Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to have a very large surface area available for chemical reactions. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Surface area is the measure of how much exposed Area an object has ^[1] The word activated in the name is sometimes substituted by active. Due to its high degree of microporosity, just one gram of activated carbon has a surface area of approximately 500 m², as determined typically by nitrogen gas adsorption. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the Sufficient activation for useful applications may come solely from the high surface area, though further chemical treatment often enhances the absorbing properties of the material. Activated carbon is usually derived from charcoal. Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation

Contents 1 Production 2 Properties 3 Classifications 3.1 Powdered activated carbon (PAC) 3.2 Granular activated carbon (GAC) 3.3 Extruded activated carbon (EAC) 3.4 Impregnated carbon 3.5 Polymers coated carbon 3.6 Other 4 Properties of activated carbon 4.1 Iodine Number 4.2 Molasses 4.3 Tannin 4.4 Methylene blue 4.5 Apparent density 4.6 Hardness/abrasion number 4.7 Ash content 4.8 Carbon tetrachloride activity 4.9 Particle size distribution 5 Examples of adsorption 5.1 Heterogeneous catalysis 5.2 Adsorption refrigeration 6 Applications 6.1 Environmental applications 6.2 Medical applications 6.3 Gas purification 6.4 Distilled alcoholic beverage purification 7 Scrubbing Mercury from Stack Gas 8 In traditional medicine 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 See also 12 External links

Production

Activated carbon is produced from carbonaceous source materials like nutshells, wood and coal. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs It can be produced by one of the following processes:

1. Physical reactivation: The precursor is developed into activated carbons using gases. This is generally done by using one of or combining the following processes:
   • Carbonization: Material with carbon content is pyrolysed at temperatures in the range 600-900 °C, in absence of air (usually in inert atmosphere with gases like argon or nitrogen)
   • Activation/Oxidation: Raw material or carbonised material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres (carbon dioxide, oxygen, or steam) at temperatures above 250 °C, usually in the temperature range of 600-1200 °C. Pyrolysis is the Chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of Oxygen or any other reagents except possibly Steam This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Carbonization or Carbonisation is the term for the conversion of an Organic substance into Carbon or a carbon-containing residue through Pyrolysis Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single
2. Chemical activation: Impregnation with chemicals such as acids like phosphoric acid or bases like potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or salts like zinc chloride, followed by carbonization at temperatures in the range of 450-900 °C. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Zinc chloride is the name of Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[chlorine Cl]]2 and its hydrates It is believed that the carbonization / activation step proceeds simultaneously with the chemical activation. This technique can be problematic in some cases, because, for example, zinc trace residues may remain in the end product. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 However, chemical activation is preferred over physical activation owing to the lower temperatures and shorter time needed for activating material.

Properties

A gram of activated carbon can have a surface area in excess of 500 m², with 1500 m² being readily achievable. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International For comparison, a tennis court is about 260 m². A tennis court is where the game of Tennis is played It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the center Carbon aerogels, while more expensive, have even higher surface areas, and are used in special applications. Aerogel is a low-density solid-state material derived from Gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas

Under an electron microscope, the structure of activated carbon looks a little like ribbons of paper that have been crumpled together, intermingled with wood chips. An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image There are a great number of nooks and crannies, and many areas where flat surfaces of graphite-like material run parallel to each other, separated by only a few nanometers or so. The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International These micropores provide superb conditions for adsorption to occur, since adsorbing material can interact with many surfaces simultaneously. Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the Tests of adsorption behaviour are usually done with nitrogen gas at 77 K under high vacuum, but in everyday terms activated carbon is perfectly capable of producing the equivalent, by adsorption from its environment, liquid water from steam at 100 °C and a pressure of 1/10,000 of an atmosphere. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm

Physically, activated carbon binds materials by Van der Waals force or London dispersion force. The Van der Waals equation is an Equation of state that can be derived from a special form of the potential between a pair of molecules (hard-sphere repulsion The Van der Waals equation is an Equation of state that can be derived from a special form of the potential between a pair of molecules (hard-sphere repulsion

Activated carbon does not bind well to certain chemicals, including alcohols, glycols, ammonia, strong acids and bases, metals and most inorganics, such as lithium, sodium, iron, lead, arsenic, fluorine, and boric acid. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon A diol or glycol is a Chemical compound containing two Hydroxyl groups (-OH groups Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups attached to adjacent atoms Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a mild Acid often used as an Antiseptic, Insecticide Activated carbon does absorb iodine very well and in fact the iodine number, mg/g, (ASTM D28 Standard Method test) is used as an indication of total surface area. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic ASTM International ( ASTM) originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials is an international Standards organization that develops and publishes

Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the adsorptive capacity for some inorganic (and problematic organic) compounds such as hydrogen sulfide H₂S), ammonia (NH₃), formaldehyde (HCOH), radioisotopes iodine-131 (¹³¹I) and mercury (Hg). This property is known as chemisorption. Chemisorption is a type of Adsorption whereby a Molecule adheres to a Surface through the formation of a Chemical bond, as opposed to the

Classifications

Activated carbons are complex products which are difficult to classify on the basis of their behaviour, surface characteristics and preparation methods. However, some broad classification is made for general purpose based on their physical characteristics.

Powdered activated carbon (PAC)

Traditionally, active carbons are made in particular form as powders or fine granules less than 1. 0 mm in size with an average diameter between . 15 and . 25 mm. Thus they present a large surface to volume ratio with a small diffusion distance. PAC is made up of crushed or ground carbon particles, 95–100% of which will pass through a designated mesh sieve or sieve. Granular activated carbon is defined as the activated carbon being retained on a 50-mesh sieve (0. 297 mm) and PAC material as finer material, while ASTM classifies particle sizes corresponding to an 80-mesh sieve (0. 177 mm) and smaller as PAC. PAC is not commonly used in a dedicated vessel, owing to the high headloss that would occur. PAC is generally added directly to other process units, such as raw water intakes, rapid mix basins, clarifiers, and gravity filters.

Granular activated carbon (GAC)

Granular activated carbon has a relatively larger particle size compared to powdered activated carbon and consequently, presents a smaller external surface. Diffusion of the adsorbate is thus an important factor. These carbons are therefore preferred for all adsorption of gases and vapours as their rate of diffusion are faster. Granulated carbons are used for water treatment, deodourisation and separation of components of flow system. GAC can be either in the granular form or extruded. GAC is designated by sizes such as 8x20, 20x40, or 8x30 for liquid phase applications and 4x6, 4x8 or 4x10 for vapour phase applications. A 20x40 carbon is made of particles that will pass through a U. S. Standard Mesh Size No. 20 sieve (0. 84 mm) (generally specified as 85% passing) but be retained on a U. S. Standard Mesh Size No. 40 sieve (0. 42 mm) (generally specified as 95% retained). AWWA (1992) B604 uses the 50-mesh sieve (0. 297 mm) as the minimum GAC size. The most popular aqueous phase carbons are the 12x40 and 8x30 sizes because they have a good balance of size, surface area, and headloss characteristics.

Extruded activated carbon (EAC)

Consists of extruded and cylindrical shaped activated carbon with diameters from 0. 8 to 45 mm. These are mainly used for gas phase applications because of their low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content.

Impregnated carbon

Porous carbons containing several types of inorganic impregnant such as iodine, silver, cation such as Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Li, Ca have also been prepared for specific application in air pollution control especially in museums and galleries. Due to antimicrobial/antiseptic properties, silver loaded activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for purifications of domestic water. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Drinking water can be obtained from natural water by treating the natural water with a mixture of activated carbon and flocculating agent Al(OH)₃. Flocculation is a process where a Solute comes out of Solution in the form of floc or flakes Impregnated carbons are also used for the adsorption of H₂S and mercaptans. In Organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a Sulfur atom and a Hydrogen atom (-SH Adsorption rates for H₂S as high as 50% by weight have been reported.

Polymers coated carbon

This is a process by which a porous carbon can be coated with a biocompatible polymer to give a smooth and permeable coat without blocking the pores. The resulting carbon is useful for hemoperfusion. Hemoperfusion (British English haemoperfusion) is a Medical process used to remove toxic substances from a patients Blood. Hemoperfusion is a treatment technique in which large volumes of the patient's blood are passed over an absorbent substance in order to remove toxic substances from the blood.

