The accusative case (abbreviated ACC) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. For the HTML tag see HTML element. An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short" In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. In Syntax, a transitive verb is a Verb that requires both a subject and one or more objects Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs The same case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) prepositions. In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. Basically, it is a noun that is having something done to it, usually joined (such as in Latin) with the Nominative case. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other
The accusative case exists (or existed once) in all the Indo-European languages (including Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, Polish, Russian), in the Finno-Ugric languages, and in Semitic languages (such as Arabic). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language It should be noted that Balto-Finnic languages such as Finnish and Estonian have two cases to mark objects, the accusative and the partitive case. The Baltic-Finnic languages, spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people are a branch of Finnic languages belonging to the Finno-Ugric group Note partitive case has to be distinguished from partitive meaning which refers to the selection of a part or quantity out of a group or amount see Partitive. In morphosyntactic alignment terms, both perform the accusative function, but the accusative object is telic, while the partitive is not. In Linguistics, telicity is the property of a Verb or Verb phrase that presents an action or event as being complete in some sense
Modern English, which almost entirely lacks declension in its nouns, still has an explicitly marked accusative case in a few pronouns as a remnant of Old English, an earlier declined form of the language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating "Whom" is the accusative case of "who"; "him" is the accusative case of "he"; and "her" is the accusative case of "she". These words also serve as the dative case pronouns in English and could arguably be classified in the oblique case instead. The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given An oblique case (casus generalis in Linguistics is a Noun case of Synthetic languages that is used generally when a Noun is the object Most modern English grammarians feel that due to the lack of declension except in a few pronouns, where accusative and dative have been merged, that making case distinctions in English is no longer relevant, and frequently employ the term "objective case" instead (see Declension in English). An objective pronoun in Grammar functions as the target of a Verb, as distinguished from a Subjective pronoun, which is the initiator of a verb Old English nouns were declined – that is the ending of the noun changed to reflect its function in the sentence
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Example
In the sentence I see the car, the noun phrase the car is the direct object of the verb "see". In grammatical theory, a noun phrase (abbreviated NP) is a Phrase whose head is a Noun or a Pronoun, optionally accompanied In English, which has mostly lost the case system, the definite article and noun — "the car" — remain in the same form regardless of the grammatical role played by the words. One can correctly use "the car" as the subject of a sentence also: "The car is parked here. "
In a declined language, the morphology of the article or noun changes in some way according to the grammatical role played by the noun in a given sentence. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words For example, in German, one possible translation of "the car" is der Wagen. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. This is the form in nominative case, used for the subject of a sentence. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other If this article/noun pair is used as the object of a verb, it (usually) changes to the accusative case, which entails an article shift in German — Ich sehe den Wagen. In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from der to den in accusative case.
- See also: Morphosyntactic alignment
The accusative case in Latin
Nouns in the accusative case (Accusativus) can be used
- as a direct object. In Linguistics, morphosyntactic alignment is the system used to distinguish between the arguments of Transitive verbs and those of Intransitive An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate.
- to indicate duration of time. E. g. multos annos, "for many years"; ducentos annos, "for 200 years. " This is known as the accusative of duration of time.
- to indicate direction towards which. E. g. domum, "homewards"; Romam, "to Rome" with no preposition needed. This is known as the accusative of place to which, and is equivalent to the lative case found in some other languages. Lative is a case which indicates motion to a location It corresponds to the English prepositions "to" and "into"
- in indirect statements. In Grammar, accusative and infinitive is the name for a syntactic construction of Latin and Greek, also found in various forms in other languages such as
- with case-specific prepositions such as "per" (through), "ad" (to/toward), and "trans" (across).
