Acorn Computers
Slogan	"The choice of experience"
Fate	Bought by Morgan Stanley
Founded	December, 1978
Defunct	November, 2000
Location	Cambridge, England
Industry	Computer hardware
Products	Acorn System 1 Microcomputer System Atom BBC Micro Electron Master series Archimedes range Risc PC range Acorn Network Computer Phoebe
Key people	Chris Curry Steve Furber Hermann Hauser Andy Hopper Sophie Wilson

Acorn Computers was a British computer company established in Cambridge, England, in 1978. Morgan Stanley ( is a global Financial services provider headquartered in New York City New York United States The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard The Acorn System 1, initially called the Acorn Microcomputer ( Micro-Computer) was an early 8-bit Microcomputer for hobbyists based on the The Acorn System 1, initially called the Acorn Microcomputer ( Micro-Computer) was an early 8-bit Microcomputer for hobbyists based on the The Acorn Atom was a Home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd from 1980 to 1981 when it was replaced by the BBC Micro The Acorn Electron is a budget version of the BBC Micro educational/ Home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd. The Acorn Archimedes was Acorn Computers Ltd 's first general purpose Home computer based on their own 32-bit ARM RISC The Risc PC (codenamed Medusa) was Acorn Computers 's next generation RISC OS / Acorn RISC Machine computer launched in 1994 The Acorn Network Computer was a Network computer designed and manufactured by Acorn Computers Ltd. The Phoebe 2100 (or Risc PC 2) was to be Acorn Computers ' next generation Risc PC, slated for release in late 1998. Christopher Curry was the co-founder of Acorn Computers, with Hermann Hauser and Andy Hopper. Professor Stephen Byram Furber CBE, FRS, FREng (born 1953 in Manchester, England is the ICL Professor of Computer Engineering Hermann Maria Hauser, CBE FREng FinstP CPhys (born 23 October, 1948) is an Entrepreneur who was born in Vienna, Austria Andrew Hopper CBE FRS FREng (b 1953 in Warsaw, Poland; UK citizen since 1964 is the Professor of Computer Technology and Head of Sophie Wilson, formerly Roger Wilson, is a British Computer scientist. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The company produced a number of computers which were especially popular in the UK. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located These included the Acorn Electron, the BBC Micro and the Acorn Archimedes. The Acorn Electron is a budget version of the BBC Micro educational/ Home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd. The Acorn Archimedes was Acorn Computers Ltd 's first general purpose Home computer based on their own 32-bit ARM RISC Acorn's BBC Micro computer dominated the UK educational computer market during the 1980s and early 1990s, drawing many comparisons with Apple in the U. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics S.

Though the company was broken up into several independent operations in 1998, it left an impressive legacy, particularly in the development of RISC personal computers. A number of Acorn's former subsidiaries live on today - notably ARM Holdings who are globally dominant in the mobile phone and PDA microprocessor market.

Prehistory

On 25 July 1961, Clive Sinclair founded Sinclair Radionics to develop and sell electronic devices such as calculators. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Clive Marles Sinclair (born July 30, 1940) is a well-known British Entrepreneur and Inventor of the world's first Sinclair Radionics Ltd was founded by Sir Clive Sinclair in Cambridge, England on 25 July 1961. A calculator is device for performing mathematical calculations distinguished from a Computer by having a limited problem solving ability and an interface optimized for interactive The failure of the Black Watch wristwatch and the calculator market's move from LEDs to LCDs led to financial problems, and Sinclair approached the National Enterprise Board (NEB) for help. The Black Watch is an electronic Wristwatch launched in September 1975 by Sinclair Radionics. The National Enterprise Board (NEB was a government body set up in the United Kingdom in 1975 to implement the Wilson Labour government 's objective of extending After losing control of the company to the NEB, Sinclair encouraged Chris Curry to leave Radionics and get Science of Cambridge (SoC) up and running. Christopher Curry was the co-founder of Acorn Computers, with Hermann Hauser and Andy Hopper. Sinclair Research Ltd is a consumer electronics company founded by Sir Clive Sinclair in Cambridge, England (originally as Sinclair Radionics in 1961 to In June 1978, SoC launched a microcomputer kit that Curry wanted to develop further, but Sinclair could not be persuaded. During the development of the MK14, Hermann Hauser, a friend of Curry's, had been visiting SoC's offices and had grown interested in the product. Hermann Maria Hauser, CBE FREng FinstP CPhys (born 23 October, 1948) is an Entrepreneur who was born in Vienna, Austria

CPU Ltd (1978–83)

Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry in Cambridge. Hermann Maria Hauser, CBE FREng FinstP CPhys (born 23 October, 1948) is an Entrepreneur who was born in Vienna, Austria Christopher Curry was the co-founder of Acorn Computers, with Hermann Hauser and Andy Hopper.

Curry and Hauser decided to pursue their joint interest in microcomputers and, on 5 December 1978, they set up Cambridge Processor Unit Ltd (CPU) as the vehicle with which to do this. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) CPU soon obtained a consultancy contract to develop a microprocessor-based controller for a fruit machine for Ace Coin Equipment (ACE) of Wales. A slot machine ( American) fruit machine ( British) or poker machine ( Australian) is a Casino gambling machine with three The ACE project was started at office space obtained at 4a Market Hill in Cambridge. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England Initially, the ACE controller was based on a SC/MP microprocessor, but soon the switch to a 6502 was made. The SC/MP from National Semiconductor is an early Microprocessor, which became available in early 1974 The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit Microprocessor that was designed by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology in 1975

The microcomputer systems

CPU had financed the development of a 6502-based microcomputer system using the income from its design-and-build consultancy. This system was launched in January 1979 as the first product of Acorn Computer Ltd, a trading name used by CPU to keep the risks of the two different lines of business separate. Acorn was chosen because the microcomputer system was to be expandable and growth-oriented. It also had the attraction of appearing before "Apple" in a telephone directory. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics

Around this time, CPU and Andy Hopper set up Orbis Ltd to commercialise the Cambridge Ring networking system Hopper had worked on for his PhD, but it was soon decided to bring him into CPU as a director because he could promote CPU's interests at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. Andrew Hopper CBE FRS FREng (b 1953 in Warsaw, Poland; UK citizen since 1964 is the Professor of Computer Technology and Head of The Cambridge Ring was an experimental Local area network architecture developed at the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory in the mid-late 1970s and early 1980s "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The Computer Laboratory is the Computer science department of the University of Cambridge. CPU purchased Orbis, and Hopper's Orbis shares were exchanged for shares in CPU Ltd. CPU's role gradually changed as its Acorn brand grew, and soon CPU was simply the holding company and Acorn was responsible for development work. At some point Curry had a disagreement with Sinclair and formally left Science of Cambridge, but did not join the other Acorn employees at Market Hill until a little while later.

The Acorn System 1, upper board; this one shipped on 9 April 1979. The Acorn System 1, initially called the Acorn Microcomputer ( Micro-Computer) was an early 8-bit Microcomputer for hobbyists based on the Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)

The Acorn Microcomputer, later renamed the Acorn System 1, was designed by Sophie Wilson. The Acorn System 1, initially called the Acorn Microcomputer ( Micro-Computer) was an early 8-bit Microcomputer for hobbyists based on the Sophie Wilson, formerly Roger Wilson, is a British Computer scientist. It was a semi-professional system aimed at engineering and laboratory users, but its price was low enough, at around £80, to appeal to the more serious enthusiast as well. It was a very small machine built on two cards, one with an LED display, keypad, and cassette interface (the circuitry to the left of the keypad), and the other with the rest of the computer (including the CPU). The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound Almost all CPU signals were accessible via a Eurocard connector.

The System 2 made it easier to expand the system by putting the CPU card from the System 1 in a 19-inch (480 mm) Eurocard rack that allowed a number of optional additions. The System 2 was a home computer produced by Acorn Computers from 1980. The System 2 typically shipped with keyboard controller, external keyboard, a text display interface, and a cassette operating system with built-in BASIC interpreter. In Computer programming, BASIC (an Acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of High-level programming languages In Computer science, an interpreter normally means a Computer program that executes, i

The System 3 moved on by adding floppy disk support and the System 4 by including a larger case with a second drive. The System 3 was a home computer produced by Acorn Computers from 1980. A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased The System 4 was a home computer produced by Acorn Computers. The System 5 was largely similar to the System 4, but included a newer 2 MHz version of the 6502. The System 5 was a home computer produced by Acorn Computers. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit Microprocessor that was designed by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology in 1975

The Atom

Development of the ZX80 started at Science of Cambridge in May 1979. The Sinclair ZX80 was a Home computer brought to market in 1980 by Sinclair Research of Cambridge England Learning of this probably prompted Curry to conceive the Atom project to target the consumer market. The Acorn Atom was a Home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd from 1980 to 1981 when it was replaced by the BBC Micro Curry and another designer, Nick Toop, worked from Curry's home in the Fens on the development of this machine. The Fens, also known as the Fenland, is a geographic area in eastern England, in the United Kingdom. It was at this time that Acorn Computers Ltd was incorporated and Curry moved to Acorn full-time.

It was Curry who wanted to target the consumer market – other factions within Acorn, including the engineers, were happy to be out of that market, considering a home computer to be a rather frivolous product for a company operating in the laboratory equipment market. A home computer was a class of Personal computer entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s To keep costs down and not give the doubters reason to object to the Atom, Curry asked industrial designer Allen Boothroyd to design a case that could also function as an external keyboard for the microcomputer systems. Allen Boothroyd is an Industrial designer. He trained as a mechanical engineer and went on to study Industrial design at the Royal College of Art. The internals of the System 3 were placed inside the keyboard, creating a quite typical set-up for an inexpensive home computer of the early '80s – the relatively successful Acorn Atom. The Acorn Atom was a Home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd from 1980 to 1981 when it was replaced by the BBC Micro

To facilitate software development, a proprietary local area network had been installed at Market Hill. It was decided to include this, the Econet, in the Atom, and at its launch at a computer show in March 1980, eight networked Atoms were demonstrated with functions that allowed files to be shared, screens to be remotely viewed and keyboards to be remotely slaved. This is about the network system For the mobile phone company see Econet Wireless.

