| Acetyl-CoA | |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [72-89-9] |
| PubChem | |
| MeSH | |
| SMILES | O=C(NCCSC(=O)C)CCNC (=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C) COP(=O)(O)OP(=O) (O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H] ([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(=O) (O)O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C23H38N7O17P3S |
| Molar mass | 809. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 572 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Its main use is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny In Organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl is a Functional group, the Acyl of Acetic acid, with Chemical formula - C[[Oxygen The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state In chemical structure, acetyl-CoA is the thioester between coenzyme A (a thiol) and acetic acid (an acyl group carrier). Thioesters are compounds resulting from the bonding of Sulfur with an Acyl group with the general formula R-S-CO-R'. Coenzyme A ( CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a Coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of Fatty acids In Organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a Sulfur atom and a Hydrogen atom (-SH Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste acyl group ( IUPAC name alkanoyl) is a Functional group derived by the removal of one or more Hydroxyl group from an Oxoacid. Acetyl-CoA is produced during the second step of aerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate decarboxylation, which occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in Organisms cells to convert biochemical energy from Pyruvate decarboxylation is the biochemical reaction that uses Pyruvate to form Acetyl-CoA, releasing reducing equivalents and Carbon dioxide. In Biology, matrix (plural matrices) is the material between animal or plant cells, the material (or tissue in which more specialized structures are embedded In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle.
Acetyl-CoA is also an important component in the biogenic synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The Chemical compound acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh) is a Neurotransmitter in both the Peripheral nervous system (PNS and Central Choline, in combination with Acetyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to produce acetylcholine and a coenzyme a byproduct. Choline is an Organic compound, classified as a water-soluble Essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex Choline acetyltransferase ( abbreviated "ChAT" is an Enzyme that is synthesized within the body of a Neuron. Coenzyme A ( CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a Coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of Fatty acids
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Functions
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate formate lyase reactions
The oxidative conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H is an alpha-keto acid. The Carboxylate Anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate. It is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC is a complex of three Enzymes that transform Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA by a process called Pyruvate decarboxylation Other conversions between pyruvate and acetyl-CoA are possible. For example, pyruvate formate lyase disproportionates pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and formic acid. Function Pyruvate formate lyase (PFL ( is an important Enzyme (found in Escherichia coli and Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. The pyruvate formate lyase reaction does not involve any net oxidation or reduction.
Fatty acid metabolism
In animals, acetyl-CoA is very central to the balance between carbohydrate metabolism and fat metabolism (see fatty acid synthesis). Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of Carbohydrates Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Fatty acids are formed by the action of Fatty acid synthases from Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA precursors In normal circumstances, acetyl-CoA from fatty acid metabolism feeds into the citric acid cycle, contributing to the cell's energy supply. The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle In the liver, when levels of circulating fatty acids are high, the production of acetyl-CoA from fat breakdown exceeds the cellular energy requirements. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals To make use of the energy available from the excess acetyl-CoA, ketone bodies are produced which can then circulate in the blood. Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and
In some circumstances, this can lead to the presence of ketone bodies in the blood, a condition called ketosis. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Ketosis (kiːˈtoʊsɪs is a state in Metabolism occurring when the Liver excessively converts fat into fatty acids and Ketone Benign dietary ketosis can safely occur in people following low-carbohydrate diets, which cause fats to be metabolised as a major source of energy. Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are dietary programs that restrict Carbohydrate consumption usually for Weight control or for the treatment of This is different from ketosis brought on as a result of starvation and ketoacidosis, a dangerous condition that can affect diabetics. Ketosis (kiːˈtoʊsɪs is a state in Metabolism occurring when the Liver excessively converts fat into fatty acids and Ketone Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic Acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of Ketone bodies, formed by the Deamination of Amino acids Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc
In plants, de novo fatty acid synthesis occurs in the plastids. Many seeds accumulate large reservoirs of seed oils to support germination and early growth of the seedling before it is a net photosynthetic organism. Germination is the process whereby growth emerges from a period of dormancy Fatty acids are incorporated into membrane lipids, the major component of most membranes.
