Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this [purpose]". This page lists direct English Translations of common Latin phrases, such as veni vidi vici and Et cetera. Purpose is the Cognitive Awareness in Cause and effect linking for achieving a Goal in a given System, whether It generally signifies a solution that has been custom designed for a specific problem or task, is non-generalizable, and cannot be adapted to other purposes. Common examples are organizations, committees and commissions created at national or international level for a specific task, or in other fields the term may refer for example to a tailor-made suit, a handcrafted network protocol or a purpose-specific equation. In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection Communication, and Data transfer between two computing An equation is a mathematical statement, in symbols, that two things are exactly the same (or equivalent Ad hoc can also have connotations of a makeshift solution, inadequate planning, or improvised events. Other derivates of the Latin include AdHoc, adhoc and ad-hoc.
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Ad hoc committee, commission or organization
One which is formed to deal with a particular issue, and will be disbanded after the issue is resolved. These committees and commissions provide stop gap or temporary measures to solve problems that are not resolved by ordinary processes of the organization to which the committee belongs. A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended The GATT, for example, was controlled by an ad-hoc committee before the WTO was established. The 'General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade' (typically abbreviated 'GATT' was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO
Ad hoc computer network
Ad hoc is a network connection method which is most often associated with wireless devices. A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized Wireless network. A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized Wireless network. The connection is established for the duration of one session and requires no base station. Instead, devices discover others within range to form a network for those computers. Devices may search for target nodes that are out of range by flooding the network with broadcasts that are forwarded by each node. Connections are possible over multiple nodes (multihop ad hoc network). Routing protocols then provide stable connections even if nodes are moving around. Sony's PlayStation Portable uses ad hoc connections for wireless multiplayer gaming, as does the Nintendo DS (although Nintendo does not officially use the term). The PlayStation Portable (officially abbreviated PSP) is a Handheld game console manufactured and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment. The is a dual-screen Handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. Technically, the Nintendo Game Boy used this method for linking up to each other in a wired (Game Link Cable) or wireless (Game Boy Color IR Port, Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter) mode.
See IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, or ultra-wide band. IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless Ultra-wideband (aka UWB, ultra-wide band, ultraband, etc is a radio technology that can be used at very low energy levels for short-range high-bandwidth The alternative is infrastructure, with a base station that manages the network for its range. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids The theory behind ad hoc networks falls within the Distributed Transient Network-paradigm. Distributed Transient Network ( DTN) is defined as the type of network which is inherently decentralized by nature and consists mainly of nodes which are not per se constantly
The term ad hoc network can also refer to an independent basic service set (IBSS). A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized Wireless network.
Mobile Ad Hoc and Social Network
Mobile ad hoc social network describe the new social networks constructed by the combination of computation, communication, reputation, and location awareness. More precisely, p2p computing and wireless networking technologies make it possible to design ad hoc networks of mobile devices to support the ad hoc social networks of the people who wear them. It could be understood as a longer yet more technical term for “smart mob”.
Ad hoc means that the organizing among people and their devices is done informally and on the fly (the way texting young people everywhere coordinate meetings after school). Social network means that every individual in a smart mob is a “node” in the jargon of social network analysis, with social “links” to other individuals, while social links means channels of communication and social bonds. The mobile thus is already self-evident as thousands and millions of people now are using mobile phones and SMS. Altogether, the fundamental elements of social networks formed by humans and communication networks constructed from optical cables and wireless devices, the nodes and links, is the answer why new communication technologies make possible profound social changes.
It is self-organizing, fully decentralized, and highly dynamic. It was argued that ad hoc social network opens the opportunity for many new invented devices to take part in our everyday social interactions with people. "Their ability to establish communication links among devices during face-to-face encounters can be used to facilitate, augment or even promote human social interactions" [1].
Examples of Mobile Ad Hoc and Social Network
- Ad hoc meetings,
- Mobile patient monitoring,
- Distributed command and Control systems
- Ubiquitous computing
Ad hoc hypothesis
In philosophy and science, ad hoc often means the addition of corollary hypotheses or adjustment to a philosophical or scientific theory to save the theory from being falsified by compensating for anomalies not anticipated by the theory in its unmodified form. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Falsifiability (or "refutability" is the logical possibility that an assertion can be shown false by an observation or a physical experiment Philosophers and scientists are often suspicious or skeptical of theories that rely on continual, inelegant adjustments, and ad hoc hypotheses are often a characteristic of pseudoscientific subjects. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the See Skeptic's Dictionary: Ad hoc hypothesis. Much of scientific understanding relies on the modification of existing hypotheses or theories, but these are distinguished from ad hoc hypotheses in that the anomalies being explained propose a new means of being falsified.
