| Rabbinical Eras |
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Acharonim (Hebrew: אחרונים; sing. Zugot (תְּקוּפָת הַזּוּגוֹת ( (təqūphāth hazZūghôth) refers to the period during the time of the Second Temple (515 BCE - 70 CE in which word /š n/ and /t n/ --> Geonim ( Hebrew: גאונים also transliterated Gaonim) were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura אחרון, Acharon; lit. "last ones") is a term used in Jewish law and history, to signify the leading rabbis and poskim (Jewish legal decisors) living from roughly the 16th century to the present. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the
The Acharonim follow the Rishonim, the "first ones" - the rabbinic scholars between the 13th and the 16th century following the Geonim and preceding the Shulkhan Arukh. Geonim ( Hebrew: גאונים also transliterated Gaonim) were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification The publication of the Shulkhan Arukh thus marks the transition from the era of Rishonim to that of Acharonim.
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Consequences for Halakhic change
According to Orthodox Jewish tradition, scholars in one era within the history of halachic development do not challenge the rulings of previous-era scholars, and hence Acharonim cannot dispute the rulings of rabbis of previous eras unless they find support from other rabbis of previous eras.
The question of which prior rulings can and cannot be disputed has led to efforts to define which rulings are within the Acharonim era with precision. According to many rabbis the Shulkhan Arukh is from an Acharon. Some hold that Rabbi Yosef Karo's Beit Yosef has the halakhic status of a work of a Rishon, while his later Shulkhan Arukh has the status of a work of an Acharon.
Some Acharonim
- Isaac Abendana, 17th century Sephardic scholar in England
- Jacob Abendana, 17th century Sephardic rabbi in England
- Isaac Aboab da Fonseca, 17th century Dutch scholar and Kabbalist, first Rabbi in the Americas
- Yehudah Leib Alter (Sfas Emes) Gerer rebbe. Isaac Abendana (c 1640 - 1710 was the younger brother of Jacob Abendana, and became hakam of the Spanish Portuguese Synagogue in London Jacob Abendana ( 1630 - September 12, 1695) was hakham of London from 1680 until his death Isaac Aboab da Fonseca ( February 1, 1605 &ndash April 4, 1693) was a Rabbi, scholar Kabbalist and writer Yehuda Aryeh Leib Alter (1847 - 1905 also known by the title of his Torah books as the Sfas Emes ( שפת אמת) was born in Warsaw,
- Bezalel Ashkenazi, (Shittah Mekubetzet), 16th century Talmudist
- Chaim Joseph David Azulai, (Chida, Shem ha-Gedolim) 18th century scholar and traveler, pioneered history of rabbinic writings
- Yair Bacharach, (Havvot Yair), 17th century German Talmudist
- Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, (Netziv ; Ha'emek Davar) 19th century head of Volozhin Yeshiva in Lithuania
- Josef Chaim of Baghdad, (Ben Ish Chai) 19th century Iraqi Halakhist, Posek, Kabbalist and communal leader
- Moses ben Jacob Cordovero, (RaMaK) 16th century Holy Land Kabbalistic scholar
- Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler, (Michtav Me'Eliyahu) 20th century religious philosopher and ethicist
- Dovber of Mezeritch, (Maggid), 18th century Eastern European mystic, primary disciple of the Baal Shem Tov
- Elijah ben Solomon, (Gra, Vilna Gaon), 18th century Lithuanian Talmudist and Kabbalist, leader of the Mitnagdim, opponent of Hasidim
- Mordechai Eliyahu, Halakhist, posek and former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel
- Jacob Emden, 18th-century Danish/German scholar and controversialist
- Baruch Epstein, (Torah Temimah), 20th-century Lithuanian Torah commentator
- Moshe Mordechai Epstein, (Levush Mordechai), 20th-century Talmudist and co-head of Slabodka Yeshiva
- Yechiel Michel Epstein, (Aruch ha-Shulchan) 19th-20th-century halakhist and posek (decisor)
- Jonathan Eybeschutz, 18th-century scholar, Dayan of Prague, accused of heresy
- Moshe Feinstein, (Igrot Moshe), 20th-century Russian-American legal scholar and Talmudist
- Nosson Tzvi Finkel, (Alter / Sabba), early 20th-century founder of Slabodka Yeshiva, Lithuania. Bezalel Ashkenazi, (בצלאל בן אברהם אשכנזי a Rabbi and scholar of the Talmud, lived in the Palestine during the Sixteenth century Rabbi Chaim Joseph David ben Isaac Zerachia Azulai (1724 &ndash 21 March 1807) ( Hebrew: חיים יוסף דוד אזולאי Rabbi Yair Chayim Bacharach (1639 Lipník nad Bečvou, Moravia &mdash 1702 was a German Rabbi, initially in Koblenz and remainder of his life Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin (נפתלי צבי יהודה ברלין also known as Reb Hirsch Leib Berlin, 1817 - 10 August 1893 The Volozhin Yeshiva, also known as Etz Chaim Yeshiva, was a Yeshiva in the town of Volozhin (today part of Belarus) founded in 1803 by Rabbi Yosef Chaim ( 1 September, 1832 – 30 August, 1909) ( Hebrew: יוסף חיים מבגדאד) was a leading Hakham Moses ben Jacob Cordovero or Moshe Cordevero (1522-1570 ( Hebrew: משה קורדובירו) known by the Acronym Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler ( 1892 - 30 December 1953) was an influential Orthodox Jewish Rabbi, Talmudic scholar and Jewish philosopher Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch ( דוב בער ממזריטש (1704/1710(? &ndash 1772-12-04 OS) was a disciple of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew Acronym Gra (" G aon Mordechai Eliyahu (Mordechai Tzemach Eliyahu מרדכי אליהו born 12 March 1928, Jerusalem) is a former Sephardi Chief Rabbi Jacob Emden ( (the Yabets) was a Jewish Rabbi and notable Talmudist and prominent opponent of the Shabbethaians. Rabbi Baruch Epstein or Baruch ha-Levi Epstein (1860-1941 ( Hebrew: ברוך הלוי אפשטיין) was a Lithuanian Rabbi, best Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein (1866-1934 was Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshiva Knesseth Yisrael in Slabodka, Lithuania and is recognized as having been one Yechiel Michel Epstein (1829-1908 often called "the Aruch ha-Shulchan " (after his main work Aruch HaShulchan) was a Rabbi and Posek Jonathan Eybeschutz ( Kraków 1690 - Altona 1764 was a Talmudist Halachist, Kabbalist, and secret Shabbatean, holding Moshe Feinstein ( March 3, 1895 – March 23, 1986) was a Lithuanian Orthodox Rabbi, scholar and Posek Nosson Zvi (Nota Hirsh Finkel (1849-1927 was born in Lithuania and died in the British Mandate of Palestine. Disciples opened major yeshivas in US and Israel
- Kalonymus Haberkasten, 16th-century Polish rabbi; Rosh Yeshiva of many early acharonim
- Hillel ben Naphtali Zevi, (Bet Hillel), 17th-century Lithuanian scholar
- Samson Raphael Hirsch, 19th-century German rabbi, founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz movement
- Yitzchok Hutner, (Pachad Yitzchok), 20th-century European-born, American and Israeli Rosh Yeshiva
- Moshe Isserles, (Rema), 16-century Polish legal scholar, author of Hamapah component of the Shulkhan Arukh. Rabbi Kalonymus Haberkasten was a Talmudist in sixteenth century Poland. Hillel ben Naphtali Zevi was a Lithuanian Rabbi. He was born at Brest-Litovsk in 1615 died at Zolkiev January 3 1690. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch ( June 20, 1808 – December 31, 1888) was the intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz Yitzchok (Isaac Hutner (1906–1980 was an Orthodox Rabbi and American Rosh yeshiva born in Warsaw, Poland, to a family with both Moses Isserles is commonly known as "the Rema" ( Hebrew: רמ"א The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification
- Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz, (Chazon Ish), 20th-century Belarusian-born, leading legal scholar and leader of Haredi Judaism in Israel. Rabbi Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz, (1878-1953 popularly known by the name of his Magnum opus Chazon Ish, was a Belarusian born Orthodox Rabbi
- Yisrael Meir Kagan, (Chofetz Chaim), 20th-century Polish legalist and moralist
- Yosef Karo, (Mechaber), 16th-century Spanish and Land of Israel legal codifier of the Shulkhan Arukh code of Torah Law
- Abraham Isaac Kook, 20th-century philosopher and mystic, first chief rabbi of Palestine
- Judah Loew ben Bezalel, (Maharal), 16th-century Prague mystic and Talmudist
- Isaac Luria, (Ari), 16th-century Holy Land mystic, founder of Lurianic Kabbalah
- Solomon Luria, (Maharshal), 16th-century Posek and Talmudist
- Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, (Ramchal), 18th-century Italian philosopher, mystic, and moralist
- Malbim, Meir Lob ben Jehiel Michael, (The Malbim), 19th-century Russian preacher and scholar
- Meir Simcha of Dvinsk, (Ohr Sameiach ; Meshech Chochmah) Lithuanian-Latvian Talmudist and communal leader
- Menasseh Ben Israel, 17th-century Portuguese/Dutch Kabbalist, diplomat and publisher
- Obadiah ben Abraham of Bertinoro, (Bartenura) 15th-century commentator on the Mishnah
- Chaim Rabinowitz Rosh Yeshivah in Telz, Lithuania
- Yisrael Lipkin Salanter, 19th-century Lithuanian ethicist and moralist