Other reactions
- Acetyl-CoA is the precursor to HMG-CoA, which, in animals, is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. HMG-CoA (or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) is an intermediate in the Mevalonate pathway. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine, in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Choline is an Organic compound, classified as a water-soluble Essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex The Chemical compound acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh) is a Neurotransmitter in both the Peripheral nervous system (PNS and Central Choline acetyltransferase ( abbreviated "ChAT" is an Enzyme that is synthesized within the body of a Neuron.
- In plants and animals, cytosolic acetyl-CoA is synthesized by ATP citrate lyase [1]. ATP citrate lyase is an Enzyme that represents an important step in Fatty acid biosynthesis. When glucose is abundant in the blood of animals, it is converted via glycolysis in the cytosol to pyruvate, and thence to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion. See also Gluconeogenesis, which carries out a process wherein glucose is synthesized rather than catabolized The cytosol or intracellular fluid (or cytoplasmic matrix) is the liquid found inside cells. Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H is an alpha-keto acid. The Carboxylate Anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate. The excess of acetyl-CoA results in production of excess citrate, which is exported into the cytosol to give rise to cytosolic acetyl-CoA. A citrate can refer either to the Conjugate base of Citric acid, (C3H5O(COO33&minus or to the Esters of citric
- Acetyl-CoA can be carboxylated in the cytosol by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, giving rise to malonyl-CoA, a substrate required for synthesis of flavonoids and related polyketides, for elongation of fatty acids to produce waxes, cuticle, and seed oils in members of the Brassica family, and for malonation of proteins and other phytochemicals [2]. Carboxylation in Chemistry is a Chemical reaction in which a Carboxylic acid group is introduced in a Substrate. Structure ACACA (2346 aa) and ACACB (2483 aa have four functional regions each starting from NH2- to COOH-terminal biotin carboxylating (BC biotin binding Malonyl-CoA is a Coenzyme A derivative Functions It plays a key role in chain elongation in Fatty acid biosynthesis and Polyketide biosynthesis In Biology, the term cuticle or cuticula is given to a variety of tough but flexible non-mineral outer coverings of an organism or part of an organism that Brassica ( Brás-si-ca) is a genus of plants in the mustard family ( Brassicaceae)
- Two acetyl-CoA can be condensed to create acetoacetyl-CoA, the first step in the HMG-CoA/ mevalonic acid pathway leading to synthesis of isoprenoids. A condensation reaction is a Chemical reaction in which two Molecules or moieties ( Functional groups) combine to form one single molecule together with Acetoacetyl CoA is the precursor of HMG-CoA in the the Mevalonate pathway which is essential for cholesterol synthesis The mevalonate pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway or mevalonate-dependent (MAD route, is an important cellular Metabolic pathway present The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally-occurring organic chemicals similar to Terpenes derived In plants, these include sesquiterpenes, brassinosteroids (hormones), and membrane sterols. Sesquiterpenes are a class of Terpenes that consist of three Isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24 Brassinosteroids (BR are a group of steroidal Plant hormones. Sterols, or steroid alcohols are a subgroup of Steroids with a Hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the A-ring
See also
- Citric acid cycle
- HMG-CoA reductase pathway
- Fatty acid metabolism
- Acyl CoA
- Acetyl Co-A synthetase
- Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
External links
The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle The mevalonate pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway or mevalonate-dependent (MAD route, is an important cellular Metabolic pathway present Fatty acids are an important source of Energy for many organisms Acyl-CoA is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of Fatty acids It is a temporary compound formed when Coenzyme A (CoA attaches to the end of a long-chain fatty Acetyl Co-A synthetase is an Enzyme ( involved in metabolism of carbon sugars Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase is an enzyme associated with Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and booksDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic