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For the 1994 novel by Irvine Welsh, see The Acid House. Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958 Leith, Edinburgh) is a contemporary Scottish novelist, best known for his novel Trainspotting The Acid House is a 1994 book by Irvine Welsh, later made into a film
Acid House
Stylistic origins
Cultural origins
Typical instruments
Mainstream popularity late 1980s and early 1990s United States, United Kingdom. House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the early "drum machine" computers that used a rotating cylinder as their main memory see Drum memory A drum machine is an A music sequencer (also MIDI sequencer or just sequencer) is software or hardware designed to create and manage computer-generated music A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a Musical keyboard. The Roland TB-303 Bass Line is a Synthesizer with built-in sequencer manufactured by the Roland corporation from 1982 to 1984 The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer was one of the first programmable Drum machines ("TR" serving as an Initialism for Transistor Rhythm The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Resurgence in mid-2000s.
Derivative forms Breakbeat Hardcore
Other topics
Styles of house music

Acid house is a sub-genre of house music that emphasizes a repetitive, hypnotic and trance-like style, with samples or spoken lines usually used rather than sung lyrics. Breakbeat hardcore ( Rave music) is a derivate of Acid house that combines 4-to-the-floor rhythms with breakbeats and is associated with UK Rave scene House music has many sub-genres Acid house: A Chicago derivative built around the Roland TB-303 bassline machine House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Acid house's core electronic squelch sounds were developed by mid-1980s DJs from Chicago who experimented with the Roland TB-303 electronic synthesizer-sequencer. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The Roland TB-303 Bass Line is a Synthesizer with built-in sequencer manufactured by the Roland corporation from 1982 to 1984 Acid house spread to the United Kingdom, Australia, and continental Europe, where it was played by DJ's in the early rave scene. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A rave (or rave party) is a term in use since the 1980s to describe Dance Parties (often all-night events By the late 1980s, copycat tracks and acid house remixes brought the style into the mainstream, where it had some influence on pop and dance styles. A remix is an alternative version of a song different from the original version

The sound of acid, a nickname for acid house,[1] was different to the emerging styles of deep house or vocal house in that it was starkly minimal, being very light or absent of instrumentation and generally harder or trancier sounding than these. Deep house is a style of House music which fuses elements of Chicago house 80's soul jazz-funk and Detroit techno Vocal house is a musical genre that came to the fore in the late 1980s and early 1990s Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s This bifurcation marked an early separation in house music that directly correlated to the origin of hard dance and trance and which developed in conjunction with the more underground and specialized rave scene. Hard Dance is an umbrella term that refers to the grouping of modern electronic Dance music Genres. Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s The starkness of the style was as a result of the discovery of the strange sounds that the Roland 303 bass line synthesizer produced when tweaked and the straight 4|4 rhythm which though shared by much of house and techno music was programmed into much harder and more pounding rhythms than pop or electro. Both of these elements are present in most of the tracks considered core to the sound of acid house. Roland's other famous sound, the Roland TR-909 drum machine is nearly as common. The Roland TR-909 Rhythm Composer is a partially analog, partially sample-based Drum machine built by the Japanese Roland Corporation Acid house's influence on dance music is tangible considering the sheer number of electronic music tracks referencing acid house through the use of its sounds, including trance, Goa Trance, psytrance, breakbeat, big beat, techno, trip-hop and house. Trance denotes a variety of processes techniques modalities and states of mind awareness and consciousness Goa Trance ( Goa, 604) is a form of Electronic music that originated during the late 1980s in Goa, India. Psychedelic trance or psytrance is a form of Electronic music characterized by hypnotic arrangements of synthetic rhythms and mesmerizing melodies Breakbeat (sometimes breakbeats or breaks) is a term used to describe a collection of sub- genres of Electronic music, usually characterized Big beat (sometimes called chemical breaks) is a term deployed in the mid 1990s by the British music press to describe the music of The Chemical Brothers, Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s Trip hop is a music Genre also known as the Bristol sound or Bristol acid rap. House generally refers to a Shelter or Building that is a Dwelling or place for Habitation by Human beings. [2]

The Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer provided the electronic squelch sounds often heard in acid house tracks.
The Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer provided the electronic squelch sounds often heard in acid house tracks.

