Achlorhydria - Citizendia


Achlorhydria Classification and external resources
Hydrogen chloride (major component of gastric acid)
ICD-10	K 31.8
ICD-9	536.0
DiseasesDB	29513
eMedicine	med/18
MeSH	D000126

Achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria refer to states where the production of gastric acid in the stomach is absent or low, respectively. Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings K00-K93 - Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K14 Diseases of oral cavity salivary glands and jaws ( Disorders of Tooth development and Eruption The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following It is associated with various other medical problems.

1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 Prognosis
6 References
7 See also

Signs and symptoms

The decreased acid level itself causes few symptoms, but low acid levels in the stomach are linked with bacterial overgrowth (as the stomach does not kill microbes normally present in food), which can manifest as diarrhoea or decreased absorption of nutrients or vitamins. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome ( SBBOS) or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth ( SIBO) also termed bacterial overgrowth; is In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in Digestion or Absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal(GI tract. Risk of particular infections, such as Vibrio vulnificus (commonly from seafood) is increased. Vibrio vulnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motile curved rod-shaped bacteria in the genus Vibrio.

Causes

Autoimmune disorders where there is antibody production against parietal cells which normally produce gastric acid. Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the Stomach Epithelium cells that secrete Gastric acid and Intrinsic factor
The use of antacids or drugs that decrease gastric acid production (such as H2-receptor antagonists) or transport (such as proton pump inhibitors). An antacid is any substance generally a base or Basic salt, which counteracts stomach acidity. The H2-receptor antagonists (H2RA often shortened to H2 antagonist) are a class of drugs used to block the action of Histamine Proton pump inhibitors (or "PPI"s are a group of drugs whose main action is pronounced and long-lasting reduction of Gastric acid production
A symptom of rare diseases such as mucolipidosis (type IV). A rare disease (sometimes known as an orphan disease has such a low Prevalence in a population that a doctor in a busy General practice would not Mucolipidosis ( ML) is a group of Inherited Metabolic disorders that affect the body's ability to carry out the normal turnover of various materials
A symptom of Helicobacter pylori infection which neutralizes and decreases secretion of gastric acid to aid its survival in the stomach. Helicobacter pylori ( is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic Bacterium that inhabits various areas of the stomach and Duodenum. Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. ^[1]
A symptom of pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis, VIPomas or of stomach cancer. Pernicious anemia (also known as Biermer's anemia, Addison's anemia, or Addison-Biermer anemia) is a form of Megaloblastic anemia due to Atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic Inflammation of the Stomach Mucosa, leading to loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement A VIPoma (also known as Verner Morrison syndrome, after the physicians who first described it) is a rare (1 per 10000000 per year Endocrine Tumor Stomach or gastric cancer can develop in any part of the Stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs particularly the Esophagus and
Radiation therapy involving the stomach. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant

Diagnosis

90% of all patients with achlorhydria have detectable antibodies against the H+/K+ ATP-ase proton pump. The diagnosis is made if the gastric pH remains high (>4. 0) despite maximum pentagastrin stimulation. Pentagastrin is a synthetic Polypeptide that has effects like Gastrin when given Parenterally It stimulates the Secretion of Gastric High gastrin levels are often detected. In humans gastrin is a Hormone that stimulates secretion of Gastric acid (HCl by the Parietal cells of the Stomach, as well as aiding in

Treatment

Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, supplementation of vitamins like vitamin B12 (which is poorly absorbed in the absence of intrinsic factor) in autoimmune disorders, and avoiding foods that may have a high microbial load, and in some cases the use of Betaine hydrochloride has been successful. A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Intrinsic factor is a Glycoprotein produced by the Parietal cells of the Stomach. Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Usually little or no treatment is necessary. Antibiotics may be needed in significant bacterial overgrowth. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa

Prognosis

Little is known on the prognosis of achlorhydria, although there have been reports of an increased risk of gastric cancer. ^[2]

References

^ El-Omar EM, Oien K, El-Nujumi A, et al (1997). "Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastric acid hyposecretion". Gastroenterology 113 (1): 15–24. PMID 9207257.
^ Svendsen JH, Dahl C, Svendsen LB, Christiansen PM (1986). "Gastric cancer risk in achlorhydric patients. A long-term follow-up study". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 21 (1): 16–20. doi:10.3109/00365528609034615. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 3952447.

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