Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam

Motto: Pancacita (Five Goals)
Capital	Banda Aceh
Governor	Irwandi Yusuf
Area	57,365. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group ||-||-||}The Province ( Indonesian: provinsi or propinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Irwandi Yusuf (born in Bireuen, Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam, August 2, 1960) is the current Governor of Indonesian province Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 57 km² (22,149 sq mi)
Population	3,930,000  (2000)[1]
Density	68. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5 /km² (177 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Acehnese (70%), Gayo Lut (7%), Gayo Luwes (5%), Alas (4%), Singkil (3%), Javanese (3%), Simeulu (2%) [2]
Religion	Islam (98. The Acehnese (also Achinese) a people in Aceh in Indonesia. Their language which is also called Acehnese, belongs to the Western Malayo-Polynesian For other uses see Gayo Gayo is a Tribe living in the heights in Aceh Province Indonesia. For other uses see Gayo Gayo is a Tribe living in the heights in Aceh Province Indonesia. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. 6%), Christianity (0. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings 7%), Hinduism (0. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. 08%), Buddhism (0. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices 55%)
Languages	Indonesian (official), Acehnese
Time zone	WIB (UTC+7)
Web site	www.nad.go.id

See also: Sultanate of Aceh

Aceh (pronounced [ʔaˈtɕɛh], generally Anglicized as IPA: /ˈɑːtʃeɪ/) is a special territory (daerah istimewa) of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Acehnese (also Achinese, Achehnese) or Aceh (formerly Atjeh) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Aceh, In Indonesia, the keeping of standard time is divided into three Time zones Indonesian Western Standard Time ( Indonesian: Waktu Indonesia In Indonesia, the keeping of standard time is divided into three Time zones Indonesian Western Standard Time ( Indonesian: Waktu Indonesia UTC+7 is a Time zone used in Laos Thailand Cambodia Vietnam The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the ||-||-||}The Province ( Indonesian: provinsi or propinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Its full name is Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam. Past spellings of its name include Acheh, Atjeh and Achin.

It is thought to have been in Aceh where Islam was first established in Southeast Asia. Islam is thought to have first been adopted by peoples of the Indonesia n archipelago sometime during the Eleventh century, although Muslims had In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy, powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region. The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra Aceh has a history of political independence and fierce resistance to control by outsiders, including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Aceh has substantial natural resources, including oil and gas - some estimates put Aceh gas reserves as being the largest in the world. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Relative to most of Indonesia, it is a religiously conservative area. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined ^[3]

Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the massive 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which triggered a tsunami that devastated much of the western coast of the region, including part of the capital of Banda Aceh. The epicenter or epicentre is the point on the Earth 's surface that is directly above the Hypocenter or focus the point where an Earthquake The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m 167,736 Indonesians, the overwhelming majority in Aceh, were killed or missing and 500,000 made homeless. ^[4] This event helped trigger the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), mediated by former Finnish president Martti Ahtisaari, with the signing of a MoU on August 15, 2005. A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties usually countries or governments that formally ends an armed conflict The Free Aceh Movement ( Indonesian: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM) also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front ( ASNLF Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari ( pronounced) (born on June 23 1937 is a former President of Finland (1994–2000 2008 Nobel Peace Prize winner and A memorandum of understanding ( MOU or MoU) is a Document describing a Bilateral or multilateral Agreement between parties Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed With the assistance of the European Union through the Aceh monitoring mission as of December 2005, the peace has held. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM established by the European Union according to the Memorandum of Understanding between former Acehnese rebel movement Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Contents 1 History 1.1 The beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia 1.2 Sultanate of Aceh 1.3 The Aceh War 1.4 Japanese Occupation 1.5 Indonesian Independence 1.6 Islamic Rebellion 1.7 Free Aceh Movement 1.8 Tsunami disaster 1.9 The peace agreement and first local elections 2 Administration 3 Aceh's Economy 4 Ethnic and Cultural groups 5 Notes 6 See also 7 External links

History

The beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia

See also: The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)