Other

Activated carbon is also available in special forms such as cloths and fibres.

Properties of activated carbon

Iodine Number

Many carbons preferentially adsorb small molecules. Iodine number is the most fundamental parameter used to characterize activated carbon performance. It is a measure of activity level (higher number indicates higher degree of activation), often reported in mg/g (typical range 500-1200 mg/g). It is a measure of the micropore content of the activated carbon (0 to 20 Å, or up to 2 nm) by adsorption of iodine from solution. A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a It is equivalent to surface area of activated carbon between 900 m²/g and 1100 m²/g. It is the standard measure for liquid phase applications.

Molasses

Some carbons are more adept at adsorbing large molecules. Molasses number or molasses efficiency is a measure of the macropore content of the activated carbon (greater than 20 Å, or larger than 2 nm) by adsorption of molasses from solution. A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a A high molasses number indicates a high adsorption of big molecules (range 95-600). Molasses efficiency is reported as a percentage (range 40%-185%) and parallels molasses number (600 = 185%, 425 = 85%). The European molasses number (range 525-110) is inversely related to the North American molasses number.

Tannin

Tannins are a mixture of large and medium size molecules. Carbons with a combination of macropores and mesopores adsorb tannins. The ability of a carbon to adsorb tannins is reported in parts per million concentration (range 200 ppm-362 ppm).

Methylene blue

Some carbons have a mesopore structure which adsorbs medium size molecules, such as the dye Methylene Blue. Methylene Blue adsorption is reported in g/100g (range 11-28 g/100g).

Apparent density

Higher density provides greater volume activity and normally indicates better quality activated carbon.

Hardness/abrasion number

It is a measure of the activated carbon’s resistance to attrition. It is important indicator of activated carbon to maintain its physical integrity and withstand frictional forces imposed by backwashing, etc. There are large differences in the hardness of activated carbons, depending on the raw material and activity level.

Ash content

It reduces the overall activity of activated carbon. It reduces the efficiency of reactivation. The metals (Fe₂O₃) can leach out of activated carbon resulting in discoloration. Acid/water soluble ash content is more significant than total ash content. soluble ash content can be very important for aquarists, as ferric oxide can promote algal growths, a carbon with a low soluble ash content should be used for marine, freshwater fish and reef tanks to avoid heavy metal poisoning and excess plant/algal growth.

Carbon tetrachloride activity

Measurement of the porosity of an activated carbon by the adsorption of saturated carbon tetrachloride vapour.

Particle size distribution

The finer the particle size of an activated carbon, the better the access to the surface area and the faster the rate of adsorption kinetics. In vapour phase systems this needs to be considered against pressure drop, which will affect energy cost. Careful consideration of particle size distribution can provide significant operating benefits.

Examples of adsorption

Heterogeneous catalysis

The most commonly encountered form of chemisorption in industry, occurs when a solid catalyst interacts with a gaseous feedstock, the reactant/s. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst The adsorption of reactant/s to the catalyst surface creates a chemical bond, altering the electron density around the reactant molecule and allowing it to undergo reactions that would not normally be available to it.

Adsorption refrigeration

Adsorption refrigeration and heat pump cycles rely on the adsorption of a refrigerant gas into an adsorbent at low pressure and subsequent desorption by heating. The absorption refrigerator is a Refrigerator that utilizes a heat source (e The adsorbent acts as a "chemical compressor" driven by heat and is, from this point of view, the "pump" of the system. It consists of a solar collector, a condenser or heat-exchanger and an evaporator that is placed in a refrigerator box. The inside of the collector is lined with an adsorption bed packed with activated carbon absorbed with methanol. The refrigerator box is insulated filled with water. The activated carbon can adsorb a large amount of methanol vapours in ambient temperature and desorb it at a higher temperature (around 100 degrees Celsius). During the daytime, the sunshine irradiates the collector, so the collector is heated up and the methanol is desorbed from the activated carbon. In desorption, the liquid methanol adsorbed in the charcoal heats up and vaporizes. The methanol vapour condenses and is stored in the evaporator.

