The Accademia dei Lincei, (literally the "Academy of the Lynxes", but also known as the Lincean Academy), is an Italian science academy, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy. An academy ( Greek Ἀκαδημία is an institution of higher learning research or honorary membership Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Palazzo Corsini is a prominent late- Baroque palace in Rome, erected for the Corsini family between 1730-1740 as an elaboration of the prior building Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
Founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, it was the first academy of sciences to persist in Italy, and a locus for the incipient scientific revolution. Federico Angelo Cesi ( February 26, 1585 Rome - August 1, 1630 Acquasparta) was an Italian Scientist, The period which many historians of science call the Scientific Revolution can be roughly dated as having begun in 1543 the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published The academy was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the observational prowess required by science. A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the Genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify In 1871, the academy became its country's official scientific academy .
The Pontifical Academy of Science also claims a heritage descending from the first two incarnations of the Academy, by way of the Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes"), founded 1847. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences was founded by the Roman Catholic Church in 1936 under its current name by Pope Pius XI and is placed under the protection of the
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The Accademia
The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, an aristocrat from Umbria (the son of Duke of Acquasparta and a member of an important family from Rome) who was passionately interested in natural history, above all in botany. Federico Angelo Cesi ( February 26, 1585 Rome - August 1, 1630 Acquasparta) was an Italian Scientist, Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life The academy replaced the first scientific community ever, Giambattista della Porta's Academia Secretorum Naturae in Naples, which had been closed by the Inquisition. Giambattista della Porta (1535?1 - 1615 also known as Giovanni Battista Della Porta was an Italian scholar Polymath and Playwright who of the earliest scientific societies the Academia Secretorum Naturae was founded in Naples 1560 by Giambattista della Porta, a noted Polymath The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and Cesi started the Accademia dei Lincei with three of his friends, the Dutch physician Johannes Van Heeck (italianized to Giovanni Ecchio), and two fellow Umbrians, mathematician Francesco Stelluti and polymath Anastasio de Filiis. Cesi and his friends aimed to understand all of the natural sciences, an emphasis that set the Lincei apart from the host of 16th and 17th century Italian Academies, most of which were literary and antiquarian. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Free experiment was Cesi's plan, respectful of tradition, but untrammeled by blind obedience to authority, even that of Aristotle and Ptolemy, whose theories the new science called into question. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca
The four men chose the name "Lincei" (lynx) from Giambattista della Porta's book "Magia Naturalis", which had an illustration of the fabled cat on the cover and the words ". A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the Genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify Giambattista della Porta (1535?1 - 1615 also known as Giovanni Battista Della Porta was an Italian scholar Polymath and Playwright who Natural magic in the context of Renaissance magic is that part of the Occult which deals with Natural forces directly as opposed to Ceremonial magic . . with lynx like eyes, examining those things which manifest themselves, so that having observed them, he may zealously use them"[1]. Accademia dei Lincei's symbols were both a lynx and an eagle, because they were famed for their sharp eyes. Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the Bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera The academy's motto, chosen by Cesi, was: "take care of small things if you want to obtain the greatest results" (minima cura si maxima vis). When Cesi visited Naples, he met the polymath della Porta. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Della Porta encouraged Cesi to continue with his endeavors[2]. Giambattista della Porta joined Cesi's academy in 1610.
Galileo was inducted to the exclusive academy on December 25, 1611, and became its intellectual center. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Being a member of the academy was an honour to him, because after being accepted as its member, he signed himself Galileo Galilei Linceo. The academy published his works and supported him through his disputes with the Roman Catholic Church. Among the academy's early publications in the fields of astronomy, physics and botany were the study of sunspots and the famous Saggiatore of Galileo, and the Tesoro Messicano (Mexican Treasury) describing the flora, fauna, and drugs of the New World, which took decades of labor, down to 1651. With this publication, the first, most famous phase of the Lincei was concluded. Cesi's own intense activity was cut short by his sudden death in 1630, scarcely 45 years of age.