Evidence concerning the initial coming and subsequent establishment of Islam is thin and inconclusive, however, it is thought that it was through the Aceh region. Islam is thought to have first been adopted by peoples of the Indonesia n archipelago sometime during the Eleventh century, although Muslims had When Venetian traveller Marco Polo passed by Sumatra on his way home from China in 1292 he found that Perlak was a Muslim town while nearby 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' were not. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Perlak may refer to Perlak Aceh, is a town in Indonesia Prelog, a city in Croatia Basma (بسم בסמ"ה is an Israeli-Arab local council located in the Wadi Ara area of the Haifa District. 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' are often said to be Pasai and Samudra (present-day Syamtalira) but evidence is inconclusive. for the town in Burma see Pasai Burma Pasai, also known as Samudera and Samudera-Pasai sometimes called Samudra is a Sanskrit term for " Ocean " literally the "gathering together of waters" ( Saṃ - meaning "together" The gravestone of Sultan Malik as-Salih, the first Muslim ruler of Samudra, has been found and is dated AH 696 (AD 1297). This is the earliest clear evidence of a Muslim dynasty in the Indonesia-Malay area and more gravestones from the thirteenth century show that this region continued under Muslim rule. Ibn Batutah, a Moroccan traveller, passing through on his way to China in 1345 and 1346, found that the ruler of Samudra was a follower of the Shafi’i school of Islam. Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta (أبو عبد الله محمد ابن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة (born February Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa ^[5]

The Portuguese apothecary Tome Pires reported in his early sixteenth century book Suma Oriental that most of the kings of Sumatra from Aceh through to Palembang were Muslim. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Tomé Pires (1465?&ndash1524 or 1540 was an Apothecary from Lisbon who spent 1512 to 1515 in Malacca immediately after the Portuguese conquest Palembang is a city of 1286000 in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. At Pasai, in what is now the North Aceh Regency, there was a thriving international port. for the town in Burma see Pasai Burma Pasai, also known as Samudera and Samudera-Pasai sometimes called Pires attributed the establishment of Islam in Pasai to the 'cunning' of the Muslim merchants. The ruler of Pasai, however, had not been able to convert the people of the people of the interior. ^[6]

Sultanate of Aceh

Main article: Sultanate of Aceh

The Sultanate of Aceh was established initially as a small Islamic kingdom in what is today Banda Aceh during the 15th century AD. The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the The Sultanate of Aceh was a Sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m During its golden era, its territory and political influence expanded as far as Satun in southern Thailand, Johor in Malay Peninsula, and Siak in what is today Riau province. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Johor (alt English spelling Johore, Jawi scriptجوهر is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Riau is a province of Indonesia, located in the center of Sumatra Island along the Strait of Malacca. As was the case with most non-Javan pre-colonial states, Acehnese power expanded outward by sea rather than focus inland. As it expanded down the Sumatran coast, it was not another Sumatran state, but Johor and Portuguese Malacca on the other side of the Straits of Malacca that were to become its main competitors. Johor (alt English spelling Johore, Jawi scriptجوهر is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that for more than a century was a Portuguese colony. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra It was this seaborne trade focus that saw Aceh rely on rice imports from north Java rather than develop self sufficiency in rice production. ^[7]

In the tomb of Ratu Acheh, a tombstone dated 1380, engraved with the wording, "Gusta barubasa empu Kedah Pasai Ma", meaning the families who embraced Islam governs Kedah and Pasai. This is so because Acheh is part of the Main Kingdom of Raja Siam (Müsli) Beruas Melayu Tua Gangga, Negara Kedah Pasai Ma Empire whom appointed Sultans from its siblings to rule its territory and waters. Rulers of this Empire is known as Shyah Alam Yang Maha Mulia, descendants from the Persians and Siamese Muslim Empire. ^[8][9]

Because of the Portuguese occupation of Malacca in 1511, many Islamic traders passing Malacca straits shift their trade to Banda Aceh and increases wealth of Acehnese rulers. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda in 17th century, Aceh influence extended to most of Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. Iskandar Muda (1583? - December 27 1636) was the twelfth Sultan of Aceh, under whom the sultanate achieved its greatest territorial extent and was the Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Aceh allied itself with the Ottoman Empire and the Dutch East India Company in their struggle against the Portuguese and the Johor Sultanate. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor. Aceh military power waned gradually thereafter, and Aceh was separated from its territory of Kedah and Pinang on the Malay Peninsula to the British, and Pariaman in Sumatra to the Dutch in 18th century. Kedah ( Jawi: قدح pop 1778188 is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Pariaman is a coastal city in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Pariaman has 72089 inhabitants (2002 an area of 73 ^[10]

By the early nineteenth century, however, Aceh had become an increasingly influential power due to its strategic location for controlling regional trade. In the 1820s it was the producer of over half the world's supply of black pepper. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried The pepper trade produced new wealth for the sultanate, but also for the rulers of many smaller nearby ports that had been under Aceh's control, but were now able to assert more independence. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising These changes initially threatened Aceh's integrity, but a new sultan Tuanku Ibrahim, who controlled the kingdom from 1838 to 1870, aggressively, and successfully, reasserted power over nearby ports. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[11]