- David HaLevi Segal, (Taz) 16th-century Halakhist, major commentatry on the Shulchan Aruch
- Sforno, 15th, 16th, and 17th-century family of Italian Torah scholars and philosophers
- Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno, (Sforno), 16th-century Italian scholar and rationalist
- Shalom Sharabi, 18th/19th-century Yemenite Sage, Kabbalist and Founder of the Beit El Yeshiva
- Moses Sofer, (Chatam Sofer) 19th-century Slovak rabbi
- Chaim HaLevi Soloveitchik ("Reb Chaim Brisker") Rosh Yeshivah in Volozhyn
- Hayyim ben Joseph Vital, 16th-century Kabbalist and primary disciple of Rabbi Isaac Luria
- Ovadia Yosef, Iraqi-born Halakhist, posek and former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel
- Yisroel ben Eliezer, (Baal Shem Tov) considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism
See also
- Rabbinic literature
- Eras of history important in Jewish law
- List of rabbis
- History of Responsa: Acharonim
External links and references
- The Rules of Halacha, Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan
- The different rabbinic eras, faqs. Rabbi Yisrael Meir (HaCohen Kagan ( Dzyatlava, February 6, 1838 - Raduń, September 15, 1933) also known popularly Yosef ben Ephraim Caro (sometimes Joseph Caro) (1488 ( Portugal) - March 24, 1575 ( Safed, Ottoman Empire) was one of the The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935 was the first Ashkenazi Chief rabbi of the British Mandate for Palestine, the founder of the Religious Zionist Judah Loew ben Bezalel ("Judah Loewe son of Bezalel" also written as Yehudah ben Bezalel Levai '''Loewe''' '''Löwe''' 1525 &ndash Thursday 7 September Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534 – July 25 1572) was a Jewish mystic in Safed. Solomon Luria ( 1510 - November 7, 1574) ( Hebrew: שלמה לוריא) was one of the great Ashkenazic poskim Moshe Chaim Luzzatto ( Hebrew: משה חיים לוצאטו, also Moses Chaim, Moses Hayyim, also Luzzato) (1707-1746 (26 Iyar Meïr Leibush ben Jehiel Michel Weiser (March 7 1809 - September 18 1879 better known by the Acronym Malbim (מלבי"ם Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (1843-1926 was a Rabbi and prominent leader of Orthodox Judaism in Eastern Europe in the early 20th century Manoel Dias Soeiro (1604&ndash November 20, 1657) better known by his Hebrew name Menasseh Ben Israel (also Menasheh ben Yossef ben Yisrael Obadiah ben Abraham ( Hebrew: עובדיה מברטנורא) of Bertinoro was a Jewish Rabbi and a commentator on the Mishnah Rabbi Chaim Shalom Tuvia Rabinowitz (also known as Reb Chaim Telzer) (1856-1930 was a famous Lithuania Rabbi and Rosh Yeshiva. Rabbi Yisroel Lipkin, better known as " Rav Yisroel Salanter " (November 3 1810 Zhagory - February 2 1883 Konigsberg) was the father of the David HaLevi Segal (דוד הלוי סגל (c 1586&ndash1667 also known as the Taz (he '''ט"ז''' or the Turei Zahav, was a prominent The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification For the article elaborating on the many members of the Sforno family see Sforno (family. Sar Shalom Sharabi ( Hebrew: שר שלום מזרחי דידיע שרעבי also known as the Rashash, the Shemesh or Ribbi Shalom Rabbi Moshe Sofer, (Moses Schreiber also known by his main work Chasam Sofer, ( trans Chaim (Halevi Soloveitchik ( Hebrew: חיים סולובייצ'יק) also known as Reb Chaim Brisker, ( 1853 - July 30, 1918 Rabbi Chaim ben Yosef Vital (1543 in Safed - 23 April 1620 in Damascus) was one of the most famous exponents of Kabbalah. Rabbi Ovadia Yossef ( עובדיה יוסף) (born in 1920 in Basra, Iraq) is a Haredi Rabbi, Talmudic scholar a recognized Rabbi Yisroel (Israel ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר August 27, 1698 (18 Elul &ndash May 22, 1760) often called Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense can mean the entire spectrum of Rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law This is a list of prominent Rabbis Rabbis are Judaism 's spiritual and religious leaders History of responsa in Judaism spans a period of 1700 years Responsa constitute a special class of Rabbinic literature, differing in form, Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan (1934-January 281983 was a noted American Orthodox Rabbi and author with a background in both Physics and Judaism org
- Torah Personalities and the Times in Which They Lived (MP3s), Rabbi R Y Eisenman
- Early Achronim 5160–5410 (1400–1650) & Later Achronim 5410 (1650), chabad. MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression org
- Mini-biographies from chaburas. org