An acid (often represented by the generic formula HA [H⁺A^-]) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion activity greater than in pure water, i. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential Liquid-liquid extractions to purify Acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties Acid-base homeostasis is the part of Human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between Acids and bases, in other words the PH. An acidity function is a measure of the Acidity of a medium or solvent system usually expressed in terms of its ability to donate protons to (or accept protons from a For an individual weak acid or weak base component see Buffering agent. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. The proton affinity, E pa of a Anion or of a neutral Atom or Molecule is a measure of its gas-phase basicity. The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, and autodissociation of water) is the chemical reaction in which two water molecules react to produce a A mineral acid is an Acid derived by Chemical reaction from inorganic Minerals as opposed to Organic acids These have Hydrogen An organic acid is an Organic compound with Acidic properties A Strong acid is an Acid that Ionizes completely in an Aqueous solution (not in the case of Sulfuric acid as it is diprotic A superacid is an Acid with an Acidity greater than that of 100% Sulfuric acid, which has a Hammett acidity function ( H 0 A weak acid is an Acid that does not completely donate all of its hydrogens when dissolved in water In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and An organic base is an Organic compound which acts as a base. Organic bases are usually but not always proton acceptors In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and In Chemistry, a superbase is an extremely strong base. There is no commonly accepted definition for what qualifies as a superbase but most chemists would accept As the name suggests a non-nucleophilic base is an organic base that is a very Strong base but at the same time a poor Nucleophile. In chemistry a weak base is a Chemical base that does not Ionize fully in an Aqueous solution. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all Ions of Hydrogen and its Isotopes Depending on the Charge of the ion Activity in Chemistry is a measure of an “effective concentration” of a species e. a pH less than 7. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. 0. That approximates the modern definition of Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry, who independently defined an acid as a compound which donates a hydrogen ion (H⁺) to another compound (called a base). Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted born in Varde ( February 22, 1879 – December 17, 1947) was a Danish physical chemist Thomas Martin Lowry ( October 26, 1874 - November 2, 1936) was an English physical chemist. Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all Ions of Hydrogen and its Isotopes Depending on the Charge of the ion In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Common examples include acetic acid (in vinegar) and sulfuric acid (used in car batteries). Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the Fermentation of Ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient Acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. A car battery is a type of Rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to an Automobile. Acid/base systems are different from redox reactions in that there is no change in oxidation state. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.

Contents 1 Definitions 2 Properties 3 Nomenclature 4 Chemical characteristics 4.1 Monoprotic acids 4.2 Polyprotic acids 4.3 Neutralization 4.4 Weak acid/weak base equilibria 5 Applications of acids 6 Biological occurrence 7 Common acids 7.1 Mineral acids 7.2 Sulfonic acids 7.3 Carboxylic acids 8 References 9 See also 10 External links

Definitions

Main article: acid-base reaction theories

The word "acid" comes from the Latin acidus meaning "sour," but in chemistry the term acid has a more specific meaning. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties There are four common ways to define an acid:

• Arrhenius: According to this definition developed by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺), which are carried as hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) when dissolved in water, while bases are substances that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH^-). "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Svante August Arrhenius ( February 19, 1859 &ndash October 2, 1927) was a Swedish Scientist, originally a Physicist In Chemistry, hydronium is the obsolete name for the Cation H 3 O + derived from Protonation of Water Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen This definition limits acids and bases to substances that can dissolve in water. Around 1800, many French chemists, including Antoine Lavoisier, incorrectly believed that all acids contained oxygen. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Indeed the modern German word for oxygen is Sauerstoff (lit. sour substance), as is the Afrikaans word for oxygen suurstof, with the same meaning. English chemists, including Sir Humphry Davy at the same time believed all acids contained hydrogen. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor Arrhenius used this belief to develop this definition of acid.
• Brønsted-Lowry: According to this definition, an acid is a proton (hydrogen nucleus) donor and a base is a proton acceptor. The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 The acid is said to be dissociated after the proton is donated. An acid and the corresponding base are referred to as conjugate acid-base pairs. Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform Brønsted and Lowry independently formulated this definition, which includes water-insoluble substances not in the Arrhenius definition.
• solvent-system definition: According to this definition, an acid is a substance that, when dissolved in an autodissociating solvent, increases the concentration of the solvonium cations, such as H₃O⁺ in water, NH₄⁺ in liquid ammonia, NO⁺ in liquid N₂O₄, SbCl₂⁺ in SbCl₃, etc. Base is defined as the substance that increases the concentration of the solvate anions, respectively OH^-, NH₂^-, NO₃^-, or SbCl₄^-. Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of Molecules of a Solvent with molecules or Ions of a This definition extends acid-base reactions to non-aqueous systems and even some aprotic systems, where no hydrogen nuclei are involved in the reactions. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 This definition is not absolute, a compound acting as acid in one solvent may act as a base in another.
• Lewis: According to this definition developed by Gilbert N. Lewis, an acid is an electron-pair acceptor and a base is an electron-pair donor. Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery (These are frequently referred to as "Lewis acids" and "Lewis bases," and are electrophiles and nucleophiles, respectively, in organic chemistry; Lewis bases are also ligands in coordination chemistry. In Chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron-lover) is a Reagent attracted to Electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting In Chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover as in nucleus and phile) is a Reagent that forms a Chemical bond to Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. ) Lewis acids include substances with no transferable protons (ie H⁺ hydrogen ions), such as iron(III) chloride, and hence the Lewis definition of an acid has wider application than the Brønsted-Lowry definition. The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive Iron chloride redirects here For Iron(II chloride see Iron(II chloride. In fact, the term Lewis acid is often used to exclude protic (Brønsted-Lowry) acids. The Lewis definition can also be explained with molecular orbital theory. In Chemistry, a molecular orbital (or MO) is a region in which an Electron may be found in a Molecule. In general, an acid can receive an electron pair in its lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO) from the highest occupied orbital (HOMO) of a base. HOMO and LUMO are Acronyms for highest occupied Molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied Molecular orbital, respectively HOMO and LUMO are Acronyms for highest occupied Molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied Molecular orbital, respectively That is, the HOMO from the base and the LUMO from the acid combine to a bonding molecular orbital.

Although not the most general theory, the Brønsted-Lowry definition is the most widely used definition. The strength of an acid may be understood by this definition by the stability of hydronium and the solvated conjugate base upon dissociation. Increasing or decreasing stability of the conjugate base will increase or decrease the acidity of a compound. This concept of acidity is used frequently for organic acids such as carboxylic acid. An organic acid is an Organic compound with Acidic properties Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H The molecular orbital description, where the unfilled proton orbital overlaps with a lone pair, is connected to the Lewis definition.

Properties

Bronsted-Lowry acids:

• Are generally sour in taste
• Strong or concentrated acids often produce a stinging feeling on mucous membranes
• React to indicators as follows: turn blue litmus and methyl orange red, do not change the color of phenolphthalein
• Will react with metals to produce a metal salt and hydrogen
• Will react with metal carbonates to produce water, CO₂ and a salt
• Will react with a base to produce a salt and water
• Will react with a metal oxide to produce water and a salt
• Will conduct electricity, depending on the degree of dissociation
• Will produce solvonium ions, such as hydronium (H₃O⁺) ions in water
• Will denature proteins

Strong acids and many concentrated acids are dangerous, causing severe burns for even minor contact. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in Methyl orange is a PH indicator frequently used in Titrations. Phenolphthalein is a Chemical compound with the formula C 20 H 14 O 4 (often written as " HIn A Strong acid is an Acid that Ionizes completely in an Aqueous solution (not in the case of Sulfuric acid as it is diprotic Acids are corrosive. Generally, acid burns are treated by rinsing the affected area abundantly with running water (15 minutes) and followed up with immediate medical attention. In the case of highly concentrated acids, the acid should first be wiped off as much as possible, otherwise the exothermic mixing of the acid and the water could cause severe thermal burns. Acids may also be dangerous for reasons not related to their acidity, see an appropriate MSDS for more detailed information. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance

Nomenclature

In the classical naming system, acids are named according to their anions. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge That ionic suffix is dropped and replaced with a new suffix (and sometimes prefix), according to the table below. For example, HCl has chloride as its anion, so the -ide suffix makes it take the form hydrochloric acid. The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water In the IUPAC naming system, "aqueous" is simply added to the name of the ionic compound. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization Thus, for hydrogen chloride, the IUPAC name would be aqueous hydrogen chloride.