Under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the British ceded their colonial possessions on Sumatra to the Dutch. History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as In the treaty, the British described Aceh as one of their possessions, although they had no actual control over the sultanate. Initially, under the agreement the Dutch agreed to respect Aceh's independence. In 1871, however, the British dropped previous opposition to a Dutch invasion of Aceh, possibly to prevent France or the United States from gaining a foothold in the region. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Although neither the Dutch nor the British knew the specifics, there had been rumors since the 1850s that Aceh had been in communication with rulers of France and of the Ottoman Empire. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish ^[11]

The Aceh War

The Dutch colonial government declared war on Aceh on 26 March 1873; the apparent immediate trigger for their invasion was discussions between representatives of Aceh and the U. A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common S. in Singapore during early 1873. Singapore Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[11] An expedition under Major General Köhler was sent out in 1874, which was able to occupy most of the coastal areas. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It was the intention of the Dutch to attack and take the Sultan's palace, which would also lead to the occupation of the entire country. The Sultan requested and possibly received military aid from Italy and the United Kingdom in Singapore: in any case the Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers managed to kill Köhler (a monument of this achievement has been built inside Grand Mosque of Banda Aceh). Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severely harmed.

A second expedition led by General Van Swieten managed to capture the kraton (sultan's palace): the Sultan had however been warned, and had escaped capture. Kraton is the Javanese word for a royal Palace. Its name is derived from ratu, which means "queen" A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. Intermittent guerrilla warfare continued in the region for ten years, with many victims on both sides. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Around 1880 the Dutch strategy changed, and rather than continuing the war, they now concentrated on defending areas they already controlled, which were mostly limited to the capital city (modern Banda Aceh), and the harbour town of Ulee Lheue. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored On 13 October 1880 the colonial government declared the war as over, but continued spending heavily to maintain control over the areas it occupied. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

War began again in 1883, when the British ship Nisero was stranded in Aceh, in an area where the Dutch had little influence. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A local leader asked for ransom from both the Dutch and the British, and under British pressure the Dutch were forced to attempt to liberate the sailors. Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property to secure their release or it can refer to the sum of money involved After a failed Dutch attempt to rescue the hostages, where the local leader Teuku Umar was asked for help but he refused, the Dutch together with the British invaded the territory. A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security Teuku Umar (born in 1854 Meulaboh; died February 11, 1899) is a Gelar Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia ( National Hero of Indonesia) The Sultan gave up the hostages, and received a large amount in cash in exchange.

The Dutch Minister of Warfare Weitzel now again declared open war on Aceh, and warfare continued, with little success, as before. The Dutch now also tried to enlist local leaders: the aforementioned Umar was bought with cash, opium, and weapons. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( Umar received the title panglima prang besar (upper warlord of the government). A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority

Umar called himself rather Teuku Djohan Pahlawan (Johan the heroic). On 1 January 1894 Umar even received Dutch aid to build an army. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common However, two years later Umar attacked the Dutch with his new army, rather than aiding the Dutch in subjugating inner Aceh. This is recorded in Dutch history as "Het verraad van Teukoe Oemar" (the treason of Teuku Umar). In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation.

In 1892 and 1893 Aceh remained independent, despite the Dutch efforts. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Major J.B. van Heutsz, a colonial military leader, then wrote a series of articles on Aceh. JB (Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz (1851-1924 was appointed Governor general of the Dutch East Indies in 1904 He was supported by Dr Snouck Hurgronje of the University of Leiden, then the leading Dutch expert on Islam. Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje ( 8 February 1857 - 26 June 1936) was a Dutch scholar of Oriental cultures and languages and Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. Hurgronje managed to get the confidence of many Aceh leaders and gathered valuable intelligence for the Dutch government. Intelligence (abbreviated int or intel) is not Information, but the product of evaluated information valued for its currency and relevance rather than His works remained an official secret for many years. In Hurgronje's analysis of Acehnese society, he minimised the role of the Sultan and argued that attention should be paid to the hereditary chiefs, the Ulee Balang, who he felt could be trusted as local administrators. However, he argued, Aceh's religious leaders, the ulema, could not be trusted or persuaded to cooperate, and must be destroyed. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several

This advice was followed: in 1898 Van Heutsz was proclaimed governor of Aceh, and with his lieutenant, later Dutch Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn, would finally conquer most of Aceh. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government The Prime minister of the Netherlands is the Head of government of the Netherlands and is the chair of the Dutch cabinet, and Hendrikus (Hendrik Colijn (22 June 1869 – 18 September 1944 was a successful Dutch soldier businessman and politician They followed Hurgronje's suggestions, finding cooperative uleebelang that would support them in the countryside. Van Heutsz charged Colonel Van Daalen with breaking remaining resistance. Van Daalen destroyed several villages, killing at least 2,900 Acehnese, among which were 1,150 women and children. Dutch losses numbered just 26, and Van Daalen was promoted.