BBC Micro and the Electron

The BBC Micro, released by Acorn in 1982.

After the Atom had been released into the market, Acorn contemplated building modern 16-bit processors to replace the Atom. After a great deal of discussion, Hauser suggested a compromise – an improved 6502-based machine with far greater expansion capabilities: the Proton. Acorn's technical staff had not wanted to do the Atom and they now saw the Proton as their opportunity to "do it right". ^[1]

One of the developments proposed for the Proton was the Tube, a proprietary interface allowing a second processor to be added. This compromise would make for an affordable 6502 machine for the mass market which could be expanded with more sophisticated and expensive processors. The Tube enabled processing to be farmed out to the second processor leaving the 6502 to perform data input/output (I/O). In Computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an Information processing system (such as a Computer) and the outside The Tube would later be instrumental in the development of Acorn's processor. ^[2]

In early 1980, the BBC Further Education department conceived the idea of a computer literacy programme, mostly as a follow-up to a BBC documentary, The Mighty Micro, in which Dr Christopher Evans from the UK National Physical Laboratory predicted the coming microcomputer revolution. Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality Dr Christopher Riche Evans (1931 &ndash October 10, 1979) was a British psychologist, computer scientist, and Author. The National Physical Laboratory (NPL is the national Measurement standards laboratory for the United Kingdom, based at Bushy Park in Teddington microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. It was a very influential documentary – so much so that questions were asked in parliament. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories As a result of these questions, the Department of Industry (DoI) became interested in the programme, as did BBC Enterprises, which saw an opportunity to sell a machine to go with the series. The Department of Trade and Industry was a United Kingdom government department which was disbanded with the announcement of the creation of the Department for Business BBC Engineering was instructed to draw up an objective specification for a computer to accompany the series.

Eventually, under some pressure from the DoI to choose a British system, the BBC chose the NewBrain from Newbury Laboratories. The Grundy NewBrain was a microcomputer sold in the early 1980s by Grundy Business Systems Ltd of Teddington and Cambridge England. This selection revealed the extent of the pressure brought to bear on the supposedly independent BBC's computer literacy project – Newbury was owned by the National Enterprise Board, a government agency operating in close collaboration with the DoI. The choice was also somewhat ironic given that the NewBrain started life as a Sinclair Radionics project, and it was Sinclair's preference for developing it over Science of Cambridge's MK14 that led to Curry leaving SoC to found CPU with Hauser. The NEB moved the NewBrain to Newbury after Sinclair left Radionics and went to SoC.

In 1980–1982, the UK Department of Education and Science (DES) had begun the Microelectronics Education Programme to introduce microprocessing concepts and educational materials. The Department for Education and Skills (DfES was a United Kingdom government department between 2001 and 2007 The UK Government's Microelectronics Education Programme ran from 1980 to 1986. In 1982 through to 1986, the DoI allocated funding to assist UK local education authorities to supply their schools with a range of computers, the BBC Micro being one of the most popular. In parallel the DES continued to fund more materials for the computers, such as software and applied computing projects, plus teacher training.

A magazine advert for the Electron, Acorn's sub-£200 competitor to the ZX Spectrum. The Acorn Electron is a budget version of the BBC Micro educational/ Home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd. The Sinclair ZX Spectrum is an 8-bit personal Home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research Ltd

Although the NewBrain was under heavy development by Newbury, it soon became clear that they were not going to be able to produce it – certainly not in time for the literacy programme nor to the BBC's specification. The BBC's programmes, initially scheduled for autumn 1981, were moved back to spring 1982. After Curry and Sinclair found out about the BBC's plans, the BBC allowed other manufacturers to submit their proposals. The BBC visited Acorn and were given a demonstration of the Proton. Shortly afterwards, the literacy programme computer contract was awarded to Acorn, and the Proton was launched early in 1982 as the BBC Micro. In April 1984 Acorn won the Queen's Award for Technology for the BBC Micro. The award paid special tribute to the BBC Micro's advanced design, and it commended Acorn "for the development of a microcomputer system with many innovative features".

In April 1982 Sinclair launched the ZX Spectrum. The Sinclair ZX Spectrum is an 8-bit personal Home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research Ltd Curry conceived of the Electron as Acorn's sub-£200 competitor. The Acorn Electron is a budget version of the BBC Micro educational/ Home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd. In many ways a cut-down BBC Micro, it used one Acorn-designed ULA to reproduce most of the functionality. A gate array or uncommitted logic array ( ULA) is an approach to the design and manufacture of Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs But problems in producing the ULAs led to short supply, and the Electron, although launched in August 1983, was not on the market in sufficient numbers to capitalise on the 1983 Christmas sales period. Acorn resolved to avoid this problem in 1984 and negotiated new production contracts.

Acorn Computer Group plc (1983–85)

The BBC Micro sold spectacularly well – so much so that Acorn's profits rose from a mere £3000 in 1979 to £8. 6m in July 1983. In September 1983, CPU shares were liquidated and Acorn was floated on the Unlisted Securities Market as Acorn Computer Group plc, with Acorn Computers Ltd as the microcomputer division. The Unlisted Securities Market (USM which ran from 1980 to 1996, was a Stock exchange set up by the London Stock Exchange. With a minimum tender price of 120p, the group came into existence with a market capitalisation of about £135 million. CPU founders Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry leapt instantly into the paper millionaire bracket: Hauser's 53. 25 million shares made him worth £64m; Curry's 43 million shares translated into £51m.

New RISC architecture

Even from the time of the Atom, Acorn were considering how to move on from the 6502 processor: the 16-bit Acorn Communicator developed in 1982 using the 65816 being a key example. The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit Microprocessor that was designed by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology in 1975 The Acorn Communicator is a business Computer developed by Acorn Computers in 1985 The WDC 65816 (also 65C816) a 16-bit Microprocessor CPU developed by the Western Design Center (WDC, is an expanded and compatible

The IBM PC was launched on 12 August 1981. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Although a version of that machine was aimed at the enthusiast market much like the BBC Micro, its real area of success was business. The successor to the PC, the XT (EXtended Technology) was introduced in early 1983. The success of these machines and the variety of Z80-based CP/M machines in the business sector demonstrated that it was a viable market, especially given that sector's ability to cope with premium prices. The Zilog Z80 is an 8-bit Microprocessor designed and sold by Zilog from July 1976 onwards CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers is an Operating system originally created for Intel 8080 / 85 based Microcomputers by Gary Kildall The development of a business machine looked like a good idea to Acorn. A development programme was started to create a business computer using Acorn's existing technology – the BBC Micro mainboard, the Tube and second processors to give CP/M, MS-DOS and Unix (Xenix) workstations. CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers is an Operating system originally created for Intel 8080 / 85 based Microcomputers by Gary Kildall MS-DOS (short for M icro' s' oft D isk O perating S ystem is an Operating system commercialized by Microsoft. Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer Xenix is a version of the Unix Operating system, licensed by Microsoft from AT&T in the late 1970s

The Business Computer was something of a failure for Acorn. The Acorn Business Computer (ABC was a series of Microcomputers announced at the end of 1983 by the British company Acorn Computers.

This Acorn Business Computer (ABC) plan required a number of second processors to be made to work with the BBC Micro platform. The Acorn Business Computer (ABC was a series of Microcomputers announced at the end of 1983 by the British company Acorn Computers. In developing these, Acorn had to implement the Tube protocols on each processor chosen, in the process finding out, during 1983, that there were no obvious candidates to replace the 6502. Because of many-cycle uninterruptible instructions, for example, the interrupt response times of the 68000 were too slow to handle the communication protocol that the host 6502-based BBC Micro coped with easily. In Computing, an interrupt is an asynchronous signal from hardware indicating the need for attention or a synchronous event in software indicating the need for a change The Motorola 68000 is a 16/32-bit CISC Microprocessor core designed and marketed by Freescale Semiconductor (formerly Motorola Semiconductor Development of the National Semiconductor 32016-based model of the ABC range, later sold as the Cambridge Workstation (using the Panos operating system), had shown Sophie Wilson and Steve Furber the value of memory bandwidth. Panos was a Computer Operating system developed by Acorn Computers in the 1980s which ran on the 32016 Second Processor for the BBC Micro Professor Stephen Byram Furber CBE, FRS, FREng (born 1953 in Manchester, England is the ICL Professor of Computer Engineering It also showed that an 8 MHz 32016 was completely trounced in performance terms by a 4 MHz 6502. Furthermore, the Apple Lisa had shown the Acorn engineers that they needed to develop a windowing system – and this was not going to be easy with a 2–4 MHz 6502-based system doing the graphics. For the MOS 6502 assembler for Apple II computers see Lisa assembler. Acorn would need a new architecture.

Acorn had tested all of the available processors and found them wanting. Having ruled out existing CPUs, it was clear to the developers that Acorn should seriously consider designing its own processor. Acorn’s engineers came across papers on the Berkeley RISC project. They could now handle the truth: if a class of graduate students could create a competitive 32-bit processor, then Acorn would have no problem. A trip to the Western Design Center in Phoenix showed Furber and Wilson that they did not need massive resources and state-of-the-art R&D facilities. The Western Design Center (WDC, located in Mesa Arizona, USA, is a company developing and manufacturing MOS 65xx -based Microprocessors

Sophie Wilson set about developing the instruction set, writing a simulation of the processor in BBC Basic that ran on a BBC Micro with a 6502 second processor. It convinced the Acorn engineers that they were on the right track. Before they could go any further, however, they would need more resources. It was time for Wilson to approach Hauser and explain what was afoot. Once the go-ahead had been given, a small team was put together to implement Wilson's model in hardware.

The official Acorn RISC Machine project started in October 1983. VLSI Technology, Inc were chosen as silicon partner, since they already supplied Acorn with ROMs and some custom chips. VLSI Technology Inc was a company which designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom ICs The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109 VLSI produced the first ARM silicon on 26 April 1985 – it worked first time and came to be known as ARM1. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Its first practical application was as a second processor to the BBC Micro, where it was used to develop the simulation software to finish work on the support chips (VIDC, IOC, MEMC) and to speed up the operation of the CAD software used in developing ARM2. Wilson subsequently coded BBC Basic in ARM assembly language, and the in-depth knowledge obtained from designing the instruction set allowed the code to be very dense, making ARM BBC Basic an extremely good test for any ARM emulator.

Such was the secrecy surrounding the ARM CPU project that when Olivetti were negotiating to take a controlling share of Acorn in 1985, they were not told about the development team until after the negotiations had been finalised. Ing C Olivetti & Co SpA, known as Olivetti, is an Italian manufacturer of Computers printers and other business machines In 1992 Acorn once more won the Queen's Award for Technology for the ARM. The ARM architecture (previously the Advanced RISC Machine, and prior to that Acorn RISC Machine) is a 32-bit RISC processor architecture

Financial problems

Acorn's watershed year was 1984 – it had gone public just as the home computer market collapsed. It was the year when Atari was sold, Apple nearly went bust, and Acorn had solved the one problem it had had throughout its history: production volumes. Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics

The Electron had been launched in 1983, but problems with the supply of its ULAs meant that Acorn was not able to capitalise on the 1983 Christmas selling period – a successful advertising campaign, including TV advertisements, had led to 300,000 orders, but the Malaysian suppliers were only able to supply 30,000 machines. A gate array or uncommitted logic array ( ULA) is an approach to the design and manufacture of Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs The apparently strong demand for Electrons proved to be illusory: rather than wait, parents bought Commodore 64s or ZX Spectrums for their children's presents. The Sinclair ZX Spectrum is an 8-bit personal Home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research Ltd Ferranti solved the production problem and in 1984 production reached its anticipated volumes, but the contracts Acorn had negotiated with its suppliers were not flexible enough to allow volumes to be reduced quickly in this unanticipated situation – supplies of the Electron built up. Ferranti or Ferranti International plc was a major UK Electrical engineering and equipment firm known primarily for defence Electronics and Acorn was in real trouble: by the end of the year it had 250,000 unsold Electrons on its hands, which had all been paid for and needed to be stored – at additional expense. ^[3]

Acorn was also spending a large portion of its reserves on development: the BBC Master was being developed; the ARM project was underway; the Acorn Business Computer entailed a lot of development work but ultimately proved to be something of a flop, with only the 32016-based version ever being sold (as the Cambridge Workstation); and obtaining Federal approval for the BBC Micro in order to expand into the United States proved to a drawn-out and expensive process that proved futile – all of the expansion devices that were intended to be sold with the BBC Micro had to be tested and radiation emissions had to be reduced. Around $20m was sunk into the U. S. operation but the NTSC modified BBC Micros sold barely at all. They did, however, make an appearance in the school of Supergirl in the 1984 film Supergirl: The Movie. Supergirl is a fictional Comic book superheroine that is depicted as a female counterpart to the DC Comics iconic Superhero Superman

Olivetti subsidiary (1985–98)

The dire financial situation was brought to a head in February 1985, when one of Acorn's creditors issued a winding-up petition. After a short period of negotiations, Curry and Hauser signed an agreement with Olivetti on 20 February. Ing C Olivetti & Co SpA, known as Olivetti, is an Italian manufacturer of Computers printers and other business machines Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment The Italian computer company took a 49. 3% stake in Acorn for £12 million, which went some way to covering Acorn's £11 million losses in the previous six months. This valuation fell some £165m below Acorn's peak valuation of £190m. In September 1985, Olivetti took a controlling share of Acorn with 79% of shares.

BBC Master and Archimedes

The BBC Master was launched in February 1986 and met with great success. From 1986 to 1989, about 200,000 systems were sold, each costing £499, mainly to UK schools and universities. A number of enhanced versions were launched – for example, the Master 512, which had 512 KiB of RAM and an internal 80186 processor for MS-DOS compatibility, and the Master Turbo, which had a 65C102 second processor. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International The 80186 is a Microprocessor that was developed by Intel circa 1982. MS-DOS (short for M icro' s' oft D isk O perating S ystem is an Operating system commercialized by Microsoft.

The first commercial use of the ARM architecture was in the ARM Development System, a Tube-linked second processor for the BBC Master which allowed one to write programs for the new system. The ARM architecture (previously the Advanced RISC Machine, and prior to that Acorn RISC Machine) is a 32-bit RISC processor architecture Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. It sold for £4,500 and included the ARM processor, 4 MiB of RAM and a set of development tools with an enhanced version of BBC BASIC. A mebibyte (a contraction of me ga bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, abbreviated MiB. (This system did not include the three support chips - VIDC,MEMC, and IOC - which were later to form part of the Archimedes system. They made their first appearance in the A500 second processor [1], which was used internally within Acorn as a development platform, and had a similar form-factor to the ARM development system.

The second ARM-based product was the Acorn Archimedes desktop-computer, released in mid-1987. The Acorn Archimedes was Acorn Computers Ltd 's first general purpose Home computer based on their own 32-bit ARM RISC The Archimedes was popular in the United Kingdom, Australasia and Ireland, and was considerably more powerful and advanced than most offerings of the day, but the market was already stratifying into the PC-dominated world. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Acorn continued to produce updated models of the Archimedes including a laptop (the A4) and in 1994 launched the Risc PC, whose top specification would later include a 200 MHz+ StrongARM processor. The Risc PC (codenamed Medusa) was Acorn Computers 's next generation RISC OS / Acorn RISC Machine computer launched in 1994 The StrongARM Microprocessor is a faster version of the Advanced RISC Machines ARM design These were sold mainly into education, specialist and enthusiast markets.

ARM Ltd

Acorn's silicon partner, VLSI, had been tasked with finding new applications for the ARM CPU and support chips. VLSI Technology Inc was a company which designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom ICs The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109 Hauser's Active Book company had been developing a handheld device and for this the ARM CPU developers had created a static version of their processor, the ARM2aS.

Apple was developing an entirely new computing platform, the Newton. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics The Apple Newton, or simply Newton, is the IPhone 's predecessor and was an early line of Personal digital assistants developed and marketed by Various requirements had been set for the processor in terms of power consumption, cost and performance, and there was also a need for fully static operation in which the clock could be stopped at any time. Only the Acorn RISC Machine came close to meeting all these demands, but there were still deficiencies. The ARM did not, for example, have an integral memory management unit as this function was being provided by the MEMC support chip and Acorn did not have the resources to develop one. ^[4]

Apple and Acorn began to collaborate on developing the ARM, and it was decided that this would be best achieved by a separate company. ^[4] The bulk of the Advanced Research and Development section of Acorn that had developed the ARM CPU formed the basis of ARM Ltd when that company was spun off in November 1990. Acorn Group and Apple Computer Inc each had a 43% shareholding in ARM (in 1996^[5]), while VLSI were an investor and first ARM licensee. ^[6]

Set-Top boxes

In 1994, a subsidiary of Acorn, Online Media, was founded. Online Media aimed to exploit the projected video-on-demand (VOD) boom, an interactive television system which would allow users to select and watch video content over a network. Video on demand ( VOD) or Audio video on demand ( AVOD) systems allow users to select and watch/listen Interactive television (generally known as iTV describes a number of techniques that allow viewers to interact with Television content as they view it Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images In September 1994 the Cambridge Trial of video-on-demand services was set up by Online Media, Anglia Television, Cambridge Cable and Advanced Telecommunication Modules Ltd (ATML)^[7] – the trial involved creating a wide area ATM network linking TV-company to subscribers' homes and delivering services such as home shopping, online education, software downloaded on-demand and the World Wide Web. } Anglia Television is the ITV station for the East of England which has been broadcasting since 27 October 1959. Advanced Telecommunication Modules Ltd ( ATML) was set up in 1993 by Dr Hermann Hauser and Professor Andy Hopper as a spin-off from the Olivetti The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. The wide area network used a combination of fibre and coaxial cable, and the switches were housed in the roadside cabinets of Cambridge Cable's existing network. ^[8] Olivetti Research Laboratory developed the technology used by the trial. The Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL was a research institute in the field of computing and telecommunications founded in 1986 by Hermann Hauser and Andy Hopper. An ICL video server provided the service via ATM switches manufactured by ATML, another company set up by Hauser and Hopper. International Computers Ltd, or ICL, was a large British Computer hardware, Computer software and Computer services company that operated from The trial commenced at a speed of 2 Mbit/s to the home, subsequently increased to 25 Mbit/s. ^[9]

Subscribers used Acorn Online Media set-top boxes. The Acorn Online Media Set Top Box was produced by the Online Media division of Acorn Computers Ltd for the Cambridge Cable and Online Media Video on Demand For the first six months the trial involved 10 VOD terminals;^[9] the second phase was expanded to cover 100 homes and 8 schools with a further 150 terminals in test labs. A number of other organisations gradually joined in, including the National Westminster Bank, the BBC, the Post Office, Tesco and the local education authority. National Westminster Bank Plc, or NatWest as it is commonly known is a Commercial bank in the United Kingdom which has been part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group For the UK's mail delivery service See Royal Mail Post Office Ltd (Swyddfa'r Post Cyf Tesco plc is a British -based international grocery and general merchandising retail chain

BBC Education tested delivery of radio-on-demand programmes to primary schools, and a new educational service, Education Online, was established to deliver material such as Open University television programmes and educational software. Open University is also the name of other institutions See Distance education or the Open Universities category for a list Netherhall secondary school was provided with an inexpensive video server and operated as a provider of Trial services, with Anglia Polytechnic University taking up a similar role some time later. ^[8] It was hoped that Online Media could be floated as a separate company, but the predicted video-on-demand boom never really materialised.