For the accusative endings, see Latin declensions. Latin is an inflected language and as such its nouns pronouns and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function
The accusative case in German
The accusative case is used for the direct object in a sentence. The masculine forms for German articles, e. German articles have a feature called "strength" which influences the declension of the adjectives g. 'the', 'a', 'my', etc. change in the accusative case: they always end in -en. The feminine, neuter and plural forms don't change. Some German pronouns also change in the accusative case. German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker those of the second person refer to an addressed person
A small number of verbs in German require two direct objects, e. g. "lehren" (to teach) and "kosten" (to cost). The first noun phrase in the accusative case determines the target/direction of the action and the second indicates the object by which the target of the action is affected. For example:
- Ich lehre dich die deutsche Sprache (lit. : I teach you the German language) where both dich as well as die deutsche Sprache stand in the accusative case. (Colloquially, some people put the first object into the dative case, but this is grammatically wrong. )
The accusative case is also used after a number of German prepositions. These include bis, durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, after which the accusative case is always used, and an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen which can take either the accusative or the dative. The latter prepositions take the accusative when motion (towards something) is specified, but take the dative when location (staying within the same area) is specified. These prepositions are also used in conjunction with certain verbs, in which case it is the verb in question which governs whether the accusative or dative should be used.
In German, the accusative case is also used for some adverbial expressions, mostly temporal ones, as in "Diesen Abend bleibe ich daheim" (This evening I'm staying at home), where "diesen Abend" is marked as accusative, while not being a direct object.
The accusative case in Russian
In Russian, accusative is used not only to display the direct object of an action, but also to indicate the destination or goal of motion. It is also used with some prepositions. The prepositions в and на can both take accusative in situations where they are indicating the goal of a motion.
In the masculine, Russian also distinguishes between animate and inanimate nouns with regard to the accusative: only the animates carry a marker in this case. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Animacy is a grammatical and/or Semantic category of Nouns based on how Sentient or alive the Referent of the noun is For other meanings see the disambiguation page Marker In Linguistics, a marker is a free or bound Morpheme that indicates
The accusative case in Esperanto
Esperanto grammar involves only two cases, a nominative, and an accusative. Esperanto is a constructed auxiliary language. A highly regular grammar makes Esperanto much easier to learn than most other languages of the world though The accusative is formed with the addition of -n to the nominative form, and is the case used for direct objects. Other objective functions, including dative functions are achieved with prepositions, all of which normally take the nominative case. Direction of motion can be expressed either by the accusative case, or by the preposition al (to) with the nominative.
The accusative case in Ido
In Ido the -n suffix is optional, as subject-verb-object order is assumed when it is not present. Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object Note that this is sometimes done in Esperanto, specially by beginners, but it is considered incorrect while in Ido it is the norm.
The accusative in Finnish
According to traditional Finnish grammars, in Finnish the accusative is the case of a total object, while the case of a partial object is the partitive. Note partitive case has to be distinguished from partitive meaning which refers to the selection of a part or quantity out of a group or amount see Partitive. The accusative is identical either to the nominative or the genitive, except for personal pronouns and the personal interrogative pronoun kuka/ken, which have a special accusative form ending in -t
The major new Finnish grammar, Iso suomen kielioppi, breaks with the traditional classification to limit the accusative case to the special case of the personal pronouns and kuka/ken. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another Personal pronouns are Pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common Nouns. Iso suomen kielioppi (lit "the large grammar of Finnish") is a Reference book of Finnish Grammar. The new grammar considers other total objects as being in the nominative or genitive.
The accusative in Semitic languages
Accusative case marking existed in Proto-Semitic, Akkadian, and Ugaritic. Proto-Semitic is the hypothetical Proto-language of the Semitic languages. The Ugaritic language, discovered by French archaeologists in 1928 is known only in the form of writings found in the lost city of Ugarit, near the modern It is preserved today only in literary Arabic. Literary Arabic (ar اللغة العربية الفصحى "the Eloquent Arabic language" or Standard Arabic is the literary and standard variety
Accusative in Akkadian
- Nominative: awīlum (a/the man)
- Accusative: apaqqid awīlam (I trust a/the man)
Accusative in Arabic
- Nominative: rajulun (a man)
- Accusative: as'alu rajulan (I ask a man) as'alu ar-rajula (I ask the man)
The accusative case is called in Arabic النصب, and it has many other uses in addition to marking the object of a verb.
See also
External links
Nota accusativi ( Latin for "signal of the accusative (case" is a grammatical term meaning "denoting Accusative case "Dictionary
accusative case
-noun
- (grammar): case used to mark the immediate object (direct object) on which the action or influence of a transitive verb has its limited influence.
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