By 1904 most of Aceh was under Dutch control, and had an indigenous government that cooperated with the colonial state. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Estimated total casualties on the Aceh side range from 50,000 to 100,000 dead, and over a million wounded.

In the Netherlands at the time, van Heutsz was considered a hero, named the 'Pacificator of Aceh' and was promoted to become governor-general of the entire Dutch Indies in 1904. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on A still-existent statue of him was erected in central Amsterdam. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west

Colonial influence in the remote highland areas of Aceh was never substantial, however, and limited guerrilla resistance remained. The term highland is used to denote any Mountainous region or elevated mountainous Plateau. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Led mostly by the religious ulema, intermittent fighting continued until about 1910, and parts of the province were still not pacified when the Dutch Indies became independent Indonesia following the end of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.

Japanese Occupation

During World War II, Japanese troops occupied Aceh. Religious ulama party gained ascendancy to replace district warlords (uleebalang) party formerly collaborating with the Dutch. Concrete bunkers still line the northern-most beaches.

Indonesian Independence

After World War II, civil war erupted in 1945 between district warlords party, supporting the return of Dutch government and religious ulama party, supporting newly proclaimed Indonesia State. The latter party won, and the area remained free during Indonesian War of Independence. The Dutch military itself never attempted to invade Aceh. The civil war put the religious ulama party leader, Daud Bereueh, as Military Governor of Aceh. Teungku Daud Beureueh (1899 in Pidie Aceh – 1987 in Jakarta military Governor of Aceh (1945-1953 and leader of Darul Islam rebellion in the province (1953-1963 ^[12][13]

Islamic Rebellion

After the transfer of authority from Dutch Government to Indonesian State in 1949, Aceh was amalgamated with nearby province of North Sumatra, leading to resentment from many Acehnese due to many ethnic-differences between themselves and the mostly Christian Batak people who dominate North Sumatra. Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of ethnic groups found in the highlands of North Sumatra Indonesia. This Resentment resulted in a rebellion in 1953, under the banner of Islamic State (Darul Islam), led by Daud Bereueh. Darul Islam was an Islamic group in Indonesia that is considered to be more closely related to extremists than to Jemaah Islamiyah. Putting down the rebellion took years to complete. In 1959 the Indonesian government yielded in part and gave Aceh a "special territory" (daerah istimewa) status, giving it a greater degree of autonomy from the central government in Jakarta than most other regions of Indonesia have. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For example, the regional government is empowered to construct a legal system independent of the national government. In 2003, a form of sharia, or Islamic law, was formally introduced in Aceh. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. [1]. In 1963, Daud Bereueh signed a peace agreement, marking the end of Islamic Rebellion.

Free Aceh Movement

Main article: Insurgency in Aceh

During 1970s, under agreement with Indonesian central government, American oil and gas companies began exploitation of Aceh natural resources. The insurgency in Aceh was waged by the Free Aceh Movement (GAM in order to obtain indepence from Indonesia between 1976 and 2005. Alleged unequal distribution of profit between central government and native people of Aceh induced Hasan di Tiro, former ambassador of Darul Islam,^[12] to call for Independent Aceh. Muhammad Hassan di Tiro (born 25 September 1925) is the founder of the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM) an organisation which has been seeking the independence He proclaimed Aceh Independence in 1976.

The movement had a small number of followers initially, and Hasan di Tiro himself had to live in exile in Sweden. Meanwhile, the province followed Suharto's policy of economic development and industrialization. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding During late 80s several security incidents prompted the Indonesian central government to take repressive measures and to send troops to Aceh. Human rights abuse was rampant for the next decade, resulting in many grievances on the part of the Acehnese toward the Indonesian central government.

During late 90s, chaos in Java and an ineffective central government gave an advantage to Free Aceh Movement and resulted in the second phase of the rebellion, this time with large support from the Acehnese people. The Free Aceh Movement ( Indonesian: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM) also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front ( ASNLF This support was demonstrated during the 2000 plebiscite in Banda Aceh which was attended by nearly half million people (of four million population of the province). A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Indonesian central government responded in 2001 by broadening Aceh's autonomy by giving its government the right to apply sharia law more broadly and the right to receive direct foreign investment. This was again accompanied by repressive measures, however and in 2003 an offensive began and a state of emergency was proclaimed in the Province. The 2003–2004 Indonesian offensive in Aceh against the Free Aceh Movement (GAM separatists was launched May 19, 2003 and lasted nearly one year A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies The war was still going on when the Tsunami Disaster of 2004 struck the province.