At night, the collector temperature decreases to the ambient temperature, and the charcoal adsorbs the methanol from the evaporator. The liquid methanol in the evaporator vaporizes and adsorbs the heat from the water contained in the trays. Since adsorption is a process of releasing heat, the collector must be cooled efficiently at night. As mentioned above, the adsorption refrigeration system operates in an intermittent way to produce the refrigerating effect.

Helium gas can also be 'pumped' by thermally cycling activated carbon 'sorption pumps' between 4 kelvins and higher temperatures. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic An example of this is to provide the cooling power for the Oxford Instruments AST series dilution refrigerators. ³He vapour is pumped from the surface of the dilute phase of a mixture of liquid ⁴He and its isotope ³He. The ³He is adsorbed onto the surfaces of the carbon at low temperature (typically <4K), the regeneration of the pump between 20 and 40 K returns the ³He to the concentrated phase of the liquid mixture. Cooling occurs at the interface between the two liquid phases as ³He 'evaporates' across the phase boundary. If more than one pump is present in the system a continuous flow of gas and hence constant cooling power can be obtained, by having one sorption pump regenerating while the other is pumping. Systems such as this allow temperatures as low as 10 mK (0. 01 kelvin) to be obtained with very few moving parts.

Applications

Activated carbon is used in gas purification, gold purification, metal extraction, water purification, medicine, sewage treatment, air filters in gas masks and filter masks, filters in compressed air and many other applications. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Carbon in Pulp (CIP is a technique for recovery of Gold which has been liberated into a Cyanide Solution as part of the Gold cyanidation process Extractive Metallurgy is the practice of extracting Metal from Ore, purifying it and recycling it Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents An air filter is a device which removes solid Particulates such as Dust, Pollen, Mold, and bacteria from Air. A gas mask is a Mask worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne Pollutants and Toxic materials

One major industrial application involves use of activated carbon in metal finishing field. It is very widely employed for purification of electroplating solutions. For example, it is a main purification technique for removing organic impurities from bright nickel plating solutions. A variety of organic chemicals are added to plating solutions for improving their deposit qualities and for enhancing properties like brightness, smoothness, ductility, etc. Due to passage of direct current and electrolytic reactions of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction, organic additives generate unwanted break down products in solution. Their excessive build up can adversely affect the plating quality and physical properties of deposited metal. Activated carbon treatment removes such impurities and restores plating performance to the desired level.

Environmental applications

Carbon adsorption has numerous applications in removing pollutants from air or water streams both in the field and in industrial processes such as:

• Spill cleanup
• Groundwater remediation
• Drinking water filtration
• Air purification
• Volatile organic compounds capture from painting, dry cleaning, gasoline dispensing operations, and other processes

Medical applications

Activated carbon is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations Generally remediation means providing a Remedy, so environmental remediation deals with the removal of Pollution or Contaminants from environmental Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not Filtration is a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases by interposing a medium to fluid flow through which the fluid An air purifier is a device which removes Contaminants from air This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for Clothing and Textiles using an organic Solvent rather than Water. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an Organism. In Animals it normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through the Mouth into the

It is thought to bind to poison and prevent its absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. In cases of suspected poisoning, medical personnel either administer activated charcoal on the scene or at a hospital's emergency department. Dosing is usually empirical at 1 gram/kg of body weight, usually given only once. Depending on the drug taken, it may be given more than once. In rare situations activated charcoal is used in Intensive Care to filter out harmful drugs from the blood stream of poisoned patients. Activated carbon has become the treatment of choice for many poisonings, and other decontamination methods such as ipecac-induced emesis or stomach pumps are now used rarely. Syrup of ipecac commonly referred to as simply Ipecac is derived from the dried Rhizome and Roots of the Ipecacuanha plant and is a well-known Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the Gastric Lavage, also commonly called Stomach pump or Gastric irrigation, is the process of cleaning out the contents of the Stomach.

While activated carbon is useful in an acute poisoning situation, it has been shown to not be effective in long term accumulation of toxins, such as with the use of toxic herbicides. ^[2]

Mechanisms of action:

• Binding of the toxin to prevent stomach and intestinal absorption. Binding is reversible so a cathartic such as sorbitol may be added as well. In medicine a Cathartic is a substance which accelerates Defecation. Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a Sugar alcohol that the body metabolises slowly
• It interrupts the enterohepatic circulation of some drugs/toxins and their metabolites
• Allows certain drugs/toxins to be drawn out of the blood and bind to the charcoal in the intestine - a kind of "gut dialysis"

Incorrect application (e. Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of Bile from the Liver, where it is produced to the Small intestine, where it aids in Digestion Metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind" - specifically the study of their small-molecule metabolite In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated. In Medicine, aspiration is the entry of secretions or foreign material into the trachea and Lungs The patient may either inhale the material ^[3] The use of activated charcoal is contraindicated when the ingested substance is an acid, an alkali, or a petroleum product.

For pre-hospital use, it comes in plastic tubes or bottles, commonly 12. 5 or 25 grams, pre-mixed with water. The trade names include InstaChar, SuperChar, Actidose, and Liqui-Char, but it is commonly called simply Activated Charcoal.

As an over-the-counter drug, it is often used to treat mild diarrhea. Over-the-counter (OTC drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to Prescription drugs The name "over-the-counter" In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea

Gas purification

Filters with activated carbon are usually used in compressed air and gas purification to remove oil vapours, odours, and other hydrocarbons from the air. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. The most common designs use a 1 stage or 2 stage filtration principle where activated carbon is embedded inside the filter media. Activated charcoal is also used in spacesuit Primary Life Support Systems. A space suit is a complex system of Garments equipment and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space A Primary (or Portable) Life Support System/Subsystem, or PLSS, is the "backpack" of a Spacesuit.

Distilled alcoholic beverage purification

Activated carbon filters can be used to filter vodka and whiskey of organic impurities. Vodka is one of the world's most popular Distilled beverages It is a clear liquid which consists of mostly Water and Ethanol purified by Distillation Whisky (uisge-beatha or whiskey (uisce beatha or fuisce) refers to a broad category of Alcoholic beverages that are distilled from fermented An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Since the activated carbon does not bind well to alcohols, the percentage of ethanol is not significantly affected, but the carbon will bind to and remove many organic impurities which can affect color, taste, and odor. Passing an organically impure vodka through an activated carbon filter at the proper flow rate will result in vodka with an identical alcohol content and significantly increased organic purity, as judged by odor and taste. ^[4]

Scrubbing Mercury from Stack Gas

Activated carbon, often impregnated with iodine or sulfur, is widely used to trap mercury emissions from coal fired power stations, medical incinerators, and from natural gas at the wellhead. This carbon is a specialty product costing more that $2. 00 per pound. However, it is often not recycled.

The mercury laden activated carbon presents a disposal dilemma. If the activated carbon contains less than 260 ppm mercury, Federal regulations allow it to be stabilized (for example, trapped in concrete) for landfilling. However, waste containing greater than 260 ppm is considered to be in the high mercury subcategory and is banned from landfilling (Land-Ban Rule). It is this material which is now accumulating in warehouses and in deep abandoned mines at an estimated rate of 1000 tons per year.

Contact with major carbon producers in other countries indicates that the problem of disposal of mercury laden activated carbon is not unique to the U. S. In the Netherlands this mercury is largely recovered ^[5] and the activated carbon is disposed by complete burning.

In traditional medicine

In the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West - chapter 69, one of the ingredients used to cure the mysterious malady of the king was 'soot scraped from a cooking pot'. Journey to the West ( is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

Footnotes

References

• Engber, Daniel (Nov. 28, 2005). "How Does Activated Carbon Work?". Slate. Slate is an English-language online current affairs and culture Magazine created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael

See also

• Carbon black
• Carbon filtering
• Zeocarbon
• Sumi

External links

"Activated Carbon for water filtration"

"Activated Carbon Applications"

"Carbon filter manufacturers"

Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete Combustion of heavy Petroleum products such as FCC tar coal tar ethylene cracking tar and a small amount from Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a piece of Activated carbon to remove contaminants and impurities utilizing chemical Adsorption. Zeocarbon (also called activated Charcoal and Zeolite mixture is the more general term which includes material mostly derived from charcoal and Volcanic rock

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