Classical naming system:

Anion Prefix	Anion Suffix	Acid Prefix	Acid Suffix	Example
per	ate	per	ic acid	perchloric acid (HClO4)
	ate		ic acid	chloric acid (HClO3)
	ite		ous acid	chlorous acid (HClO2)
hypo	ite	hypo	ous acid	hypochlorous acid (HClO)
	ide	hydro	ic acid	hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Chemical characteristics

In water the following equilibrium occurs between a weak acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base:

HA(aq) + H₂O ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + A^-(aq)

The acidity constant (or acid dissociation constant) is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of HA with water:

Strong acids have large K_a values (i. Perchloric acid, HClO4 is an Oxoacid of Chlorine and is a colorless liquid soluble in water. Chloric acid, H[[Chlorine Cl]] O 3 is an Oxoacid of Chlorine, and the formal precursor of Chlorate salts Chlorous acid is a Chemical compound with the formula HClO2 It is a Weak acid. Hypochlorous acid ( IUPAC name chloric(I acid) is a weak Acid with the Chemical formula HOCl Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water In a Chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the chemical activities or Concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change A Strong acid is an Acid that Ionizes completely in an Aqueous solution (not in the case of Sulfuric acid as it is diprotic e. the reaction equilibrium lies far to the right; the acid is almost completely dissociated to H₃O⁺ and A^-). Strong acids include the heavier hydrohalic acids: hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), and hydroiodic acid (HI). Hydrogen halides (or hydrohalic acids) are acids resulting from the chemical reaction of Hydrogen with one of the Halogen elements ( Fluorine, Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Hydrobromic Acid is formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule Hydrogen bromide in water Hydrogen iodide (HI is a Diatomic molecule. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a Strong acid. (However, hydrofluoric acid, HF, is relatively weak. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. ) For example, the K_a value for hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 10⁷.

Weak acids have small K_a values (i. A weak acid is an Acid that does not completely donate all of its hydrogens when dissolved in water e. at equilibrium significant amounts of HA and A⁻ exist together in solution; modest levels of H₃O⁺ are present; the acid is only partially dissociated). For example, the K_a value for acetic acid is 1. 8 x 10^-5. Most organic acids are weak acids. Oxoacids, which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen may be quite strong or weak. An oxoacid is an Acid which contains Oxygen. More specifically it is an acid which contains oxygen contains at least one other element Nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid are all strong acids, whereas nitrous acid, sulfurous acid and hypochlorous acid are all weak. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Perchloric acid, HClO4 is an Oxoacid of Chlorine and is a colorless liquid soluble in water. Nitrous acid (molecular formula H[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is a weak and monobasic Acid known only in Solution and in the form of Nitrite Sulfurous acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H2SO3 Hypochlorous acid ( IUPAC name chloric(I acid) is a weak Acid with the Chemical formula HOCl

Note on terms used:

• The terms "hydrogen ion" and "proton" are used interchangeably; both refer to H⁺. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1
• In aqueous solution, the water is protonated to form hydronium ion, H₃O⁺(aq). In Chemistry, hydronium is the obsolete name for the Cation H 3 O + derived from Protonation of Water This is often abbreviated as H⁺(aq) even though the symbol is not chemically correct.
• The strength of an acid is measured by its acid dissociation constant (K_a) or equivalently its pK_a (pK_a= - log(K_a)).
• The pH of a solution is a measurement of the concentration of hydronium. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. This will depend on the concentration and nature of acids and bases in solution.