Tsunami disaster

The western coastal areas of Aceh, including the cities of Banda Aceh, Calang, and Meulaboh, were among the areas hardest-hit by the tsunami resulting from the Indian Ocean earthquake on December 26, 2004. Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m Meulaboh (or Moulabouh) is the capital of West Aceh Regency, Indonesia. A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " While estimates vary, approximately 230,000 people were killed by the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh, and about 500,000 were left homeless. The tragedy of the tsunami was further compounded on March 26th when a second off-shore earthquake measuring 8. 7 on the Richter scale struck the sea bed between the islands of Simeulue Island in Aceh and Nias in North Sumatra. Simeulue Regency is a regency in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Nias ( Indonesian: Pulau Nias, Nias language: Tanö Niha) is an Island off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia This second quake killed a further 905 people on Nias and Simeulue, displaced tens of thousands more and caused the tsunami response to be expanded to include Nias.

The population of Aceh before the December, 2004 tsunami was 4,271,000 (2004). The population as of 15 September 2005 was 4,031,589, almost 2% of the Indonesian population.

As of February 2006, more than a year after the tsunami, a large number of people are still living in barrack-style temporary living centers (TLC) or tents. A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over or attached to a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope Reconstruction is visible everywhere, but due to the sheer scale of the disaster, and logistical issues, progress is slow.

The ramifications of the tsunami went beyond the immediate impact to the lives and infrastructure of the Acehnese living on the coast. Since the disaster, the Acehnese rebel movement GAM, which had been fighting for independence against the Indonesian authorities for 29 years, has signed a peace deal (August 15th 2005). The perception that the tsunami was punishment for insufficient piety in this proudly Muslim province is partly behind the increased emphasis on the importance of religion post-tsunami. This has been most obvious in the increased implementation of Syariah law, including the introduction of the controversial 'WH' or Syariah police. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. As homes are being built and people's basic needs are met, the people are also looking to improve the quality of education, increase tourism, and develop responsible, sustainable industry. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Well-qualified educators are in high demand in Aceh.

While parts of Banda Aceh, the capital, were unscathed, the areas closest to the water, especially the areas of Kampung Jawa and Meuraxa, were completely destroyed. Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m Most of the rest of the western coast was severely damaged, and many towns completely disappeared. Other towns on Aceh's west coast hit by the disaster include Leupung, Lamno, Patek, Calang, Teunom, and the island of Simeulue. Leupung -- also spelled "Leupueng", is a town in the district ( Kabupaten / Kota) of Aceh Besar, close to the city of Banda Aceh Antoni Norbert Patek ( French: Antoine Norbert de Patek) ( June 14 1811 &ndash March 1 1877) Polish pioneer in Calang, the capital of the Aceh Jaya Regency of the special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Aceh was on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia Teunom, a town in the West Aceh Regency of Aceh province on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, with a population of about 12000 was reported Simeulue Regency is a regency in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Affected or destroyed towns on the region's north & east coast include Pidie Regency, Samalanga, and Lhokseumawe. Pidie Regency is bordered with Malacca Strait in the north Aceh Besar in the west Bireuen Regency in the east and Aceh Jaya Regency in the City in north coast of Aceh part of Bireun district Main occupation of the population are fishing agriculture and animal husbandry Lhokseumawe is a city in Aceh, Indonesia. It has an area of 212 km² and a population of 188974 people

The area is slowly being rebuilt after the disaster. The government initially proposed the creation of a two-kilometer buffer zone along low-lying coastal areas, within which permanent construction is not permitted. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand In geography a buffer zone is any zonal area that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often but not necessarily countries) distant from one another This proposal was unpopular among some local inhabitants and proved impractical in most situations, especially fishing families that are dependent on living near to the sea. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas.

Indonesian government has built special agency for Aceh reconstruction, called Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR/Agency of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction) headed by Kuntoro Mangkusubroto, former Indonesian Minister. This agency has ministry level of authority and incorporating officials, professionals and community leaders from all background.

Most of the reconstruction work is being performed by local people using a mix of traditional methods and partial prefabricated structures, with funding coming from many international organizations and individuals, governments, and the people themselves.