Ideas that have been empirically tested and frequently require numerous ad hoc hypotheses to sustain them include applied kinesiology, astrology, sociobiology, biorhythms, creationism, facilitated communication, plant perception, and ESP. Applied Kinesiology (AK is a practice of using manual muscle-strength testing for medical diagnosis and a subsequent determination of prescribed therapy Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior A biorhythm (from Greek βιορυθμός - biorhuthmos) is a hypothetical cycle in physiological emotional or intellectual well-being "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. Facilitated communication (FC is a process by which a Facilitator supports the hand or arm of a communicatively impaired individual while using a keyboard or other In the study of Paranormal phenomenon Plant perception, or biocommunication in plant cells, has come to mean a belief that Plants are sentient Extrasensory perception (ESP is the apparent ability to acquire information by Paranormal means independent of any known physical Senses or deduction from previous [1]
Hypotheses presented ad-hoc are not necessarily incorrect, however. An interesting example of an apparently supported ad hoc hypothesis is Albert Einstein's addition of the cosmological constant to relativity in order to allow a steady-state universe. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical In Physical cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter Lambda: Λ was proposed by Albert Einstein as a modification General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 In cosmology, the Steady State theory (also known as the Infinite Universe theory or continuous creation) is a model developed in 1948 by Fred Although he later referred to it as his "greatest blunder," it has been found to correspond quite well to the theories of dark energy. In Physical cosmology, dark energy is a hypothetical exotic form of Energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe
Ad hoc pronunciation
Many reference works employ ad hoc pronunciation schemas as a way of indicating how words are pronounced. These are especially popular in U.S. published works, such as the Merriam-Webster dictionary. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Merriam-Webster, which was originally the G & C Merriam Company of Springfield Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books An example of an ad hoc pronunciation would be "DIK-shuh-nair-ee", where the capitalization shows which syllable is stressed. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds This is in contrast to systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet, which attempt to put pronunciation schemes on a standard footing. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic
Critics of ad hoc schemes point out that such schemas are inherently self-referential, since they rely on the ability of the reader to already know how a large number of words are commonly pronounced. In addition, such schemas often assume a certain language, dialect or accent on the part of the reader, and due to its popularity in the US, this is very often a US accent.
As its name suggests, there is no "standard" ad hoc schema, and so examples will vary considerably according to the publication's whim. In contrast, the IPA seeks to base pronunciation solely on vocal tract configurations and on the phonemes produced, though very often neo-common simple words are used to illustrate how the IPA applies in a specific language. The vocal tract is that cavity in animals and humans where sound that is produced at the sound source ( Larynx in mammals syrinx in birds is filtered The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU
Proponents of ad hoc claim that it is much easier to use than IPA, though will often concur that this is usually only because the pronunciation is already known.
Ad hoc querying
Ad hoc querying is a term in information science. Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection classification, manipulation storage retrieval and dissemination
Many application software systems have an underlying database which can be accessed by only a limited number of queries and reports. Application software is a subclass of Computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform Typically these are available via some sort of menu, and will have been carefully designed, pre-programmed and optimized for performance by expert programmers.
By contrast, "ad hoc" reporting systems allow the users themselves to create specific, customized queries. The end-user is a p concept in Software engineering, referring to an Abstraction of the group of persons who will ultimately operate a piece of software Typically this would be via a user-friendly GUI-based system without the need for the in-depth knowledge of SQL, or database schema that a programmer would have. A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system
Because such reporting has the potential to severely degrade the performance of a live system, it is sometimes provided only on a regularly-refreshed copy of the "live" database. Depending on the context, such a copy might be referred to as a data warehouse and the querying as data mining. A data warehouse is a Repository of an organization's electronically stored data Data mining is the process of Sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information
See also
References
- ^ Howard 2002, pp. Adhocracy is a type of Organization being antonymous to Bureaucracy. A just-so story, also called the Ad hoc Fallacy, is a term used in academic Anthropology, biological sciences, and Social sciences 169-171
Citations
- Howard, R, (2002). "Smart Mobs: the Next Social Revolution", Perseus.
External links
Robert Todd Carroll (born 1945 PhD, is an American writer and academicDictionary
ad hoc
-adjective
- for this particular purpose
- special
- created on the spur of the moment, impromptu
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