Network Computers

See also: Acorn Network Computer

When BBC2's The Money Programme screened an interview with Larry Ellison in October 1995, Acorn Online Media Managing Director Malcolm Bird realised that Ellison's network computer was, basically, an Acorn set-top box. The Acorn Network Computer was a Network computer designed and manufactured by Acorn Computers Ltd. The Money Programme is a Finance and Business affairs Television programme on BBC2. Lawrence Joseph "Larry" Ellison (born August 17, 1944) is an American entrepreneur and the co-founder and CEO of Oracle Corporation Network computer (abbreviated NC) is a trademark of Oracle Corporation. After initial discussions between Oracle Corporation and Olivetti, Hauser and Acorn a few weeks later, Bird was dispatched to San Francisco with Acorn's latest Set Top Box. Oracle Corporation ( specializes in developing and marketing Enterprise software products — particularly Database management systems In 2007 Oracle ranked Oracle had already talked seriously with computer manufacturers including Sun and Apple about the contract for putting together the NC blueprint machine; there were also rumours in the industry that said Oracle itself was working on the reference design. Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services After Bird's visit to Oracle, Ellison visited Acorn and a deal was reached: Acorn would define the NC Reference Standard.

Ellison was expecting to announce the NC in February 1996. Sophie Wilson was put in charge of the NC project, and by mid-November a draft NC specification was ready. By January 1996 the formal details of the contract between Acorn and Oracle had been worked out, and the PCB was designed and ready to be put into production. ^[10] In February 1996 Acorn Network Computing was founded. ^[5] In August 1996 it launched the Acorn Network Computer. The Acorn Network Computer was a Network computer designed and manufactured by Acorn Computers Ltd.

It was hoped that the Network Computer would create a significant new sector in which Acorn Network Computing would be a major player, either selling its own products or earning money from licence fees paid by other manufacturers for the right to produce their own NCs. To that end, two of Acorn's major projects were the creation of a new 'consumer device' operating system, Galileo and, in conjunction with Digital Semiconductor and ARM, a new StrongARM chipset, the SA1500 / SA1501. Galileo's main feature was a guarantee of a certain quality of service to each process in which the resources (CPU, memory, etc. ) required to ensure reliable operation would be kept available regardless of the behaviour of other processes. ^[11] The SA1500 sported higher clock rates than existing StrongARM CPUs and, more importantly, a media-focussed coprocessor (the Attached Media Processor or AMP). The SA1500 was to be the first release target for Galileo. ^[12]

After having incorporated its STB and NC business areas as separate companies, Acorn created a new wholly owned subsidiary, Acorn RISC Technologies (ART). ART focused on the development of Galileo^[13] and other software and hardware technologies built on top of ARM processors^[5].

Break up of Acorn (1998–2000) and on-going developments of their technology

The distinctive yellow case of the Acorn Phoebe. The Phoebe 2100 (or Risc PC 2) was to be Acorn Computers ' next generation Risc PC, slated for release in late 1998.

Acorn's last real hopes of becoming a major player in the computer industry had fizzled out: set-top boxes were not taking off as expected, and the Network Computer, too, had been a bit of a flop – traditional PCs were reaching the types of prices thought to justify such a design, and increases in bandwidth to the home were slow to come about, making a broadband internet connection something of a luxury for the late '90s. Between 1996 and 1998 Olivetti disposed of its interest in Acorn Group through a series of structured transactions, raising £54m. Ing C Olivetti & Co SpA, known as Olivetti, is an Italian manufacturer of Computers printers and other business machines Acorn restructured its operations, bringing its subsidiary companies back together as divisions within Acorn. Acorn Risc Technologies became the Workstation Division, which was closed in late 1998 when Acorn finally stopped producing desktop computers in favour of set-top boxes. The last machine, code-named Phoebe or Risc PC 2, was nearly fully developed at the time of the project's abandonment, and therefore was never produced in volume nor sold to the public. The Phoebe 2100 (or Risc PC 2) was to be Acorn Computers ' next generation Risc PC, slated for release in late 1998. Notably, numbers of its distinctive yellow case were produced and sold off cheaply.