The Government of Indonesia estimated in their Preliminary Damage and Losses Assessment^[14] that damages amounted to US$4. The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Indonesia 5 billion (before inflation, and US$6. 2 billion including inflation). Three years after the tsunami, reconstruction was still ongoing. The World Bank monitors funding for reconstruction in Aceh and reports that US$7. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e 7 billion was earmarked for the reconstruction, whilst at June 2007, US$5. 8 billion had been allocated to specific reconstruction projects, of which US$3. 4 billion had actually been spent (58%). ^[15]

The peace agreement and first local elections

The 2004 tsunami helped trigger a peace agreement between the GAM and the Indonesian government [2] (PDF format). The Free Aceh Movement ( Indonesian: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or simply GAM) also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front ( ASNLF It drew a lot of international attention to the conflict, wiped out many supplies, and killed many personnel from both sides. Earlier efforts had failed, but for a number of reasons, including the tsunami, peace prevailed in 2005 after 29 years of war. Post-Suharto Indonesia and the liberal-democratic reform period, as well as changes in the Indonesian military, helped create an environment more favorable to peace talks. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding The roles of newly elected President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla were highly significant. General (Ret Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born September 9, 1949) is an Indonesian retired military general and the sixth President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia and Chairman of the At the same time, the GAM leadership was undergoing changes, and the Indonesian military had arguably inflicted so much damage on the rebel movement that it had no choice but to negotiate with the central government. The Armed Forces of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, best known by [3] The peace talks were facilitated by a Finland-based NGO, the Crisis Management Initiative, and led by former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Crisis Management Initiative ( CMI) is an independent Non-governmental organisation responding to challenges in sustainable security Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari ( pronounced) (born on June 23 1937 is a former President of Finland (1994–2000 2008 Nobel Peace Prize winner and The resulting peace agreement [4] (PDF format) was signed on August 15, 2005. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Under the agreement, Aceh would receive special autonomy and government troops would be withdrawn from the province in exchange for GAM's disarmament. As part of the agreement, the European Union dispatched 300 monitors. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM established by the European Union according to the Memorandum of Understanding between former Acehnese rebel movement Their mission expired on December 15, 2006, following local elections. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of

Aceh has been granted broader autonomy through Aceh Government Legislation covering special rights agreed upon in 2002 as well as the right of the Acehnese to establish local political parties to represent their interests. Human rights advocates protested that previous human rights violations in the province needed to be addressed, however. [5]

During elections for the provincial governor held in December 2006, the former GAM and national parties participated. The election was won by Irwandi Yusuf, whose base of support consists largely of ex-GAM members. Irwandi Yusuf (born in Bireuen, Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam, August 2, 1960) is the current Governor of Indonesian province

Administration

Within the country, Aceh is governed not as a province but as a special territory (daerah istimewa), an administrative designation intended to give the area increased autonomy from the central government in Jakarta. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia.

Administratively, the province is subdivided into 18 regencies (kabupaten) and 5 cities (kota). This is the list of regencies and cities of Indonesia, one step lower hierarchy of the Indonesia administrative division below the provincial government (sometimes The capital and the largest city is Banda Aceh, located on the coast near the northern tip of Sumatra. Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m Some local areas are pushing to create new autonomous areas, usually with the stated goal of enhancing local control over politics and development.