Other members of the academy included Luca Valerio, and the Papal doctor and botanist Giovanni Faber. Giovanni Faber or Johann Faber (1574&ndash1629 was a German papal doctor Botanist and art collector originally from Bamberg in Bavaria,
The Linceans produced an important collection of micrographs, or drawings made with the help of the newly invented microscope. A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are After Cesi's death, the Accademia dei Lincei closed and the drawings were collected by Cassiano dal Pozzo, a Roman antiquarian, whose heirs sold them, and in 1763 most of them went to George III of the United Kingdom. Cassiano dal Pozzo (1588 — 1657 was an Italian scholar and patron of arts Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The drawings were discovered in Windsor Castle in 1986 by art historian David Freedberg. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) They are being published as part of The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo. [3]
The Accademia is re-founded
In the 18th century the abbot Scarpellini attempted to revive an academy of "New Lincei", but it underwent a true revival only in 1847, when Pope Pius IX re-founded it as the Pontificia accademia dei Nuovi Lincei, the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878
The Reale Accademia dei Lincei
in 1874, Quintino Sella turned it into the Accademia Nazionale Reale dei Lincei, the Royal National Lincean Academy. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Quintino Sella ( July 7, 1827 - March 14, 1884) was an Italian Statesman and Financier. This incarnation broadened its scope to include moral and humanistic sciences, and regained the high prestige associated with the original Lincean Academy. After the unification of Italy, the Piedmontese Quintino Sella infused new life into the Nuovo Lincei, reaffirming its ideals of secular science, but broadening its scope to include humanistic studies: history, philology, archeology, philosophy, economics and law, in two classes of Soci (Fellows). Quintino Sella ( July 7, 1827 - March 14, 1884) was an Italian Statesman and Financier. The modern Lincei have constituted a pantheon of European intellectuals: from Righi and Pacinotti to Fermi, from Pasteur to Roentgen and Einstein, from Mommsen to Wilamowitz, Comparetti, Croce, and Gentile. Righi as a surname may refer to the following people Augusto Righi (1850–1920 Italian physicist Daniele Righi (b "Pacinotti" redirects here For Gianni Pacinotti see Gipi. Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 &ndash 10 February 1923 was a German physicist, who on 8 November 1895 produced and detected Electromagnetic Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen ( 30 November 1817 &ndash 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, Enno Friedrich Wichard Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff ( 22 December 1848 &ndash 25 September 1931) was a German Classical Domenico Comparetti ( June 27, 1835 &ndash January 20, 1927) Italian scholar was born at Rome.
The Accademia d'Italia
In the fascist period, it was incorporated into the new Accademia d'Italia, the Italian Academy. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The Accademia dei Lincei, (literally the " Academy of the Lynxes" but also known as the Lincean Academy) is an Italian science academy located After the fall of the fascist regime, when the Accademia d'Italia was suppressed, at the suggestion of Benedetto Croce the Lincean Academy recovered its independence. Benedetto Croce ( February 25, 1866 – November 20, 1952) was an Italian critic idealist Philosopher, and
The Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
In 1986, the Academy was placed under a statute that says it shall be composed of 540 members, of whom 180 are ordinary Italian members, 180 are foreigners, and 180 are Italian corresponding members. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The members are divided into two classes: one for mathematical, physical, and natural sciences; the other for moral, historical, and philological sciences. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology"
In 2001, the natural sciences were re-divided into five categories: mathematics, mechanics and applications; astronomy, geodesy, geophysics and applications; physics, chemistry and applications; geology, paleontology, mineralogy and applications; and biological sciences and applications. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Geodesy (dʒiːˈɒdɪsi also called geodetics, a branch of Earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles At the same time, the moral sciences were divided into seven categories: philology and linguistics; archeology; criticism of art and of poetry; history, historical geography, and anthropology; philosophical science; juridical science; social and political science. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Historical geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical and "real" geographies of the past Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems
External links
- Official website, with brief history (in Italian).
- Official website in English
- Notes on the Accademia dei Lincei from the Scholarly Societies Project
References
- ^ Della Porta's Life - From Giambattista Della Porta Dramatist by Louise George Clubb - Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey, 1965
- ^ Della Porta's Life - From Giambattista Della Porta Dramatist by Louise George Clubb - Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey, 1965
- ^ Paper Museum, Warburg Institute
- This article draws material from the corresponding article in the Italian Wikipedia, retrieved 09:12, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)
- O'Connor, JJ and Robertson, EF. The Accademia dei Lincei, (literally the " Academy of the Lynxes" but also known as the Lincean Academy) is an Italian science academy located (2004). "The Accademia dei Lincei." University of St Andrews (Scotland).
- Van Helden, A. (2004, May 24). Accademia dei Lincei. Connexions.
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