ARM, however, had gone from strength to strength. In 1998, the Company underwent an initial public offering (IPO) and reregistered as a public company under the name ARM Holdings plc when it completed its IPO and listed its shares for trading on the London Stock Exchange and for quotation on the Nasdaq National Market. Initial public offering (IPO, also referred to simply as a "public offering" is when a company issues Common stock or shares to the public for the first Morgan Stanley Dean Witter acted as global co-ordinator and book-runner for the Offering as well as sponsor and broker for the listing on the London exchange. Morgan Stanley ( is a global Financial services provider headquartered in New York City New York United States

In January 1999, Acorn Group changed the name of Acorn Computers Ltd to Element 14 Ltd as it recast itself in the mould of ARM – that is as a developer of silicon (and software) intellectual property (IP), with a focus on the digital TV market. Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names ^[14] Around this time, ARM's share value had increased to a point where the capital value of Acorn Group plc was worth less than the value of its 24% holding in ARM. This situation led shareholders to press Acorn to sell its stake in ARM to provide a return on their investment. The situation also led ARM to consider taking action itself, since a financially weak shareholder such as Acorn was putting ARM in a vulnerable position. Acorn Computers Group plc was purchased on 1 June 1999 by Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Investments Limited. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The transaction involved the de-listing of Acorn Group plc, as a result of which its shareholding in ARM was distributed to Acorn's shareholders.

Morgan Stanley sold the set-top-box division to Pace Micro Technology for £200,000, and Pace thereby acquired control of RISC OS. RISC OS is an Operating system originally created by British manufacturer Acorn Computers for their ARM based Computers ranging On 26 July 1999,^[15] an Acorn management team led by Stan Boland bought the DSP business, Element 14, from MSDW for £1. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) 5 million – its net asset value. Element 14 subsequently secured £8. 25 ($13) million in first-round funding from Bessemer Venture Partners, Atlas Ventures and Hauser's Amadeus Capital Partners. It had its headquarters in Cambridge and an engineering facility in Bristol, UK.

It successfully headhunted Alcatel's top digital subscriber line (DSL) engineers, including designers of analogue front-end and digital ICs, xDSL modem software and specialists in asymmetric DSL (ADSL) and very high rate DSL (VDSL) systems, and thereby acquired an engineering centre in Mechelen, Belgium^[16]. Alcatel-Lucent is one of the world's biggest industry players in Telecommunications that provides hardware software and services to Service Providers Enterprises and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ( ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over Copper Telephone Mechelen ( Mechlin in English is a Dutch-speaking city and municipality in the province of Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Element 14 continued to develop its DSP products until it was purchased by Broadcom in November 2000 for £366 million ($594 million). Broadcom Corporation is an American supplier of Integrated circuits (ICs for broadband communications ^[17]

The operating system developed for Phoebe, RISC OS 4 – codename Ursula, was made available to Risc PC users by RISCOS Ltd, which licensed the operating system, and continues to develop, support and sell RISC OS today. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination RISCOS Ltd is a UK Limited company, created in January 1999 and managed by Paul Middleton. However, the market is still competitive with two strands of the OS currently being developed. RISC OS 4 is available in 26-bit and 32-bit versions for the Acorn Risc PC and A7000+, as well as MicroDigital's and RiscStation's computers (Mico, Alpha, Omega, R7500s) plus the newly developed A9 range from AdvantageSix. The range of Integer values that can be stored in 32 bits is 0 through 4294967295 or −2147483648 through 2147483647 using Two's complement encoding It also works on the VirtualAcorn range of emulators. The 32-bit-only RISC OS 5 from Castle is used for their Iyonix computers and set-top boxes. The range of Integer values that can be stored in 32 bits is 0 through 4294967295 or −2147483648 through 2147483647 using Two's complement encoding The Iyonix PC is an Acorn -clone Personal computer from Castle Technology. Castle is currently considering to open-source their branch of the OS, hoping to achieve a re-unification of the two OS branches.

Revival of the Acorn trademark

See main article Acorn Computers (2006)

In early 2006, the dormant Acorn trademark was licensed from the French company, Aristide & Co Antiquaire De Marques, by a new company based in Nottingham. In early 2006 the dormant Acorn Computers Trademark was licensed from French company Aristide & Co Antiquaire De Marques by a new company Acorn Computers Ltd based This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In early 2006 the dormant Acorn Computers Trademark was licensed from French company Aristide & Co Antiquaire De Marques by a new company Acorn Computers Ltd based Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. ^[18] This company, which manufactures Windows-only computers, has no connection with the original company. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft.

See also

• ARM Holdings
• List of Acorn Electron games
• Microelectronics Education Programme
• Olivetti
• RISC OS

Footnotes

References

External links

• The Acorn Atom pre-history
• RISC OS and Acorn pages
• Atom Review documentation of the Atom and lots of extensions made by Dutch Atom clubs
• Acorn Computers The website for the new Acorn Computers Ltd, note that this is a new company reviving the brand with modern Windows PCs, not linked to RISC OS
• About Acorn computers and ARM processors
• Acorn information from Retro Madness, the museum of home computing and gaming
• Reference Material of various RISC OS/Acorn Hardware (esp. scanned manuals as PDFs) at Drobe Launchpad
• RISC OS Ltd. develop Acorn's OS under licence from Castle
• AdvantageSix develop computers and embedded systems for RISC OS
• Castle Technology are the current owners of RISC OS