Name	Capital	Est.	Statute	Area (km²)
Aceh Besar Regency	Jantho	1956	UU 24/1956
West Aceh Regency	Meulaboh	1956	UU 24/1956	2,927. Aceh Besar Regency is a regency ( kabupaten) of Aceh province Indonesia. Jantho is a small city in Aceh province of Indonesia. Jantho is the seat of local government for the Aceh Besar Regency. West Aceh Regency is a regency (kabupaten in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Meulaboh (or Moulabouh) is the capital of West Aceh Regency, Indonesia. 95
Southwest Aceh Regency	Blangpidie	2002	UU 4/2002	1,490. Southwest Aceh Regency is a regency ( Indonesian: kabupaten) in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Blangpidie or Blang Pidie is a town in the Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the capital of Southwest Aceh Regency. 60
Aceh Jaya Regency	Calang	2002	UU 4/2002	3,812. Aceh Jaya is a regency ( kabupaten) of Aceh, Indonesia. The seat of the regency is Calang. Calang, the capital of the Aceh Jaya Regency of the special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Aceh was on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia 99
South Aceh Regency	Tapaktuan	1956	UU 24/1956	4,946
Aceh Singkil Regency	Singkil	1999	UU 14/1999	2,185
Aceh Tamiang Regency	Karang Baru	2002	UU 4/2002	1,956. South Aceh Regency is a regency ( Indonesian: kabupaten) in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Tapaktuan is a town in the southwest of Aceh province The city is the capital (seat of the government of South Aceh Regency. Aceh Singkil Regency is a regency (kabupaten in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Singkil is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital of Aceh Singkil Regency. Aceh Tamiang Regency is a regency (kabupaten in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Karang Baru is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital of Aceh Tamiang Regency. 72
Central Aceh Regency	Takengon	1956	UU 24/1956	4,318. Central Aceh ( Aceh Tengah) is a Regency in Aceh, Indonesia. Most of its inhabitants are Gayo. Takengon is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital of Central Aceh Regency. 39
Southeast Aceh Regency	Kutacane	1974	UU 7/1974	4,231. Southeast Aceh Regency is a regency ( Indonesian: kabupaten) in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Kutacane is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital of Southeast Aceh Regency. 41
East Aceh Regency	Langsa	1956	UU 24/1956	6,286. East Aceh Regency (Kabupaten Aceh Timur is a Regency in eastern Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Langsa is a city in Aceh, Indonesia. It has an area of 26241 km² and a population of 117256 people 01
North Aceh Regency	Lhokseumawe	1956	UU 24/1956	3,477. Lhokseumawe is a city in Aceh, Indonesia. It has an area of 212 km² and a population of 188974 people 92
Bener Meriah Regency	Simpang Tiga Redelong	2003	UU 41/2003	1,454. Bener Meriah Regency ( Kabupaten Bener Meriah) is a Regency in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Indonesia. Simpang Tiga Redelong is a town in Aceh province and since 18 December 2003 it has been the seat (capital of Bener Meriah Regency. 09
Bireuen Regency	Bireuen	1999	UU 48/1999	1,901. Bireuen Regency, is a regency of Aceh, Indonesia. The capital is Bireuen, 105 miles east of the provincial capital Banda Aceh. Bireuen or Bireun is a city the seat of the Bireuen Regency government in the Aceh province of Indonesia. 21
Gayo Lues Regency	Blangkejeren	2002	UU 4/2002	5,719. Gayo Lues Regency is a regency in the Aceh province of Indonesia, with an area of 5710 square kilometers Blang Kejeren is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital of Gayo Lues Regency. 58
Nagan Raya Regency	Suka Makmue	2002	UU 4/2002	3,363. Nagan Raya Regency is a regency (kabupaten in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Suka Makmue is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital of Nagan Raya Regency. 72
Pidie Regency	Sigli	1956	UU 24/1956	3,086. Pidie Regency is bordered with Malacca Strait in the north Aceh Besar in the west Bireuen Regency in the east and Aceh Jaya Regency in the Sigli is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital of Pidie Regency. 95
Pidie Jaya Regency	Meureudu	2007	UU 7/2007	1,073. Pidie Jaya Regency is a regency (kabupaten in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Meureudu or Keude Meureudu is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat (capital of Pidie Jaya Regency. 6
Simeulue Regency	Sinabang	1999	UU 48/1999	2,125. Simeulue Regency is a regency in the Aceh province of Indonesia. Sinabang is a town on the east coast of Simeulue Island, which lies off the western coast of Sumatra. 12
Banda Aceh	*	1956	UU 24/1956
Langsa	**	2001	UU 3/2001	262. Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m Langsa is a city in Aceh, Indonesia. It has an area of 26241 km² and a population of 117256 people 41
Lhokseumawe	**	2001	UU 2/2001	181. Lhokseumawe is a city in Aceh, Indonesia. It has an area of 212 km² and a population of 188974 people 06
Sabang	**
Subulussalam	**	2007	UU 8/2007	1,391

Aceh's Economy

In 2006, Aceh's economy^[16] grew by 7. 7% after having minimal growth since the devastating tsunami. This growth was primarily driven by the reconstruction effort, with massive growth in the building/construction sector.

The ending of the conflict, and the reconstruction program has resulted in the structure of the economy changing significantly since 2003. Service sectors now play a more dominant role, whilst oil and gas production continues to decline. The economy continues to rely upon depleting oil and gas production and agriculture.

Sector (% Aceh GDP)	2003	2004	2005	2006
Agriculture and fisheries	17. 0	20. 0	21. 4	21. 2
Oil, Gas and Mining	36. 1	30. 4	26. 2	24. 9
Manufacturing Industries	20. 2	18. 3	15. 9	14. 3
Electricity and Water Supply	0. 1	0. 1	0. 2	0. 2
Building / Construction	3. 4	3. 8	3. 5	5. 1
Trade, hotels and restaurants	11. 2	12. 0	14. 3	15. 0
Transport & Communication	3. 3	3. 8	4. 8	5. 2
Banking & other Financial	0. 9	1. 2	1. 2	1. 3
Services	7. 8	10. 4	12. 7	12. 9

After peaking at 41. 5% in December 2005, inflation has continued to decline steadily and was 8. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time 5% in June 2007, close to the national level in Indonesia of 5. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. 7%. Persistent inflation means that Aceh’s consumer price index (CPI) remains the highest in Indonesia. CPI redirects here For other uses see CPI (disambiguation. A consumer price index ( CPI) is a measure of the average price of consumer As a result, Aceh’s cost competitiveness has declined as reflected in both inflation and wage data. Although inflation has slowed down, CPI has registered steady increases since the tsunami. Using 2002 as a base, Aceh’s CPI increased to 185. 6 (June 2007) while the national CPI increased to 148. 2. There have been relatively large nominal wage increases in particular sectors, such as construction where, on average, workers’ nominal wages have risen to almost Rp. 60,000 per day, from Rp. 29,000 pre-tsunami. This is also reflected in Aceh’s minimum regional wage (UMR, or Upah Minimum Regional), which increased by 55% from Rp. 550,000 pre-tsunami to Rp. 850,000 in 2007, compared with an increase of 42% in neighboring North Sumatra, from Rp. North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara is a province of Indonesia. Its capital is Medan. 537,000 to Rp. 761,000.