Monoprotic acids

Monoprotic acids are those acids that are able to donate one proton per molecule during the process of dissociation (sometimes called ionization) as shown below (symbolized by HA):

HA(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + A⁻(aq)         K_a

Common examples of monoprotic acids in mineral acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO₃). The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive Dissociation in Chemistry and Biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds ( complexes, Molecules, or Salts) separate A mineral acid is an Acid derived by Chemical reaction from inorganic Minerals as opposed to Organic acids These have Hydrogen Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and On the other hand, for organic acids the term mainly indicates the presence of one carboxyl group and sometimes these acids are known as monocarboxylic acid. An organic acid is an Organic compound with Acidic properties Carboxyl group or CO2H is a Functional group present in Amino acids and Carboxylic acids Its structure is composed of one carbon atom attached Examples in organic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and benzoic acid (C₆H₅COOH). An organic acid is an Organic compound with Acidic properties Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest Aromatic Carboxylic acid

Polyprotic acids

Polyprotic acids are able to donate more than one proton per acid molecule, in contrast to monoprotic acids that only donate one proton per molecule. Specific types of polyprotic acids have more specific names, such as diprotic acid (two potential protons to donate) and triprotic acid (three potential protons to donate).

A diprotic acid (here symbolized by H₂A) can undergo one or two dissociations depending on the pH. Each dissociation has its own dissociation constant, K_a1 and K_a2.

H₂A(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + HA⁻(aq)       K_a1

HA⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + A²⁻(aq)       K_a2

The first dissociation constant is typically greater than the second; i. e. , K_a1 > K_a2 . For example, sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) can donate one proton to form the bisulfate anion (HSO₄⁻), for which K_a1 is very large; then it can donate a second proton to form the sulfate anion (SO₄²⁻), wherein the K_a2 is intermediate strength. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The large K_a1 for the first dissociation makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) can lose one proton to form bicarbonate anion (HCO₃⁻) and lose a second to form carbonate anion (CO₃²⁻). Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3 In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. Both K_a values are small, but K_a1 > K_a2 .

A triprotic acid (H₃A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has three dissociation constants, where K_a1 > K_a2 > K_a3 .

H₃A(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + H₂A⁻(aq)        K_a1

H₂A⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + HA²⁻(aq)       K_a2

HA²⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + A³⁻(aq)         K_a3

An inorganic example of a triprotic acid is orthophosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), usually just called phosphoric acid. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula All three protons can be successively lost to yield H₂PO₄⁻, then HPO₄²⁻, and finally PO₄³⁻ , the orthophosphate ion, usually just called phosphate. A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. An organic example of a triprotic acid is citric acid, which can successively lose three protons to finally form the citrate ion. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Citric acid is a weak organic Acid. It is a natural Preservative and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and Soft drinks A citrate can refer either to the Conjugate base of Citric acid, (C3H5O(COO33&minus or to the Esters of citric Even though the positions of the protons on the original molecule may be equivalent, the successive K_a values will differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose a proton if the conjugate base is more negatively charged.

Neutralization

Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and neutralized base; for example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide form sodium chloride and water:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H₂O(l) + NaCl(aq)

Neutralization is the basis of titration, where a pH indicator shows equivalence point when the equivalent number of moles of a base have been added to an acid. In chemistry Neutralization is a Chemical reaction (also called a water forming reaction since a water molecule is formed during the process in which an A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. Titration is a common laboratory method of Quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown Concentration of a known Reactant A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound that is added in small amounts to a Solution so that the PH ( Acidity or It is often wrongly assumed that neutralization should result in a solution with pH 7. 0, which is only the case with similar acid and base strengths during a reaction.

Neutralization with a base weaker than the acid results in a weakly acidic salt. An example is the weakly acidic ammonium chloride, which is produced from the strong acid hydrogen chloride and the weak base ammonia. Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Conversely, neutralizing a weak acid with a strong base gives a weakly basic salt, e. g. sodium fluoride from hydrogen fluoride and sodium hydroxide. Sodium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaF Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature

Weak acid/weak base equilibria

Main article: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

In order to lose a proton, it is necessary that the pH of the system rise above the pK_a of the protonated acid. The decreased concentration of H⁺ in that basic solution shifts the equilibrium towards the conjugate base form (the deprotonated form of the acid). In lower-pH (more acidic) solutions, there is a high enough H⁺ concentration in the solution to cause the acid to remain in its protonated form, or to protonate its conjugate base (the deprotonated form).