Contents

History

A yellow smiley face is considered the emblem of acid house.
A yellow smiley face is considered the emblem of acid house. The smiley, smiley face, or happy face, is a stylized representation of a smiling human face commonly represented as a yellow circle with two dots representing

Origins in Chicago

The first acid house records were produced in Chicago, Illinois. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Phuture, a group founded by Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr. Phuture (nowadays called Phuture 303) is a Chicago -based Acid house group founded in 1985 by DJ Pierre, Spanky and Herb J DJ Pierre is the stage name of Nathaniel Pierre Jones, a Chicago born DJ and performer of house music , and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson, is credited with having been the first to use the TB-303 in the house music context (the instrument appeared as early as 1983 in disco via Alexander Robotnick). Alexander Robotnick (aka Maurizio Dami is an Italian electronic Musician. [3] The group's 12-minute "Acid Tracks" was recorded to tape and was played by DJ Ron Hardy at the Music Box, where Hardy was resident DJ. Ron Hardy Born May 8 1958-(died 1991 was an instrumental figure and DJ in the development of House music. Hardy once played it four times over the course of an evening until the crowd responded favorably.

Chicago's house music scene was suffering from a massive crack down of parties and events by the police. Sales of house records were dwindling and by 1988, the genre was selling less than a tenth as many records as at the height of the style's popularity. [4] However, house and especially acid house was beginning to experience a massive surge in popularity in Britain.

The London house-music scene

London's club Shoom, circa 1987, was one of the first clubs to introduce acid house to the clubbing public of England. It was opened by Danny Rampling and his wife. Danny Rampling is a former British House Music DJ and is widely credited as one of the original founders of the UK's Rave /club scene The club was extremely exclusive and featured thick fog, a dreamy atmosphere and acid house. [5] This period began what some call the Second Summer of Love. The Second Summer of Love is a name given to the period in 1988-91 in Britain, during the rise of Acid House music and the euphoric explosion of unlicensed The movement has been credited with a reduction in football hooliganism, instead of fights, football fans were listening to music, taking ecstasy, and joining the other club attendees in a peaceful movement often paralleled to the Summer of Love in San Francisco in the 1960s. This article refers to the summer of 1967 For the film of a similar name please go to My Summer of Love. [6] However the movement is generally considered much less politicized, and often seen as hedonistic and self indulgent.

Another club called Trip was opened by Nick Holloway in 1988 and was geared directly towards the acid house music scene. It known for its intensity and stayed open until 3 AM. The patrons would spill into the streets chanting and would draw the police on regular occasions. The reputation that occurrences like this created along with the UK's strong anti-club laws started to make it increasingly difficult to offer events in the conventional club atmosphere. Considered illegal in London during the late 80s, after-hour clubbing was against the law. However, this did not stop the club-goers from continuing after-hours dancing. Police would raid the after-hour parties, so the groups began to assemble inside warehouses and other inconspicuous venues in secret, hence also marking the first developments of the rave. A rave (or rave party) is a term in use since the 1980s to describe Dance Parties (often all-night events [7] Raves were well attended at this time and consisted of single events or moving series of parties thrown by production companies or unlicensed clubs. Two well known groups at this point were the famous "RiP" or Revolution in Progress, known for the dark atmosphere and hard music at their events which were usually thrown in warehouses[8] and Sunrise who held particularly massive outdoor events.

The Sunrise group threw several large acid house raves in England which gathered serious press attention. In 1988 they threw "Burn It Up," 1989 brought "Early Summer Madness," "Midsummer Night's Dream," and "Back to the Future. " They advertised huge sound systems, fairground rides, foreign DJs, and other attractions. Many articles were written sensationalizing these parties and the results of them, focusing especially on the drug use and out-of-control nature that the media perceived. [9]

Media attention

Beat Dis by Bomb the Bass (1988) features the "bloodied" version of the popular smiley icon.
Beat Dis by Bomb the Bass (1988) features the "bloodied" version of the popular smiley icon.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, news media and tabloids devoted an increasing amount of coverage to the hedonistic acid house/rave scene, focusing on its association with psychedelic drugs and club drugs. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Club drugs are a loosely-defined category of Recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and Dance clubs parties and Raves in The sensationalist nature of the coverage may have contributed to the banning of acid house during its heyday from radio, television, and retail outlets in the United Kingdom. The moral panic of the press began in 1988, when the UK tabloid The Sun, which only weeks earlier had promoted Acid House as "cool and groovy" while running an offer on Acid Smiley Face T-Shirts, abruptly turned on the scene. The Sun is a Tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language On October 19th, the tabloid ran with the headline "Evils of Ecstasy," linking the Acid House scene with the new and relatively unknown drug. The resultant panic incited by the tabloids eventually led to a crackdown on clubs and venues that played Acid House and had a profound negative impact on the scene. [10]