Poverty levels increased slightly in Aceh in 2005 after the tsunami, but by less than expected^[17]. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and The poverty level then fell in 2006 to below the pre-tsunami level, suggesting that the rise in tsunami-related poverty was short lived and reconstruction activities and the end of the conflict most probably facilitated this decline. However, poverty in Aceh remains significantly higher than in the rest of Indonesia and a large number of the Acehnese remain vulnerable, reinforcing the need for a smooth landing after the reconstruction boom ends.

Ethnic and Cultural groups

Aceh is a diverse region occupied by several ethnic and language groups. The major ethnic groups are the Acehnese (who are distributed throughout Aceh), Gayo (in central and eastern part), Alas (in southeastern), Tamiang (in Aceh Tamiang), Aneuk Jamee (concentrated in southern and southwestern), Kluet (in South Aceh), and Simeulue (on Simeulue Island). The Acehnese (also Achinese) a people in Aceh in Indonesia. Their language which is also called Acehnese, belongs to the Western Malayo-Polynesian Simeulue Regency is a regency in the Aceh province of Indonesia. There is also a significant population of Chinese, who are influential in the business and financial communities. Chinese Indonesians ( Hakka: Thong ngin Min: Teng lang Indonesian: Tionghoa Indonesia, or (derisively Cina totok) are ethnically

The Acehnese language is widely spoken within the Acehnese population. Acehnese (also Achinese, Achehnese) or Aceh (formerly Atjeh) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Aceh, This is a member of the Aceh-Chamic group of languages, whose other representatives are mostly found in Vietnam and Cambodia, and is also closely related to the Malay group of languages. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Achenese has many words borrowed from Malay and Arabic and traditionally was written using Arabic script. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Acehnese is also used as local language in Langkat and Asahan (North Sumatra), and Kedah (Malaysia), and once dominated Penang. North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara is a province of Indonesia. Its capital is Medan. Alas and Kluet are closely related languages within the Batak group. Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of ethnic groups found in the highlands of North Sumatra Indonesia. The Jamee language originated from Minang language in West Sumatra, with just a few variation and differences. The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. West Sumatra ( Indonesian: Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar) is a province of Indonesia.

Aceh was once a meeting point for people from many nations, and among the present day Acehnese can be found some individuals of Arab, Turkish, and Indian descent. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Before the tsunami, the region of Meureuhom Daya (Lamno) used to have an unusually high number of people with fair complexions, blue eyes and blond hair, and local traditions attributed to Turkish or Portuguese ancestry. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language ^[18]

Notes

See also

• Acehnese people
• The Black Road

External links

• Official website (Indonesian)
• Aceh.net
• The Acheh Times
• Aceh-Online.Com Pusat Informasi dan Hiburan
• The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam portal
• Acehlong.Com
• Aceh Economic Update
• Tsunami Reconstruction
• Siegel, James T. The Acehnese (also Achinese) a people in Aceh in Indonesia. Their language which is also called Acehnese, belongs to the Western Malayo-Polynesian The Black Road is a 2005 documentary by William Nessen. The film was shot on location in Aceh, and reports on the Province’s battle for 2000. The rope of God. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08682-0
  • A classic ethnographic and historical study of Aceh, and Islam in the region. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive Originally published in 1969
  • For other ethnographic accounts in English see
    • Bowen, J. R. (1991). Sumatran politics and poetics : Gayo history, 1900-1989. New Haven, Yale University Press.
    • Bowen, J. R. (2003). Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia Cambridge University Press
    • Iwabuchi, A. (1994). The people of the Alas Valley : a study of an ethnic group of Northern Sumatra. Oxford, England ; New York, Clarendon Press.
    • McCarthy, J. F. (2006). The Fourth Circle. A Political Ecology of Sumatra's Rainforest Frontier, Stanford University Press.
• Aceh sample language at Language Museum
• Aceh Institute
• Serambi Online (Indonesian)
• Media Center Aceh (Indonesian)
• AcehTV - Aceh Local Television

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