Solutions of weak acids and salts of their conjugate bases form buffer solutions. For an individual weak acid or weak base component see Buffering agent.

Applications of acids

There are numerous uses for acids. Acids are often used to remove rust and other corrosion from metals in a process known as pickling. Pickling is a treatment of Metallic surfaces in order to remove impurities stains Rust or scale with a solution called Pickle liquor, containing They may be used as an electrolyte in a wet cell battery, such as sulfuric acid in a car battery. A wet cell is a galvanic Electrochemical cell with a liquid Electrolyte. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. A car battery is a type of Rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to an Automobile.

Strong acids, sulfuric acid in particular, are widely used in mineral processing. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. For example, phosphate minerals react with sulfuric acids to produce phosphoric acid for the production of phosphate fertilizers, and zinc is produced by dissolving zinc oxide into sulfuric acid, purifying the solution and electrowinning. Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30

Acids are used as catalysts; for example, sulfuric acid is used in very large quantities in the alkylation process to produce gasoline. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Alkylation is the transfer of an Alkyl group from one Molecule to another

Biological occurrence

In humans and many other animals, hydrochloric acid is a part of the gastric acid secreted within the stomach to help hydrolyze proteins and polysaccharides, as well as converting the inactive pro-enzyme, pepsinogen into the enzyme, pepsin. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Polysaccharides are relatively complex Carbohydrates They are Polymers made up of many Monosaccharides joined together by Glycosidic bonds Pepsin is a digestive Protease ( released by the chief cells in the Stomach that functions to degrade food Proteins into Pepsin is a digestive Protease ( released by the chief cells in the Stomach that functions to degrade food Proteins into Some organisms produce acids for defense; for example, ants produce formic acid. Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid.

Common acids

Mineral acids

• Solutions of hydrogen halides, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrobromic acid (HBr)
• Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
• Nitric acid (HNO₃)
• Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)
• Chromic acid (H₂CrO₄)

Sulfonic acids

• Methanesulfonic acid (aka mesylic acid) (MeSO₃H)
• Ethanesulfonic acid (aka esylic acid) (EtSO₃H)
• Benzenesulfonic acid (aka besylic acid) (PhSO₃H)
• Toluenesulfonic acid (aka tosylic acid, or (C₆H₄(CH₃) (SO₃H))

Carboxylic acids

• Formic acid
• Acetic acid
• Citric acid

References

• Listing of strengths of common acids and bases
• Zumdahl, Chemistry, 4th Edition. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Hydrobromic Acid is formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule Hydrogen bromide in water Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula Chromic acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing Chromate and Dichromate anions or the Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Citric acid is a weak organic Acid. It is a natural Preservative and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and Soft drinks

See also

Chemistry

• Acid value
• Acid salt
• Base (chemistry)
• Basic salt
• Binary acid
• Vitriol
• Acid-base extraction

Environment

• Acid rain
• Ocean acidification

External links

• Science Aid: Acids and Bases Information for High School students
• Curtipot: Acid-Base equilibria diagrams, pH calculation and titration curves simulation and analysis - freeware
• A summary of the Properties of Acids for the beginning chemistry student
• The UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

In Chemistry, acid value (or "neutralization number" or "acid number" or "acidity" is the mass of Potassium hydroxide (KOH in Acid salts are a class of salts formed when a dibasic or tribasic Acid has been neutralized to some degree In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Alkali salts or base (basic salts are salts which has basic ions such as Hydroxides or Carbonates. Binary acids are certain molecular compounds in which Hydrogen is combined with a second nonmetallic element. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential Liquid-liquid extractions to purify Acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Titration is a common laboratory method of Quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown Concentration of a known Reactant Freeware is computer Software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee

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