UK acid house and rave fans used the yellow smiley face symbol simply as an emblem of the music and scene, a "vapid, anonymous smile" that portrayed the "simplest and gentlest of the Eighties’ youth manifestations" that was non-aggressive, "except in terms of decibels" at the high-volume DJ parties. The smiley, smiley face, or happy face, is a stylized representation of a smiling human face commonly represented as a yellow circle with two dots representing [11] Some acid house fans used a smiley face with a blood streak on it, which Watchmen comics creator Alan Moore asserts was based on Dave Gibbons' artwork for the series. Watchmen is a twelve-issue Comic book Limited series written by Alan Moore, and illustrated by Dave Gibbons and John Higgins Alan Moore (born November 18 1953 in Northampton) is an English Writer most famous for his influential work in Comics, including the acclaimed Dave Gibbons (born April 14, 1949) is a British Comic book Artist, writer and sometime letterer [12]

Within just a few years, acid house had gained a considerable fan base, and the influence of the music reached beyond the club and warehouse environment. It also influenced UK pop music during these formative years, emerging in a somewhat sanitized version in songs like Bananarama's "Tripping on Your Love" (1991) and Samantha Fox's "Love House" (1989). Bananarama are an English Girl group who have had success on the This article is about the English model and singer for the American pornographic actress see Samantha Fox (porn star. Acid house influences also appear in the 1988 hit by S'Express, "Theme from S'Express" and in remixes of pop songs on 12" singles by various mainstream acts. S'Express (pronounced ess-express; sometimes spelled S'Xpress or S-Express; otherwise known as Victim of the Ghetto) was a British " Theme from S'Express " was a popular single by English Dance music band S'Express.

Musically, acid house started to move away from its almost nearly complete reliance on the TB-303, but continued to use repeated sound sequences that were shifted and warped by electronic modulation.

Influence of house music

Acid house remained active after the first wave and has experienced waves of popularity. Richie Hawtin, Moby, Massive Attack all released tunes in the early 1990s featuring the Roland TB-303. Richard (Richie Hawtin (born June 4 1970, Banbury, Oxfordshire, England) is a English - Canadian Electronic Richard Melville Hall, also known as Moby (born September 11, 1965 in Harlem, New York) is an American DJ Massive Attack are an English Trip hop group founded in 1988 by Robert Del Naja, Grantley Marshall, and Andrew Vowles in Bristol Josh Wink released "Higher State of Consciousness" in 1995, just another peak in acid house's continuous up-and-down cycle in over 20 years of popularity and performance. Josh Wink (born Joshua Winkelman in 1970 is an Electronic music DJ, label owner producer, Remixer and artist As computer programs such as Reason and VSTi (Virtual Studio Technology Instrument) versions of the essential Roland TB-303 were developed, the sound began to appear in many different styles of music. Reason is a popular music software program developed by Swedish software developers Propellerhead Software. Steinberg 's Virtual Studio Technology (VST is an interface for integrating software Audio Synthesizer and effect Plugins with Roland released the MC-303 Groovebox in the mid 1990s, which featured samples of the original TB-303.

DJ's and producers using tracks or sounds from acid house that appeared in the 1990s and 2000s include Chris Liberator, 808 State, DJ Pierre, Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim, Terry Mullen, Luke Vibert, Aphex Twin, and many others including artists far outside the acid house genre such as Madonna, the Beastie Boys, Nine Inch Nails, and The Prodigy. 808 State are an English Electronic music outfit formed in 1988 in Manchester, taking their name from the Roland TR-808 Drum machine DJ Pierre is the stage name of Nathaniel Pierre Jones, a Chicago born DJ and performer of house music The Chemical Brothers are an English Grammy Award winning Electronic music duo of Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons (occasionally referred to as Chemical Fatboy Slim, also known as Norman Cook, (born Quentin Leo Cook on 31 July 1963 is a British DJ and Big beat musician Luke Vibert is a British recording artist and producer known for his work in many subgenres of Electronica. Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16 1958 known as Madonna, is an American The Prodigy are an Electronic music group formed by Liam Howlett in 1990 in Braintree Essex, England. [13]

Etymology of the term

There are conflicting accounts about how the term acid came to be used to describe this style of house music. British performer and musician Genesis P-Orridge from the experimental music collective Psychic TV has claimed that he invented the term "acid house". "Neil Megson" redirects here For the soccer player see Neil Megson (soccer. Psychic TV (sometimes spelled Psychick TV) or PTV, is a video art and music group that primarily performs psychedelic punk electronic and experimental music However, this claim is disputed by Fred Giannelli, another member of Psychic TV. Massachusetts born Fred Giannelli began experimenting with electronics in the late 1970s as Turning Shrines [14] Even P-Orridge himself has given a different account of his introduction to the genre: In an interview in the 1999 documentary Better Living Through Circuitry, he states that when he asked a Chicago record store clerk for the weirdest records on hand, he was pointed to the "acid" section. Better Living Through Circuitry is a 1999 documentary about Electronic dance music culture and the first such full-length P-Orridge claims that he merely listened to them to try to figure out what made them psychedelic, and concluded that the tempo was the key element.

The reference to "acid" may also be a celebratory reference to psychedelic drugs in general, such as LSD, as well as a popular mid-1980s club drug Ecstasy (MDMA). Psychedelic drugs are Psychoactive drugs whose primary action is to alter the thought processes of the brain and perception of the mind Club drugs are a loosely-defined category of Recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and Dance clubs parties and Raves in MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, [15]

Other accounts of the etymology of the term are not based on the LSD or psychedelic connotations. One such account is that before DJ Pierre's "Acid Trax" (an early example of the genre and credited to his group Phuture) was given a title for commercial release, it was played at a nightclub by DJ Ron Hardy, where it was called "Ron Hardy's Acid Track" (or "Ron Hardy's Acid Trax"). DJ Pierre is the stage name of Nathaniel Pierre Jones, a Chicago born DJ and performer of house music " Acid Tracks " is a 12-inch single released in 1987 by Phuture. Phuture (nowadays called Phuture 303) is a Chicago -based Acid house group founded in 1985 by DJ Pierre, Spanky and Herb J Ron Hardy Born May 8 1958-(died 1991 was an instrumental figure and DJ in the development of House music. After the release of Phuture's song, and the term Acid House came into common parlance. [16] Philippe Renaud, a journalist for La Presse in Montreal, states that the term Acid house was "Coined in Chicago in 1987 to describe the sound of the Roland 303 bass machine. " Renaud states that acid house music "made its first significant recording appearance on Phuture's Acid Trax (DJ Pierre) in that year. "[17] Electronic music historian Dan Sicko also advances this theory in his book Techno Rebels, stating acid house is "named for its psychedelic sounds," particularly that of the Roland TB-303. [18]

The theory that acid was a derogatory reference towards the use of samples in acid house music was repeated in the press and in the British House of Commons. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords [19] In this theory, the term acid came from the slang term "acid burning", which the Oxford Dictionary of New Words calls "a term for stealing. " Since acid house makes substantial use of sampling, this can be deemed "stealing from other tracks. "[20] One of the problems with this theory is that although early house music producers did use samples, most acid house music was fully original compositions made using sequencers and synthesizers.

In 1991, UK Libertarian advocate Paul Staines claimed that he coined the non-drug-oriented explanation (equating "acid burning" with stealing) to discourage the government from adopting anti-rave party legislation. Paul Staines is an Irish Political Blogger Writer of the Pseudonymous " Guido Fawkes ' blog of parliamentary plots rumours & conspiracy" Staines stated that he spread this misinformation because he believed that the British public would deem the use of drugs at rave parties to be unacceptable, and would therefore support legislation against rave parties. [21][22]

Once the term acid house became more widely used, participants at acid house-themed events in the UK and Ibiza made the psychedelic drug connotations a reality by using club drugs such as ecstasy. Club drugs are a loosely-defined category of Recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and Dance clubs parties and Raves in [23][24][25] This coincided with an increasing level of scrutiny and sensationalism in the mainstream press,[26] although conflicting accounts about the degree of connection between acid house music and drugs continued to surface. [27]

Notable acid house artists

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. , 70. ISBN 0819564982.  
  2. ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. , 76–77. ISBN 0819564982.  
  3. ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. , 32. ISBN 0819564982.  
  4. ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. , 34. ISBN 0819564982.  
  5. ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. , 60. ISBN 0819564982.  
  6. ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. , 64. ISBN 0819564982.  
  7. ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. , 62. ISBN 0819564982.  
  8. ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. , 62. ISBN 0819564982.  
  9. ^ Unknown. Sunrise Profile. [1]. Retrieved on 2008-01-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign  “Youngsters were so high on Ecstacy and cannabis they ripped the birds’ heads off;”
  10. ^ Rave's relationship to the Media. Fantazia Rave Archive. Retrieved on 2007-10-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -
  11. ^ The Independent, March 3, 1990: “Acid House, whose emblem is a vapid, anonymous smile, is the simplest and gentlest of the Eighties’ youth manifestations … non-aggressive (except in terms of decibels). Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) ”
  12. ^ Dave Walsh (2003). The Alan Moore interview. Blather. Retrieved on 2007-07-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.  “There were big coincidences happening around the work [sic] and then all of a sudden the central image of it has been nicked on all these acid house t-shirts everywhere. ”
  13. ^ Unknown (2005). [www. thetechnocracy. net/techschool/2005/09/23/equipment-profile-the-roland-tb-303-bassline/ Equipment Profile: The Roland TB-303 Bassline]. [2]. Retrieved on 2008-01-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
  14. ^ Giannelli, Fred, in an interview (archived from http://fopi.net/inter/fred.htm in July 2007) for the Family Ov Psychick Individuals (FOPI) Psychic TV fan club in June 2000. Psychic TV (sometimes spelled Psychick TV) or PTV, is a video art and music group that primarily performs psychedelic punk electronic and experimental music
  15. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of New Words (Knowles, Elizabeth [ed], Elliott, Elizabeth [ed]). Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-863152-9. — The word acid here is probably taken from the record Acid Trax by Phuture (in Chicago slang, acid burning is a term for stealing and this type of music relies heavily on sampling, or stealing from other tracks); a popular theory that it is a reference to the drug LSD is denied by its followers (but compare acid rock, a sixties psychedelic rock craze, which certainly was).
  16. ^ Cheeseman, Phil. "The History Of House".
  17. ^ Philippe Renaud: Look it up in the dictionary—An alphabetical guide to electronic music
  18. ^ Sicko, Dan, Techno Rebels, Billboard Books, pp. 104, ISBN 0-8230-8428-0 
  19. ^ Quoted in the British House of Commons Hansard, 9 March 1990, column 1111—the term acid house party derives from Chicago slang describing the theft and subsequent mixing of recording tracks played at warehouse parties. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) But because of its association with drug LSD or acid, the promoters prefer to use descriptions such as all-night party. "
  20. ^ Rushkoff, Douglas (1994, 2nd ed. 2002). Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Cyberspace. ISBN 1-903083-24-9& House DJs would sample pieces of music that were called bites so (others spell it bytes, to indicate that these are digital samples that can be measured in terms of RAM size). Especially evocative bites were called acid bites. " Thus, music of the house, made up of these acid bites, became known as acid house. When
  21. ^ Staines, Paul (1991). "Acid House Parties Against the Lifestyle Police and the Safety Nazis" article in Political Notes (ISSN 0267-7059), issue 55 (ISBN 1-85637-039-9). Also quoted in Saunders, Nicholas with Doblin, Rick (July 1, 1996). "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Ecstasy: Dance, Trance & Transformation, Quick American Publishing Company. ISBN 0-932551-20-3.
  22. ^ Garratt, Sheryl (May 6, 1999). Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Adventures in Wonderland: Decade of Club Culture. Headline Book Publishing Ltd. (UK). ISBN 0-7472-5846-5.
  23. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (December 1, 2003). Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock, 436. Google Print. ISBN 0-634-05548-8 (accessed June 9, 2005). Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Also available in print from Hal Leonard.
  24. ^ Donnally, Trish. (October 17, 1988). Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Article published in the San Francisco Chronicle and distributed via the Los Angeles Times Syndicate to other newspapers and published under various headlines—British youths, mostly younger than 20, are flocking to members-only nightclubs, taking a cheap tab of LSD ($5) or the much more expensive designer drug Ecstasy ($30) and then dancing all night long, sometimes - with the aid of amyl nitrate poppers — until 10 the next morning.
  25. ^ Foderaro, Lisa. (December 18, 1988). Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) New York Times News Service article, published in various US newspapers under different headlines. “Acid house is a stripped-down, highly percussive disco sound—punctuated by television jingles, spoken non sequiturs and high-pitched beeps—whose overall effect is psychedelic. ”
  26. ^ Takiff, Jonathan. (December 14, 1988). Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Philadelphia Daily News—BBC banned all records that mentioned acid
  27. ^ Leary, Mike. (November 24, 1988). Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Philadelphia Inquirer.
Additional references

Dictionary

acid house

-noun

  1. A style of music from the early rave scene in the UK.
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