Aden Beihan or Bayhan (بيحان) officially the Emirate of Beihan ( إمارة بيحان Bayḥān}} was a state in the British Aden Protectorate Dathina (دثينة) the Dathina Sheikhdom (Arabic مشيخة دثينة Dathīnah}} or sometimes the Dathina Confederation, was a state in the British Dhala (الضالع) Amiri (الأميري) or the Emirate of Dhala (إمارة الضالع aḍ-Ḍāliʿ}} was a state in the British Aden Fadhli (فضلي) or the Fadhli Sultanate (Arabic سلطنة الفضلي al-Faḍlī}} was one of the original "Nine Cantons" that signed protection Haushabi (الحوشبي or الحواشب) or the Haushabi Sultanate (سلطنة الحواشب al-Ḥawāshab}} was one of the original "Nine Cantons" The Sultanate of Lahej or Lahij (Arabic سلطنة لحج Laḥij}} or sometimes the Abdali Sultanate (Arabic سلطنة العب دلي al-ʿAbdalī}} Lower Aulaqi (العوالق السفلى al-Suflī}} or the Lower Aulaqi Sultanate (Arabic سلطنة العوالق السفلى al-ʿAwālaq al-Suflā}} was a state Lower Yafa, Lower Yafa'i (يافع السفلى al-Suflā}} or the Sultanate of Lower Yafa (Arabic سلطنة يافع السفلى Yāfiʿ al-Suflā}} Qutaibi (قطيبي) or the Qutaibi Sheikhdom (Arabic مشيخة القطيبي al-Quṭaybī}} was a Polity in the western Aden Protectorate. Shaib ( شعيب) or the Sheikhdom of Shaib (Arabic مشيخة الشعيب ash-Shuʿayb}} was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the The Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (مشيخة العوالق العليا al-ʿAwālaq al-ʿUlyā}} was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of The Upper Aulaqi Sultanate (سلطنة العوالق العليا al-ʿAwālaq al-ʿUlyā}} was a state in the British Aden Protectorate and the Federation Upper Yafa, Upper Yafa'i ( Arabic: يافع العليا al-ʿUlyā}} or the Sultanate of Upper Yafa (Arabic سلطنة يافع العليا Yāfiʿ Muflahi (مفلحي) or the Muflahi Sheikhdom (مشيخة المفلحي al-Muflaḥī}} was a state in the British Aden Protectorate. Upper Yafa, Upper Yafa'i ( Arabic: يافع العليا al-ʿUlyā}} or the Sultanate of Upper Yafa (Arabic سلطنة يافع العليا Yāfiʿ Some such as the Mahra Sultanate barely had any functioning administration. Not included in the protectorate were Aden Colony or the insular areas of Perim, Kamaran, and Khuriya Muriya that accrued to it. Perim (بريم) is a Volcanic island strategically located in the Strait of Mandeb at the southern entrance into the Red Sea, off the southwestern Kamaran Island (كمران) is the largest Yemen -controlled Island in the Red Sea. The Khuriya Muriya Islands or Kuria Muria Islands (جزر خوريا موريا transliterated: Juzur Khurīyā Murīyā or Khūryān Mūryān &ndash in antiquity

Advisory treaties

In 1938, Britain signed an advisory treaty with the Qu'aiti sultan and, throughout the 1940s and 1950s, signed similar treaties with twelve other protectorate states. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Qu'aiti (القعيطي) officially the Qu'aiti State in Hadhramaut (Arabic السلطنة القعيطية في حضرموت or the Qu'aiti State of Shihr and The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The following were the states with advisory treaties:

A postage stamp from the Aden Protectorate state of Qu'aiti, 1942.
A postage stamp from the Aden Protectorate state of Qu'aiti, 1942. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services

Eastern Protectorate States

Western Protectorate States

These agreements allowed for the stationing of a Resident Advisor in the signatory states which gave the British a greater degree of control over their domestic affairs. A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a state official of certain representative -diplomatic and/or colonial- types required to take up permanent residency abroad officially This rationalized and stabilized the rulers’ status and laws of succession but had the effect of ossifying the leadership and encouraging official corruption. Rationality as a term is related to the idea of Reason, a word which following Webster's may be derived as much from older terms referring to An order of succession is a formula or algorithm that determines who inherits an office upon the death resignation or removal of its current occupant Aerial bombardment and collective punishment were sometimes used against wayward tribes to enforce the rule of Britain’s clients. A bombardment is an attack by Artillery fire directed against Fortifications, troops or towns and buildings Collective punishment is the Punishment of a group of people as a result of the behaviour of one or more other individuals or groups British protection came to be seen as an impediment to progress, a view reinforced by the arrival of news of Arab nationalism from the outside world on newly available transistor radios. Arab nationalism ( Arabic: القومية العربية is a Nationalist ideology which rose to prominence amongst Arabs from the early 20th century onwards This article is about an electronic device For the fourth studio album by M

Challenges to the status quo

British control was also challenged by King Ahmad bin Yahya of Yemen to the north who did not recognize British suzerainty in South Arabia and had ambitions of creating a unified Greater Yemen. Ahmad bin Yahya Hamidaddin ( 1891 - 18 September[[ 962]] was the penultimate king of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen from 1948 to 1962 The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ( Arabic: المملكة ‏المتوكلية اليمنية al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamanīyah}}'' sometimes spelled Mutawakelite Greater Yemen ( Arabic: اليمن الكبرى al-Kubrā is a Geographic term denoting the present territory of the Republic of Yemen as well as the regions In the late 1940s and the early 1950s, Yemen was involved in a series of border skirmishes along the disputed Violet Line, a 1914 Anglo-Ottoman demarcation that served to separate Yemen from the Aden Protectorate. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

In 1950, Kennedy Trevaskis, the Advisor for the Western Protectorate drew up a plan for the protectorate states to form two federations, corresponding to the two halves of the protectorate. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" Although little progress was made in bringing the plan to fruition, it was considered a provocation by Ahmad bin Yahya. In addition to his role as king, he also served as the imam of the ruling Zaidi branch of Shi'a Islam. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydism (Arabic الزيدية az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaidi or Zaydi) is a Shī'a Madhhab He feared that a successful federation in the Shafi'i Sunnite protectorates would serve as a beacon for discontented Shafi'ites who inhabited the coastal regions of Yemen. The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic To counter the threat, Ahmad stepped up Yemeni efforts to undermine British control and, in the mid-1950s, Yemen supported a number of revolts by disgruntled tribes against protectorate states. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The appeal of Yemen was limited initially in the protectorate but a growing intimacy between Yemen and the popular Arab nationalist president of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser and the formation of United Arab States increased its attraction. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President The United Arab States (UAS was a short-lived Confederation of Egypt, Syria and North Yemen between 1958 and 1961

Federation and the end of the Protectorate

Nationalist pressure prodded the threatened rulers of the Aden Protectorate states to revive efforts at forming a federation and, on 11 February 1959, six of them signed an accord forming the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Federation of Arab Emirates of the South (اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي was an organization of States within the British Aden Protectorate In the next three years, they were joined by nine others and, on 18 January 1963, Aden Colony was merged with the federation creating the new Federation of South Arabia. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Federation of South Arabia ( Arabic: اتحاد الجنوب العربي Ittihad al-Janūb al-‘arabī) was an organization of States under At the same time, the (mostly eastern) states that had not joined the federation became the Protectorate of South Arabia, thus ending the existence of the Aden Protectorate. The Protectorate of South Arabia was a grouping of States under treaties of protection with Britain in what would become South Yemen.

Sources, references and further reading

External links

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